What is knowledge representation?

Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human

knows things, which is knowledge and as per their knowledge they perform various
actions in the real world. But how machines do all these things comes under
knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe Knowledge
representation as following:

o Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial

intelligence which concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes
to intelligent behaviour of agents.
o It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a
computer can understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real
world problems such as diagnosis a medical condition or communicating with
humans in natural language.
o It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial
intelligence. Knowledge representation is not just storing data into some
database, but it also enables an intelligent machine to learn from that knowledge
and experiences so that it can behave intelligently like a human.

What to Represent:
Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:

o Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains
strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
o Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
o Performance: It describe behaviour which involves knowledge about how to do
things.
o Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
o Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
o Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the
knowledge base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the
Sentences (Here, sentences are used as a technical term and not identical with
the English language).

Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts, data,

and situations. Following are the types of knowledge in artificial intelligence:

Types of knowledge
Following are the various types of knowledge:
1. Declarative Knowledge:

o Declarative knowledge is to know about something.

o It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
o It is also called descriptive knowledge and expressed in declarative sentences.
o It is simpler than procedural language.
o Declarative Knowledge:
Declarative Knowledge also known as Descriptive knowledge, is the type of knowledge
which tells the basic knowledge about something and it is more popular than Procedural
Knowledge.
It emphasize what to do something to solve a given problem.
Let’s see it with an example:
o var a=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
o var b=a.map(function(number)
o {
o return number*1});
o console.log(b);
o Output is:
o [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

2. Procedural Knowledge

o It is also known as imperative knowledge.

 o Procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge which is responsible for knowing
how to do something.
o It can be directly applied to any task.
o It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
o Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it can be applied.

Procedural Knowledge:
Procedural Knowledge also known as Interpretive knowledge, is the type of knowledge
in which it clarifies how a particular thing can be accomplished. It is not so popular
because it is generally not used.
It emphasize how to do something to solve a given problem.
Let’s see it with an example:

var a=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

var b=[];
for(var i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{
b.push(a[i]);
}
console.log(b);
Output is:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

3. Meta-knowledge:

o Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called Meta-knowledge.

4. Heuristic knowledge:

o
Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some experts in a filed or
subject.
 o Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous experiences, awareness
of approaches, and which are good to work but not guaranteed.

Heuristics are shortcuts to solutions. The idea of heuristic methods in

AI is based on cognitive science or the study of how humans think.
Indeed, humans use heuristics all the time to make decisions and solve
problems. Likewise, heuristic algorithms are often used in AI to get a
computer to find an approximate solution instead of an exact solution.

Nearest Neighbour
In one of her homework assignments, Andi has to write an algorithm to solve
what her professor calls the 'traveling salesman problem.' This is a common
problem posed in AI, and it goes like this: Imagine that you have a long list of
cities and distances between each of the cities. You have to visit all the
cities and return home. Write an algorithm to find the most efficient route.

The traveling salesman problem uses different numbers of cities that need to
be visited. Andi's professor, for example, gave them a list of 1,000 cities, but
that number could have been 10,000 or 100,000. The point is that there's a
large number of cities and the computer has to figure out the most efficient
route to help the salesperson travel to all of them and then return back to the
city s/he started in.

Because there are so many cities on the list, the number of possible solutions
to the problem is huge. It would take a long time for a computer to process all
the permutations and come up with the most efficient one. Instead,
something called the nearest neighbour heuristic is often used. The nearest
neighbour heuristic asks the computer to figure out the closest city that
hasn't been visited yet by the salesperson and make that the next stop.
Essentially, the computer is calculating a route node by node. This means
that the nearest neighbour heuristic doesn't consider future moves and
therefore isn't optimized, but it is a much quicker way to find a route even if it
isn't the most efficient route.

5. Structural knowledge:

o Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to problem-solving.

o It describes relationships between various concepts such as kind of, part of, and
grouping of something.
o It describes the relationship that exists between concepts or objects.
The relation between knowledge and
intelligence:
Knowledge of real-worlds plays a vital role in intelligence and same for creating artificial
intelligence. Knowledge plays an important role in demonstrating intelligent behavior in
AI agents. An agent is only able to accurately act on some input when he has some
knowledge or experience about that input.

Let's suppose if you met some person who is speaking in a language which you don't
know, then how you will able to act on that. The same thing applies to the intelligent
behavior of the agents.

As we can see in below diagram, there is one decision maker which act by sensing the
environment and using knowledge. But if the knowledge part will not present then, it
cannot display intelligent behavior.

AI knowledge cycle:
An Artificial intelligence system has the following components for displaying intelligent
behavior:

o Perception
o Learning
o Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
o Planning
o Execution
Problem Solving in Artificial Intelligence
The reflex agent of AI directly maps states into action. Whenever these agents fail to operate in
an environment where the state of mapping is too large and not easily performed by the agent,
then the stated problem dissolves and sent to a problem-solving domain which breaks the large
stored problem into the smaller storage area and resolves one by one. The final integrated
action will be the desired outcomes.
On the basis of the problem and their working domain, different types of problem-solving agent
defined and use at an atomic level without any internal state visible with a problem-solving
algorithm. The problem-solving agent performs precisely by defining problems and several
solutions. So we can say that problem solving is a part of artificial intelligence that
encompasses a number of techniques such as a tree, B-tree, heuristic algorithms to solve a
problem.
We can also say that a problem-solving agent is a result-driven agent and always focuses on
satisfying the goals.
Steps problem-solving in AI: The problem of AI is directly associated with the nature of
humans and their activities. So we need a number of finite steps to solve a problem which
makes human easy works.
These are the following steps which require to solve a problem :
 Goal Formulation: This one is the first and simple step in problem-solving. It
organizes finite steps to formulate a target/goals which require some action to
achieve the goal. Today the formulation of the goal is based on AI agents.
 Problem formulation: It is one of the core steps of problem-solving which
decides what action should be taken to achieve the formulated goal. In AI this
core part is dependent upon software agent which consisted of the following
components to formulate the associated problem.
Components to formulate the associated problem:
 Initial State: This state requires an initial state for the problem which starts the
AI agent towards a specified goal. In this state new methods also initialize
problem domain solving by a specific class.
 Action: This stage of problem formulation works with function with a specific
class taken from the initial state and all possible actions done in this stage.
 Transition: This stage of problem formulation integrates the actual action done
by the previous action stage and collects the final stage to forward it to their next
stage.
 Goal test: This stage determines that the specified goal achieved by the
integrated transition model or not, whenever the goal achieves stop the action
and forward into the next stage to determines the cost to achieve the goal.
 Path costing: This component of problem-solving numerical assigned what will
be the cost to achieve the goal. It requires all hardware software and human
working cost.