tee ee ee eek ebb shh bbb beiddddd % Precipitation. 4] Convective precipitation. 2] Oregraphic precipitation. C 3] Gyctonic precipitation , (CD @nvective precipitation. form clouds 5 wind velocity P , Thunderstorms f — Occurs due to cumilt > white shinny clouds are formed. se ore GRP clouse @ Cregraehic Precipitation. > occurs In western ghats of tndia. Tsohytes. -» gogle. IMD; Indian Metevlogical Department thee oral Cdata related to depin oft rodnfale moowd. side,» Sidell aaa fr county) 9 Ratnfal! fo measured at 8:20AM Lifikect teming] . WMO: ldlorid Metlogical Organisation. x Types of Rain Fal (r/f) * % Types Of Precipitation. 1) Rolfe (0-Smmn tS rif 2 25mm. light vif ‘Intensity hr 295 mmlnr < vit < 7-5 mmlny —> moderate wif TAG > F-Bteml by —s heavy wif. droplet diameter —+(-6 te 5mm)2) Showfal] Intensity < 0.1 gm/cec —y cuble centimeter 2) Hall. Diameter {5mm to Bomm} —s Sef 4) Dvlzzie, Diameter < 0.5mm tere tntensity fe not measuve WR Grange —> Measurensent'of vainfall. Ratn Grouge ¢ lntetrument used for measurements > Rain Gauges are of too types: = Non - Recording type ~ Recording type L,, simon: Rata glagie bs Tipping Bucket type tiie beaten vad gauige Ly Ktefghing Bucket type Float +ype# Non Recodkmg type Of Rain - Gouge ial 4) Simon's Rain Gauge height of y glass vesset a. ng dz \o.tem cleptn of rainfall 1 (Sine) : diameter ale inno 0's i Far. | 2) IMD — Rain Gauge - Same as Smens only difference glass J je replaced by filter reinforced Rass “p Rawrding Type oF Rain - Gauge. 4) Tipping Bucket type — dept iH Au Sead hee is calcutahon — duratien [> measurement tube for depth meagurement. re caliberated Scale Stand aoe Py - aAWWW Coinfatt « time ——> TWthic type of rain -qauge fe preffered for Qatn-qauqe — Hilly area : 2) Weighing bucket type Rain -Grauge ton Receiver ___ +——Coltecting Jar jor Tar capacity <——§ se 300mm yee dephn ae rf} —}—Peh arm Spring es > used fy [ight rainfa 4 (fgnt Snowfall area . — grok pointing peu Reatver Be 3] Float type Rain- Gauge. (Natural ‘sypnen ~ type vrain-gouge ) Syprn —ki Titaacead 3- Tt fs a plot between cummubative Wainfall. Ve } duration of rainfall no rainfall t Curmmutodive Yoinfatl (teem) gists pe | Hime duration (in He) _s Intensity fs given by slepe of Mass - Curve To (em 9 by Slope of Yar). # Types OF Hytrograrh 4) Mass - Rainfall Curve a curmmulative. Wf. a ‘ time (ar) 2) Hyte- grophIntensity ey | m EPP 2 Hme Ud) i Sag moss aire 9 Integration of Hyeto- graph gives ™ ihe) RO OCR Stas s) Depth- Avea- Duration Gave car) k) Double Mass Gre - avg. annual wff onal Yoirgages ‘stat Aug vif data of a grep OF wain gouge gration,| eet tts a2 It ts usea + s chee 5) f jo k tne consictency of a rain gauge station, Usect fn predicting Feng reading of = perticitar ‘vain ~ qauge station, BERR RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES. — Solar Energy - — Wind Energy. —» Bio-mass Energy SUN — pee Solar Energy ttad Photosynthesis J \ | Biomass Direct Method + Indirect Hotno® Litrd Energy. { Human waste 4+ Plant waste + Animal waste Soler Eriergy Technology. 4'] Solar Proto- Voltaic Technology. 3] Pucsive Star Technology, 3 Sotor Woter Heating » 4] Concentrating Solar Power.© Solar Photo Voltate Technology. & Directly uses Solar energy to electethy fomes # commercial builtinge. © Pesstve Solar Technology. light & harness heat from cun for space heating, ® Setar Water Heating Harness heat from the sun to provide Hot water, @ Concentrating Solar Riser. Concentrating Fower for large pacer station, Energy: Abtifty to do work. (Pxt) Work : Fdcose oer s VI Energy density: Energy / Volume Ce Tim) — Laws of Themedynamics 41> Firctlao + AU=Q-W AD— Change fr internal Energy Q—> Heat supplied. W— Work done. 2> Second Law: Cloustus : Energy transfer from Higher te lower yeverge ts not poscible.Source of Sobr Gergys — Nuclear He iotenee lear E S*mc? RSIS Hie mass ber In ure acer. 2> Third law: Enteopy of o perfect crystet to xern. # Zeroth law: fia0 bodies hacing different temperature fa contact will drancfer the heat unless untill they will yeach the same temperature o — fusion takes place fn sun = E =tc T* eo Emissiitty of tne Surface, © = Steptien -boltzman's congfant = S- 67x10 F Wea T= temperature * Solar Radiation, — Concentrating collector > Men concentrating collectsr. ® Angle useful in solar yadiation systems, 1) Labtude of Location (4) 0 Declina hon Angle (5) 2) Hour Angle (W) 4) Solar Altimae angle (oa) s)2enim angie(O2) |) Surface azimuth angie (2) 7) Solar azimuthonge (2) %) Slope (P) 4) Angle of Indidence. (0)Fee = Flat plate colléooy s 0) Latitude Angle of Location: 6) Tt is tne angle mode by ine yoda! Line Joining tne location he centre of the earth with ta projection of the Ifne on the equatorial plane. ¢ fs ve fo northem hemisphee ee 4 7s ~ve WH Soutuern hemisphere ae as ave. 2) Angle of Declinstion. CS) Angle made by the lPne % pining the contre of the Sun Shd earth With ts Pavjection on equatial plone. +23-46° to -23-45° Tt varies Cones) CDecembey 21) Mt ts xem on equinex dows. (March 21 & September 21) 5 = 28-46 x sih 362 x (98446) 365 pet toeieet Neon a of qeor. geo?SwCSSCSCSSCSeets Ee PSECEOCUCOLEVCsEtCbCeEdseEegC ses ES Sept 2) Ny Gz Winter | | v _ N ee CO tO en » (Tune 21) $ ] 5 Ss g-o° S March 2| 3 Hour Angle (40) t ‘ Is° per hour . ene and His equivalent to Tt ts an angues— measure F Li [12:00 —sotar time WS. x (5° -use use at Bam morning, —> Fam w= (12-4) 16° ae. w= Cl2- 9x15? = Gor 0 90° 6 pm evening g Surface Azimuin Angle.C?) if B= 90" * 4hen ¥ =.0° foom sas, suen = 180° fevm nortin. bee)+ General formula for angle of tndidencer. cosO = cing [ sinocosp + cosy cos8) cos sing | -+c0s@ [coos as dcosp~ snd cost dnp | + aos § cin? sinw Sap — for vertical surface B= 90° einpcl cospro" —> For horizontal Surface poo* cosBso gespc | — Y= 0% when FRC fading soum. > Y= fe0° 17 = PA Rising oy vertical Hori zontal. FE ao ° Nort. Sal Y 190 ae “ mM Solor Altitude Angle. o. Ka, — Sunrise, Sunset @ Delay lenth. ©=O2 —+ptare horizontal At sunrze 6.240%. B sunset y P=0 , B=90" Cos Op = cosg cos § cose + Sin ging O = cos¢ Gos §cesd + SngsinS cos © = ~ tang tan gJ Wee ee ee sees ee ttt, [» = cos angel PLE Sea At Sunnise & sunget - =~ 2.03! (- tan dian) Total angle in a day. 16°. S34 1 her 42 — > neues ta = 2ax8'C rang or8)] < SE are 6on)| BES Tet = Tee [1-0 + 0-083 c0s( Hee =1367 Wint tT solar constanE % LOCAL APPARENT TIME (LAT) {Solar Time } LAT = Standard Time t 4 ( Let -Lye )+€ fist? Lst = Standard meridian for (ocal time xene fora india. Luoc = longtitude of the location (in degree west) E = Equation of tore Cin minutes) = 229.1% % (0. 000015 + 0.00] @6% cosB - 0-0320773in B- 0.0/4615 cos2B — 0.04089 sin 26) B= (a-1) 860. , where n=n™ day of year" Bes for 20! monk > 1=3it 29490079SOLAR RADIATION. Horizontal Solar Radiation Titted surface, I] Monthy average diay a tJ} Hourly global, Beam glebal vadration (Hg) and diffusive yatiation 2] Monty eveage dioly (35+ 4) diffusive radianon Ha) 2] Teta! Radiation T, 3] Monty average hourly global rectiation I, ) 4] Monty aveage hourly diFRusive, madiet'on (Ty) S = sunshine hours Per day §, = Maxie iH Lomonky avenge dialy extracerrestrial ran orimum possible ae ase Average Sunshine hours . sy" Hae eeiwede Hy Ha & ) (a+b 29 @) ena fi i eile aR correction fietov, 4 — dialy hist ahi ~ gleb edeg) T—houry <4 baid pe q(OOOO CE Cede eb Mee died EEY 4) = 22 (arbcoaw) He ail i Radiation at fnclined Surface 3) Beam Radiation: beam Radiation 4, > IN x@s0. ‘incident 's ine! on I = yx ese, horizontal surface y beam radiation tneident on an inclined eurface- ‘Te — Intensity Of Normal surface Yadiation = on tne frolined aurfoces ©, —> Angle of incidence on horizontal surface. 0; —> Argle F Meideuce of Pnelined surface, Radtaton at Inclined Surpice. emmetniieaaaat Correction factor Correction factor correction facto for beam Radiation for diffusive Radiation for reflective R, . R Hes B fn. we Is cos or eee cee Bh ose, pi Rr a P ees?) ‘@ Find average Hourly Global radiation Tg > es ° OQ+0.6eae , b20.3aq0 » l= 387! agi ee x : ° Ho = B795% kH_t y Fig = 21219 KTjqh 9 W = 37S fe = 0.9094 oh T=H re a+ bcos => Tyg OC er: (b) Find the tom vadlation op a filted.surface sif PRC at 30° angle => P=g0° Hence, Le Repiection Ty = Rot + Rada + Rata coefPictents [rm = 0-0216] a Ba (. I. ee oe He patiing values we obtain, =e qadens mee is Ras l+cOsp é beh pe ee pares] H — Daily T— hourlySCSCSSSCECE CECE PMECELE PEE MEdELE MELEE E’SM % Selay Collectors Type (Aperture oven Avaorspilon area ) | > Concenrtrabng Ty pe (Aperture avers Absorbptien area.) eo —-» Domestic Application, Solar Cooke * Nonsconcentrading Typ Gooner Ss wer plant m Concentrating Type —* Sotor power Pi -s Concentrahng Tyre —+ Spherical Collector Pec [Fiat plate collector] Bi igs pe + ETC (évaaated Tube collector J ~» Non - concentrating Tyre beam radiation. . diffuse radiation, NN Nu -Avsorbent plare Cpe "6 ....teaom, = ae glass cover Fra OO Oh to resist +ne Convection Tnsulated matevial. lesser Ex: Sobor cooter, Diagram, PPC type collector. Afr Filled tubes ave tnere ABSORBENT COATING ae eee pldtescclecttich ath <+ optical properties of refectense > OPtical properties of reflectence absorbanse, Transmittance . absorbance , transmittance emifance are spectrally amitance ave spect ul if ty ee : distributed. Bes Black chrove , biack nickat gt et black cofper. Ext Black paint , Enersorbcere . : \iqver afr compriae of inner and owe Kencentyfc tube clearance fs evatusred to aecluce the losses by convertion ed Absorbed solar vadtatfon fs convuted ' to heat and then Hancferved to “owing Absorption pate water, Ex $- Solar Refrigerator, - * Concethating Collector, ClacsiFications: Spherical shaped. B Design Parabolic shaped. Non-Imagirg type iL cerricieney) UL traging ape # Clascification based on Reflection & Refraction — Concentrating collectors —> heated upty 400% = Non-concentrating cotlectore—» from FO-too%ea+ Farabolic type- epherical concentrating tL olineay Flot a ‘ ae Plate collector fardbetic — concentroHng collector a CpssiFication bused on SFficieney. —s maging Type : Geometrical position. Of mirrors Clescer very on per positon of cun throughout tue day ) —» Non—Tmaging Type: Geometviea: potion @f miner OF lesser ave fined. Efficiency Imoging type > Non-Imaging type lescec | Imaging < Nen- Imaging types of losses — tnermyl leases (less) N optical lostet (more) # Classification based on Reflection # Refraction. [ 1] Tabular absorber : Cwith aiffuce back yef{ectoy ) Q Wie tes abeorbey SOMES blank Veflector.2] Tétbular qbcorber ioith specular cusp vefiector AHS 210) 3] Plain Receiver vith Plane veflector. 4] Multisectional planer concentrator. Qe $] Tarabott: tough6) Fresna| reflection Wasp Bn ee) Therma! Energy Storage Systew, Solar Panet | > Magnesium Clulovide oma : alt ‘Odum Nitrate L. tosses due tb convechon & Evaporation will vot take I$» toco density Polyetrylene (L>PED LC, High density foty nlene Cuore) WIND POWER PLANT capital costof HPP > Capital costof SFP — Storage system not required. — Tn wep » land con be used for Other purpese {SO to 90% } _s Tt can meet base leod demand, —> 2ux# available —> Clean Energy pollution free. 4 -eguaalaal — Handling of weste product net required7 Werking oF IPP, Nacelle 0 = Vp Gvel o\ a oath Trans fomer Shap eof Blade Lc Al LSS —s Low speed ahaft (20-60 rem) Hes —> High spect Shaft altitude oF Tt 4? Close - 1090 ) . Pm) pitch Angle High! pressure wine * Types of turbines , t> Horizontal Axis Tarbine 2> Vertical Axis Turomne. ca! : | k E of wind — Mechanics! Energy —* Electrical Energy > Parts et Wind Power plant, 4> Tower — Made From tubular steel 5 concrete or steel lattice . support the Structure of te turbine 2> Nacelle- It fs placed on top of tower eand containems, Ls Has contaslier » brake & geor- bax.> Rotor — Tt consicis of a hub, blade, pfich controll syste 4> Blacies — “Theses are made up of ou’ foil design iahina leper on alrodynamic lift to move the blade ancl couse rotation => Lovo Speed Shaft — 20 to 6orpm 6) Gear box — connects LSs to Hee 4) High speect Shaft — looo rpm +? |080rpm, 8) Generator Generates power 3) Yaw Control! system - angle contro! in z-direction, In y-direction, 10) Hitch contol! System - ‘control's angle | Ttmeasures speed of the wind. 5 gives Pnformadtion to Control! system. tt) Anemomete 12) Wind Vone — Measure direction me Wind flow. * Terms yeloited to blind Turbined Energy, 4] Lift Force. — Refined tp be Ler to Air flow 3) reg Perec oats Delicate ie mera taec J] Piectring Moment —> Defined te bean axic 1% to tne Airfoil cress-section, TIP Perce /ienatn Dynamic force /tengtn u A) Lift coePFicient ——» Cf was welsty of undisturbe ot airflod. c — Airfoil “Chord lengt.A= length of the air polls 5) Drag CoeFReent (ad) a = Drag force per unit tengtn 6) Pitching Moment Coeffitient Cin 4 ait oe, Pitening Moment qpurae Dynamic Free Moment F Logatitnmic Wind profile. UC = Us Ulz) © velocity of alfa at height z w= [SB = frictional pete clty Ts = Surface Shear Strecs values Zo = Surface roughness lengtn k= Von Harman's constant, Banc) = &nlzs) +) uce) * Fower La Profile. is Tt represents a cfmple model for ine verttoal wind Specel profile. wea nOSOeOaeePaee es 44Ute) fe U (zy) “(Ey é U C21) = reference wind speed.at heignt x» a = power law exponent. (4) Rayleigh Distribution Probability of Pew) = a(2) exp Lae D > mean wind 9pee. oe ea f= Nexp | 2 82] () Weibull Distibution, y= Kp FOS KL expfCU)t] k= shape factor c= Scale factor RAM RATENDRA ATKAR Fa = l-exp[~ al Annual Energy production by wind Turbine - Pre Ry x e760 Alyy Ra =f (30)?v* D = mear wind speed, fe l- 22.6 kg/m? fzke ; R= Specific gas conatant. RT Rely Cee e ECE PEE SPECELE SPEC PEKCEEE THEE:& Eatfmate the annual energy Prmduction fom @ \Horfzontal axic esind turbine, diameter (om opuating fh wind veq?me htith an average votnd speed OP Tmie , Assume Hat wind turbine fe opeating unde standard atmospheric conditton and vofnd turbine eicfency ts so %., => D=lom P= e226 hai D=tmis 252 2 = £(30) o zoe = (e226 x (2x10) * Ta = Pu x@760 yr nh ee ‘ =p = Power of Wind turbine rotor Fodoer available ia melaind or Fewer of the wind, se Pe l pays 2pav Legros, Rome) — when only wahe force till act ake torque fhangvial + ox) a ‘ toedA See eC hed bbb ddd dddddddddd dd Cp = Rewer ef wind turbine eter het drag) Rereac—sit-eet Forces will act on tne biacies of wind tor TT REGS ORT ane : pe pr? ~ 2.1)x0-5 ] A > Tip speea vatio = Blade tip speed Wine! Speed. Ra R= rotor radius oT A. = yore angular velocity. * Circumference Torque. al ceepsoerhd ibe Bb w= ADN D = Diameter of yotor N = Speed (rp@? @ Determine the power fn tne wind otf Usi@m/s 5 ¥=45m,. => 7m 3 P= LfAv EL U.226 tgs) TUS)” 189° P= 22,63 mWSmee eee dhe ded bbb ddd dddddddddd dc E A Zomdtameter 3 bladed wind turbine éoomata speed of 12 m/s. Assume fet-226 tym? Find the rotatenal Speed in ypm Crotov) ata tip speed vatlo f4- Tip speed < AU At Ra Sti AU ee Oe uv R 23665 =3! Tip speed > AUS @A prpeliay type wind machine operating at location hauling whrd speect of Zormlhyr & rotating at (Serpm has a retor diometer of Fom - Calalate tne poder which the machine con extract from He wind i > only wake rotating is considered. GP bom wake Yotation 2 ding is considered, a 48 Py otaraex sl) ex] Brag cochhcicdé’ "FU spay? Cu UFt coefficient = Fc Tava Pe tee sa cenpeietin arays ng ] 1 When BAU” Wake forbes act. f= dencity of air Fea eared A = Air Swept by the rotor bloder = URE force v= wthd epeed, Hull Machine / multi Yotor System. > Sotedity = blade area Sibept Frontal even of the mre N= N0 of yet blades ere A= Area cisept by the wee one blades R= vedlue of blade ES Of ——— * Torque 8 Maximum Torque. ; mow D=Diameter of tne votor Nespeed of the rtorin ten, tohen the votor efficienay fa 4, then om Power >[®, # Mow. n For te wind voto = 16 oF Te (Pie we ee ee EN @4 propetier type wind machine operating ot a lecation 5 at a wind Speed CF8GKm/ny & rotating at 181pm has a voter Bloméler s} Tom Caleulotibe the Polder thal machine ‘Can generate From WRad: @D Tr only wake force 15 acing li, hen both wake rotation + drag % considers. Sotation E> Ige vpm Beemibr 32am 2. sieet Smt 1B re = A= o.drps = hp redises Cos te fase x nO Gooy mSAS UR 2 hese oyu Sug y Ba, = =leen7 = SS ed spaese crate] P18 T exp x ie Le -0.3538% 7-66 nasal 27 pic ose | cay : 3 Fe = Cpe t pay a 2 = = OSPR XL x 226% % 3S" x(-33) = 0-7] uy 526 2>our &) p= o Pe = ovsne xi Re I-296xm B57x B37 Fe = @ 0.702 MW propeller type is @ A turbine with dlamelerD = Oom esac i oped is uo rpm. Tf me wind speea is lom/s (7) ind otal Power intensity fh the Wind steam. 12 The maximurs obtained power density, CD Torque and max efficiency, Bs E ‘ at 3 = Power densitye a fAV SIF = sweden 613 = Ie 3 Tenax ae Pr? ~ 16 poe x SOx 103 N a ae to