What is the susceptibility ?

Answer which one?

M
Mst

Initial susceptibility
M0
χ0
χm
Mean susceptibility

High field susceptibility

χ

χi
dM
χ =
dH H = 0

Hst H

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

M
Mst
M0 χ0
χm

χi

Hst H

H
Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel
 What is the susceptibility ?
Answer which one?
Initial susceptibility

M Mean susceptibility
χ= ⎛χ χ χ ⎞
H High field susceptibility ⎜ 11 12 13 ⎟

r r ⎜χ χ χ ⎟
M =χ H ⎜⎜ 23 22 23
⎟⎟
Susceptibility
Tensor of susceptibility
χ
⎝ 31
χ χ 33 ⎠
⎛ M1 ⎞ ⎛ χ11 χ12 χ13 ⎞ ⎛ H1 ⎞ 32

often express ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
/ mass or ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ χ 21 χ 22
M χ 23 ⎟ ⎜ H 2 ⎟ H
/ volume or
⎜M ⎟ ⎜χ
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 31 χ32 χ33 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ H3 ⎟⎠
/ molecule M
Differential susceptibility
d ∂M ij
χij =
∂H ij
dc or ac susceptibility
… χ = χ ' − i χ ''
χ material = f (ω , T , H )
Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel
What is the physical meaning of real and imaginary part of susceptibility ?

χ = χ ' − i χ''
H (t ) = H + H ac cos ωt

M (t ) = M + M ac cos(ωt − φ )

M (t ) = M + M ac (cos ωt cos φ − sin ωt sin φ )

M cos φ M ac sin φ
χ = χ ' − i χ '' Phase shift χ ' = ac and χ '' =
H ac H ac
H (t ) = H + H ac exp(iωt ) M (t ) = M + χ ac M ac exp(iωt )

1 '' H 2
power absorbed per unit volume P = ω χ ac ac
2

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 Tm2Fe17D3
What is the physical meaning of real
and imaginary part of susceptibility ?
Real part
Reflects sensitivity of
material to H applied
M ac cos φ
χ' = Eventually in the different
H ac directions (tensor rank 2)

Imaginary part Tm2Fe17

Reflects :
M ac sin φ •phase shift of H applied
χ '' = •dissipation energy lost absorption
H ac of energy

F. Grandjean, O. Isnard, G.J. Long

Non zero values of χ’’ related to dispersion centered at a frequency of
ωτ =1/τ τ being a relaxation time ie: domain wall motions, relaxation
irreversibility, magnetic phase transition, Tc, spin reorientation …

Remember χ material = f (ω , T , H ) From Hz to 10 KHz…

Ac susceptibility is a very sensitive technique !!

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 After Lemoine thesis
Univ. Nancy

Signal at the
ordering of the
rare earth

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 What is the susceptibility ?

Differential susceptibility d ∂M ij
χij =
∂H ij

In ferromagnetic materials the relation between M and H is not linear

Differential susceptibility also referred to

M
Mst
M0
χ0
χm

χ
dM
=
χ dH H = 0

χi

Hst H

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 In which measurement can you see difference between
superparamagnetism and spin glass behaviour?

What is spin glass ?

What is superparamagnetism ?
Similar behaviour from magnetization
measurements

M
Field cooling

Zero
Field
cooling T superparamagnetism
T critical = T blocking or T freezing

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 Superparamagnetism

•Ferromagnetic particles => J>0

•Small particles => single domain (cf lecture Olivier)
•Anisotropy M preferentially aligned along one direction energy KV
The particle behaves like a macrospin
Competition between kT and KV => limit on particle size
If V decreases then anisotropy energy also and
Magnetization of the particle no longer force to be along
the easy direction because of kT

⇒ Fluctuation of the magnetization direction Ù intrinsically ferromagnetic particles but

appearing like para (superpara)
Superpara
k Tblocking ~ K V
Fe particles
Coherence length larger than the particle size
at T> Tblocking 20 nm

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 Spin glasses ie: Fe diluted in Au or Cu1-xMnx and xÆ0
The term "glass" comes from an analogy between
the magnetic disorder in a spin glass and the FC
positional disorder of a conventional, chemical
glass ZFC

• Diluted system
• Mixed interaction competing
• J>0 and J<0 (RKKY int.)
• Random Tspin freezing

• Transition from not ordered to low T metastable state (no

long range order)

Opposite limit percolation between clusters => ordering

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 In which measurement can you see difference between
superparamagnetism and spin glass behaviour?
superparamagnetism and spin glass exhibit similar behavior from
magnetization measurements

ac susceptibility in particular frequency dependence

For more details
J.A. Mydosh, Spin Glasses : An experimental
Introduction, Taylor & Francis : London, 1993.

B. Idzikowski et al 1999 Europhys. Lett. 45 714

Specific heat (magnetic one) independent of T below Tfreezing
Local probe of the internal magnetic field
•Mössbauer spectroscopy 10-7-10-10s
Access to relaxation time
•Muon spectroscopy 10-5-10-10s
•Neutron spectroscopies 10-10-10-12s
• NMR …
ie: Relaxation time of the moment in the superparamagnet

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

Signature of Spin Glass from M(T) and Xac

χ''

χ'

Follow the frequency dependence For more details

J.A. Mydosh, Spin Glasses : An experimental
χ = χ ' + i χ'' Introduction, Taylor & Francis : London, 1993.

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 What is superparamagnetism ?
Usuallly of interest for
Crystalline materials
Large anisotropy

CoFe2O4

Fe2O3

Fe3O4

FeCo
Dsp
FePt
Dsd
CoPt

Ni

Co

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Nanoparticle diameter (nm)

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

 Minimal Stable Grain Diameter DP = 60 ⋅ k B ⋅ T
K
alloy material K: Ms: Hk: Dp:
system anisotropy saturation anisotropy minimal
in 1e7 magnetizati field in stable
erg/cc on in kOe diameter
emu/cc in nm

CoCrPtX 0.20 200-300 15-20 8-10

Co-alloys Co 0.45 1400 6.4 8 A few nm
hex Co3Pt 2.0 1100 36 4.8

FePd 1.8 1100 33 5.0

L10 FePt 6.6-10 1140 116 2.8-3.3
phases
CoPt 4.9 800 123 3.6
MnAl 1.7 560 69 5.1

RE-TM Nd2Fe14B 4.6 1270 73 3.7

Co5Sm 11-20 910 240-400 2.2-2.7

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

Ideally In practise
30
YCo Si
4
25

20

M (u.a.)
µ H=1T
0
15

2
10
T =320(5)K
c

5.0

0.0
250 300 350 400 450 500
T(K)

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel
Origin of this behavior ?
Short range ordering = correlation between
neighbouring spins even just above Tc

Existence of a typical correlation length which is infinite in the ordered state

Tends to zero at high temperature
Typical scale where there is correlation between the magnetic moments
⇒No longer independent => not strictly paramagnetic
⇒Reminiscent of magnetic order for a certain T range

How to observe it experimentally

Neutron scattering
since short range order => diffuse neutron scattering
Small angle scattering depending upon coherence length

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel

Olivier ISNARD Institut Néel