Environment Shankar IAS

Ecology

1. Ecology - Study of relationship of living organisms with each other and their environment
2. History of Ecology

Charak Sanhita - Polluted air injurious to health

Charak & Sushrut Sanhita - Classification of animals

3. Environment - Sum total of living, non living components; influences and events surrounding an organism (Biotic + Abiotic)
4. Ecosystem - Ecology + Environment
5. Homeostasis - Capacity of self regulation of ecosystem
6. Phagotrophs - Other Nourishing; Saprotophs - Decomposers or Osmotrophs
7. Stenothermal animals - Narrow range of temperature
8. Niche - Unique functional role or place of species in ecosystem, Unique for species, Important role in conservation
9. Estuaries are more productive than adjacent sea or river
10. Fresh water ecosystem - Lotic (moving water) and Lentic (still water)
11. The ecads/ ecophenes - similar but morphological distinct in response to different environmental conditions.
12. Ecotypes - the species having a wide range of distribution which evolve genetically adapted local populations
13. Level of organisation in Ecology

(i) Individual

(ii) Population - Group of individuals of same species

(iii) Community - Active interaction between species. [Major - independent out of adjacent community; Minor - Not
completely independent]

(iv) Ecosystem - Structural & Functional unit (Environment + Ecology) Ex. Terrestrial & Aquatic

(v) Ecotone - Zone of transition between two ecosystem, Zone of tension

Edge effect - Species greater in ecotone than either community, Edge species - primary species(bird between forest
and desert)

(vi) Biome - Part of biosphere

(vii) Biosphere - Atmosphere + Lithosphere + Hydrosphere, Apple skin, Dormant life at high height
Functions of An Ecosystem

1. Energy Flow (Trophic level : unidirectional)

Loss of heat at each level

Plant converts solar energy into protoplasm

Food Chain

(i) Grazing food chain - Begins from green plant (Photosynthesis)

 (ii) Detritus food chain - Starts from dead organic matter, linked with grazing

Food Web - All possible transfer of energy

Ecological Pyramids

(i) Pyramid of Numbers - Upward (Grassland) as well downward (Tree, bird, parasite)

(ii) Pyramid of Biomass - Upward as well downward (Tiny phytoplanktons produced rapidly)

(iii) Pyramid of Energy - Always upward, reflects law of thermodynamics (Loss of heat), help to show
biomagnification

Pollutants and trophic level

(i) Bio accumulation - Pollutants enter food chain, build-up of a toxic chemical in the body of a living organism

(ii) Bio magnification - Tendency to concentrate as move from one level to another (long lived, biologically active
(DDT not active so wont cause much problem), mobile and soluble in fat)

Biotic Interaction

Mutualism + + Flower & BEE

Commensalism + 0 Cow dung & beetle
Amensalism - 0 Long tree shades small tree
Competition - - Two species on same food
Predation + - Lion kills dear
Parasitism + - Bed bug sucking my blood

(Neutralism : Do not interact & no effect on each other)

2. Bio Geo chemical Cycle

Nutrient Cycles

Perfect Cycle - replaced as far as they used, gaseous

Imperfect cycle - Sedimentary cycle (Reserve in earth crust)

(i) Water Cycle

Evaporation, Transpiration -> Condensation -> Precipitation

(ii) Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis -> Organic matter -> Food nutrients, Dead organic materials -> Respiration, Biodegradation (Short
term cycle)

[Deposited organic matter converted to fossils fuels over time (Long term cycle)]

(iii) Nitrogen Cycle

Free nitrogen -> Fixation -> Amino acid -> Death & Excretion as ammonia/ Denitryfying bacteria (Pseudomonas)

Nitrogen need to be converted to nitrites or nitrate

Nitrogen Fixation

(i) Microorganism [Aerobic Azotobactor, Anerobic Clostridium, Symbiotic Rhizobium, Blue green algae Anabaena &
Spirulina]
 Ammonia can be taken up by some plants [Ammonia to nitrite by nitrosomonus & nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacctor]

(ii) Industrial process (Fertilizers) [Nitrogen became pollutant, Harmful algal blossoms, acid rain, eutrophication]

(iii) Thunder & Lightning [Ammonia & nitrates]

(iv) Phosphorus cycle

Occurs as mineral in phospate rock & enters in cycle by mining and sedimentation

Main cause of Excessive free floating rooted plant in lakes

(V) Sulphur cycle

Locked in organic (coal, oil, peat) and inorganic deposit (pyrite rock & sulphur rock)

Released by weathering [Mostly sedimentary cycle except SO2 & H2S)], Volcanic erruption, Combution of fossil
fuels, decomposition (SO2 back to earth as sulphuric acid)

Taken up by plans and incorporated through a series of metabolic process into suphue bearing amino acid which is
incorporated in proteins of autotroph tissue.

Send back to earth by excretion and death

3. Succession

Progressive series of change which leads to establishment of relatively stable climax community

Pioneer species - First plant to colonise area

Succession stages known as seres

Primary Succession - New site colonized by mosses and lichens, soil formation, ecosystem developemnt

Secondary Succession - In which climax community is disturbed (First invaded by grasses which can survive in
baked soil), faster (Well developed soil)

Autogenic Succession - By living inhabitants of community itself

Allogenic Succession - By outside force

Autotrophic Succession - Green plants dominate

Hetrotrophic Succession - Hetrotrophs dominate

[Note : Faster in middle of large continents, seeds belonging to different seres reach much faster]

Terrestrial Ecosystem

1. Tundra (Barren land)

Arctic Tundra : Below polar ice cap and above tree line in Northern hemisphere (In south pole Tundra is small)

Alpine Tundra : All latitude, High altitude, day night variation

Flora Fauna

Long life, thick cuticle, epidermal hair, large body, small tail, small ears (to lower surface area)

Insects have short life cycle

Allen‘s Rule - Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimise heat loss.

2. Forest ecosystem
 (i) Coniferous Forest (Boreal or Taiga)

Cold region, High rainfall, long winters and short summer

Evergreen trees

Soil : Thin podozols and rather poor (slow weathering), acidic and mineral deficient (leaching)

(ii) Temperate decidious forest

Moderate climate and broad leaves deciduous forest (Shed leaves in fall (bare in winter) and regain in spring)

Soil is podozolic and fairly deep

(iii) Temperate evergreen forest

Mediterranean type of climate (warm and dry summer and moist winter)

Fire is hazardous factor

Low broad leafed evergreen trees

(iv) Temperate rain forest

High rainfall and heavy fog (Important source of water than rain itself), High biotic diversity

(v) Tropical rain forest

Most diverse and rich

Vertically stratified

Thick soil, high rate of leaching (Hence not suitable for agriculture)

(vi) Tropical Seasonal forest - Monsoon forest

(vii) Subtropical rain forest - Broad leaved, fairly high rainfall and less temperature variation

3. Indian Forest Type (Champion and Seth 16 type classification)

Tropical wet evergreen forest

Western Ghat, A&N and all along North eastern region

Shurb, short trees, Long trees (Remember Patch of Kavaluban)

Tropical Semi evergreen forest

Western Ghat, A&N and eastern Himalayas

Dense wet evergreen + moist deciduous

Tropical moist deciduous forest

Throughput India (Except western and north western region)

Sal, teak, mango, bamboo, rosewood

Littoral and Swamp - A&N and Delta of Ganga, Brahmaputre

Tropical dry deciduous forest - Throughout North (Except north east), sal, bamboo (Also in MP, AP, KN, TN, GJ)

Tropical thorn forest - areas with black soil

Tropical dry evergreen forest - TN, AP, KN, hard leaved trees with fragrant flowers

Sub tropical broad leaved forest - western ghat and eastern Himalayas, fragrant grass, forest fire (Pune Mumbai
train route)

Sub tropical pine forest - Steep and dry slopes, chir, oak, pine, amala

Sub tropical dry evergreen forest - Prolonged hot and dry season and a cold winter, Shivalik hills

Montane wet temperate forest - Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala in Nilgiri hills

Himalayan moist temperate forest - Western to eastern Himalaya

Himalayan dry temperate forest - Sikkim, Coniferous, Deodar, Oak, Mapple

Sub Alpine forest - Kashmir to Arunachal

Moist Alpine Forest - All along Himalayas, Heavy rainfall

Dry Alpine Scrub - Found about 3000 m

4. Affect of deforestation

Immediate lowering of ground water level

Long term reduction in precipitation

Soil erosion

Note : Fire often necessary to keep away invasion of desert species, also it increases yield

Water conservation system

Zabo - Nagaland

Apatani System - Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh.

 Ahar-Pyne:- indigenous to south Bihar.

A khadin, also called a dhora - Western Rajasthan, to harvest surface runoff water for agriculture.

5. Grassland Ecosystem (25-75 cm rainfall)

Semi Arid Zone - Gujarat, Rajsthan, Western UP

Dry Sub Humid - peninsular India (Except Nilgiri)

Moist sub humid zone - ganga plain (ill drained topography)

Humid Montane - Savannah is derived from humid forest on account of shifting cultivation and grazing

6. Indian Desert

(i) Thar

Flora

Depending Directly Upon rain - Ephemeral (short time, root system, flower bearing) and Perennials (perennial
underground stem but shows only during rainy season)

Depending on sub subterranean water - Well developed root system, coating of wax, etc

Fauna - Migration fly way

(ii) Cold desert - Sandy loamy soil [Neutral to slightly alkaline with low organic content]

7. Desertification

Causes (man made) - Over grazing, increased agriculture, development activities, deforestation

India signatory to UN convention to combat desertification

8. Indian State of forest report

Published biannual basis since 1987 by Forest survey of India

The total forest and tree cover is 24.39% of geographical area of the country.
Aquatic Ecosystem

1. Aquatic Organisms

Neuston - Air water interface, eg. beetle on floating plants

Periphyton - remains attached to stem and leaves of rooted plants, eg. sessile algae

Plankton - Found in all aquatic bodies ( except some swift flowing )

Nekton - swimmers (hence large and powerful)

Benthos - in bottom of water mass

Phytoplanktons - Have chlorophyll [Temperature and rate of photosynthesis has inverted U shape curve] [Highest
concentration at high latitude]

Zooplanktons - Transfer of organic matter from producer to secondary consumer

Sea Grass - Marine flowering plant; shallow coastal water; IUCN accorded highest priority for conservation

Sea weeds - macroscopic algae; Indicator species; Used as fodder and fertilizer; SOurce of agar-agar, iodine etc;

Note : Rotting seas weed is source of harmful Hydrogen sulfide a highly toxic gas

Diatoms - autotrophs

Crustaceans - herbivorous animals

Herrings - arnivorous animals

Hypoxia - Dead ZOne

2. The profundal zone - located below the range of effective light penetration (All depth respiration)
3. Winterkill - Ice cover hence photosynthesis stop but respiration continues
4. In water Oxygen is 150 times lower than air (Oxygen is lesser in warm water)
5. Water temperature are less subject to change so aquatic species less tolerant to global warming
6. Natural Eutrophication - nutrient enrichment of lake promote excess growth
7. Cultural eutrophication - accelerated eutrophication, manmade, growth of green algae identification, algal boom
(hence less sunlight penetration hence less oxygen and less fish, anaerobic respiration and toxicity)
8. In India natural lakes are relatively few [Mostly found in Himalaya]
9. Sudarshan in Gujarat is oldest man made lake
10. On site algae is removed by filters and P-absorber
11. Oligotrophic - less nutrient, more species than eutrophic, good water quality, good depth
12. A riparian buffer - Vegetated area
13. N - testing - technique to find optimum amount of fertilizer required for crop
14. Algal boom when die or eaten release neuro and hepatoxins which can kill aquatic organisms
15. Red tide / HAB - phytoplanktons species boom (not always red) [two reason nutrient enrichment and warm water], may
lead to death of shellfish which can contaminate water [Deplete oxygen when dies]
16. Wetlands

Characteristic

Waterlogged soil at least for seven days during growing season

Adopted plant life (Hydrophyte) and Hydric soil (not enough O2 available)

18.4% of India under wetland (70% of them used for paddy production) [Mostly inland]

National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)

1. Implemented in 1985-86
2. Central government responsible for overall coordination of wetland conservation program at national and
international level (Provides guidelines, financial and technical assistance to state)
3. State government responsible for management of wetlands and implementation of NWCP
 Criteria for identification of wetlands of National importance

1. Same as Ramsar Convention

2. representative, rare & unique natural or near natural wetland
3. Supports V,E,CE or T species
4. Supports population of species important for maintaining biodiversity of particular region
5. Provides refuge to species in adverse condition
6. Supports 20k + birds
7. Supports significant amount of indigenous fish
8. Important source of food and water resource, eco tourism, scenic value, educational opportunities, cultural
heritage
Montreux Record

1. Register of wetland site of national importance

2. Highlights sites where adverse change in ecological character occurred, occurring or likely to occur
3. Site added or removed only with the approval of the contracting parties
4. Chilka lake placed in 1993, Removed in 2002 (Ramsar wetland conservation Award 2000)
5. Loktak lake Manipur in 1993 (Hydroelectricity)
6. Keoldeo national park Rajsthan in 1990 (Invasive species Paspalum distichum)

17. Estuary Ecosystem

Characteristics

1. Most productive water bodies (High nutrients)

2. Very little wave action
3. 60% world's population live in estuaries
4. Natural filter
5. Unique aquatic plants and animals such as sea turtles, sea lions, sea catfish, saltworts, eelgrass,
cordgrasses, sea grass, sedge and bulrush
6. Predators are important to the estuaries because of their end position in most consumer food chain
Indian Estuarine ecosystem

1. Major estuaries occurs in BOB

2. Estuaries are location of sea port
3. Estuaries on west coast are smaller

18. Mangroves

Characteristics

1. Evergreen land plants

2. Require high solar radiation and have ability to absorb fresh water from saline water
3. Pneumatophores (blind root)
4. Viviparity (Seed germination on tree itself)
5. Salt secreting glands
Mangroves profile in India

1. Subdarbans largest single block of tidal holophytic mangroves in the world

2. Bhitkarnika second largest in Indian sub continent
3. Sparse in Kerala
4. Gujarat - Kori Creek and Gulf of Kutch
5. Mangroves act as sink for variety of heavy metals

19. Coral reefs

Characteristics

1. Living animals
2. Symbiotic relationship with Zooxanthellae algae [Give color, assist corals in nutrients production in return
algae get adequate light, CO2 and protected environment]
3. Hard (build reefs), Soft
4. Coral polyps build reefs (after death leaves calcium carbonate behind)
5. Most found in tropical and subtropical water, there are also deep water corals in colder regions (UNEP report
more cold water reefs than tropical reefs)
 6. Largest Coral reef is Rost Reef of Norway
7. Most productive with high biodiversity
8. Refereed as tropical rain forest of ocean
9. Fringing reefs - contiguous with shore (Andamans)
10. Patch reefs - Isolated and discontinuous (Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Katchh)
11. Barriers reefs - Run parallel to shorelines (Nicobar and Lakshdweep)
12. Atolls - Circular or Semicircular, Nicobar and Lakshdweep
13. Largest biogenic calcium carbonate producer
14. Coral reefs are under Schedule 1 of WPA 1972
Coral Bleaching (Zooxanthellae algae or plasma of Zooxanthellae algae decline)

1. Temperature major cause (Corals live with relatively narrow range of temperature)
2. Solar radiation
3. Subaerial exposure
4. Sedimentation
5. Fresh water dilution
6. Eutrophication could lower resistance to disease
7. High xenobiotic concentration
8. Pathogens

20. Key initiative to protect marine and coastal environment

Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction system

1. 1991
2. Assesses the health of coastal water
Land Ocean interaction in the coastal zone

1. 1995
2. Develop on a scientific basis the integrated management of coastal environment
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management

1. 1998
2. Model plan for Chennai, Goa and Gulf of Kutch being prepared

Environmental Pollution

1. Primary Pollutant - Persist in form which they are added

2. Secondary Pollutant - Chemical reaction of primary pollutants
3. Quantitative Pollutant - Pollutants when concentration is reach beyond level
4. Qualitative Pollutant - Man made
5. Air Pollution

1. Major Air pollutants

2. Smog
Smoke + Fog

The Formation of photochemical smog

VOC + NOx ------(In the presence of Sunlight)----> Ozone + Fine particles (SMOG)

Ozone damages cholrenchyma

Note : Classical smog is also called as reducing smog

3. Radon naturally emitted by soil (Causes lung cancer)

4. Fly Ash
Composition - Aluminium Silicate, Silicon dioxide and Calcium Oxide (Oxide rich heavy toxic metal)

Collection - Electrostatic Precipitation

Advantage - Construction, Reclamation of wasteland, Mine filler, Enhanced water holding capacity and
increase yield (can also decrease yield if collected on leaves)

5. Arresters - Used to separate PM from contaminated air

6. Scrubbers - Used to clean air for both gases and dust
7. Catalytic converter - Convert nitrogen oxide to nitrogen
8. Government Initiatives to control air pollution
National Air Quality Monitoring Program

1. CPCB Executing nationwide

2. To ascertain compliance of NAAQS
3. Understand natural process of cleaning in the atmosphere
 4. To undertake preventive and corrective actions
National Ambient Air Quality Standards

12 pollutants (SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, Ozone, lead, CO, Arsenic, Nickel, Benzene, Ammonia,
Benzopyrene)

National Air Quality Index

1. April 2015, 14 cities

2. Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, poor, Very poor, Severe
3. 8 pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, Lead)

6. Water Pollution

1. Species like Tubifex (Annelid worm) can survive in highly polluted water
2. DO below 8.0 cotaminated, below 4.0 highly polluted
3. Higher BOD indicates lower DO
4. COD more reliable method of measuring pollution load
5. Water contaminated with cadmium causes Itai Itai disease (Ouch Ouch disease, painful disease of bones
and joints)
6. Lead causes bluish line along gum
7. Mercury compound in waste water are converted by bacterial action to toxic methyl mercury (Numbness,
deafness, blurring vision) [crippling deformity minamata disease]
8. Yokkaichi asthama - Burning of petroleum and crude oil
9. Excess nitrate react with HB to form non functional methaemoglobin [Blue baby syndrome]
10. Floride - Teeth decay, hardening of bone, skeletel flurosis
11. Chronic exposure to arsenic causes black foot disease
12. Water Hyacinth (Aquatic weed) can purify water
13. Oil spill is treated by Bregoli by product of paper industry

7. WHO recommended sound level should be 30dB below for indoor environment,
8. Real time Ambient noise monitoring network - 2011, Phase 1 - Seven metro, Phase 2 same cities, Phase 3 90 cities
9. Radio Active Pollution

1. Proton (Alpha, blocked by piece of paper), Electron (beta, blocked by metal or glass), gamma (Short wave
electromagnetic waves, blocked by thick piece of concrete)
2. Non Ionising Radiation - Affect only those which absorbs them, UV
3. Ionising Radiation - High penetration power, cause breakage of macro molecule, X rays
4. Nuclear arms uses Uranium 235 or Plutonium 239 fir fission and Hydrogen or lithium for fusion
5. Half life - Time needed for half of its atom to decay (Longer half time longer pollution)
6. No cure available for radiation damage

10. E Waste

11. Mumbai Rank first in E waste generation follower by Delhi

12. Burning of plastic and PVC releases dioxin and furan

13. Dioxin highly carcinogenic passed on through breast milk (Burning of plastic and PVC)
14. Incineration plants - Process of burning waste in large furnace at high temperature
15. Pyrolysis - Burning in controlled oxygen
16. Waste Minimization Circle - Small and medium industrial clusters assisted by World bank with ministry of environment
& forest, Project implemented with help of National Productivity Council
17. Warm water contains less oxygen which replace green algae with less desired blue green algae
18. Bio Remediation

Use of micro organism to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic form

In Situ

1. Bio Venting - Supply of air and nutrients through wells to contaminated site, simple hydrocarbons
2. Bio Sparging - Injection of air below the water table to increase level of oxygen
3. Bio Augmentation - Micro organisms imported
Ex Situ

1. Land farming - Soil excavated and spread over prepared bed, aerobic respiration
2. Bio piles - Used for petroleum hydrocarbons, hybrid of land farming and composting
3. Bio reactors - Engineered containment system
4. Compostig - Microorganism decomposes waste
Phyto remediation - Use of plants to remove contamination

1. Phyto extraction
2. Phyto transformation or phyto degradation
3. phyto stabilisation - Reduce migration and mobility of contaminated soil
4. Rhizofilteration - water remediation technique, used to reduce contamination in natural wetlands
5. Mycofilteration - Use of fungi to filter toxic waste
6.
Karnal Technology involves growing tree on ridges 1m wide and 50cm high wand disposing of the untreated
sewage in furrows.

Rotating Biological Contactors - fixed-film reactors similar to biofilters in that organisms are attached to support
media

Fluidized Bed Reactor employs fixed film principle and makes the treatment process more user-friendly.

19. Acid rain - PH less than 5.6, Wet deposition, Dry Deposition (dust)
20. Categorization of industrial sector - Red, Orrange, green, white based on pollution index
21. Lichens - Algae + Fungi (good bio indicator for air pollution)
22. Chemistry of acid rain - Sunlight produces photo oxidant like Ozone -> interact with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen ->
acid
23. Impact of acid rain - Leaching, Nitrate level in soil decrease, Increase in Ammonia, Lichens on affected area,
proliferation of microbial, Increase in partition of methyl mercury
24. Lower than normal level of lead can cause mental deficiencies and behavioral problem

Renewable energy
1. Renewable Energy - Solar, Hydel, Biomass, Geothermal, Ocean thermal, Co generation, Fuel cell
2. Solar Energy

Photovoltic Electricity - Photon absorption by negative layer, DC power

Solar thermal - Heat, curved mirrors

High Solar Radiation region - Ladakh, Rajsthan, Northern Gujarat, AP, Maharashtra and MP

International Solar Alliance

1. Launched in COP21 Paris

2. 121 countries between tropic of cancer and capricon (PM coined the term Surya Putra)
3. Secretariate at National institute of Solar energy, Gurgaon
 4. IESS 1047 - Calculator to explore potential energy scenario in India

3. International renewable energy agency - Inter governmental organisation with 150 members HQ at Abu Dhabi

4. Wind energy

Germany, USA, Denmark, Spain India has 80% installed capacity

Onshore wind farms - less expensive
Offshore wind farms - more expensive
Doubling radius can quadrupedal energy
High altitude, low air pressure, lighter air hence less productive
Horizontal axis design
Vertical axis design - Slow but high torque, useful for grinding but not electricity
Wind energy map by natioanl institute of wind energy
Potential : Gujarat > Karataka> Maharashtra > AP
Capacity installed : Tamilnadu > Maharshtra > karnataka > Rajsthan
Ministry of new and renewable energy nodal ministry for offshore wind energy (Agency NIWE)

5. Hydro power

Impondement - use of reservoir

Diversion - a portion of flow through canal
Pumped storage - Pump when demand is low
Small hydro power - Capacity less than 25 MW, India and China major players

6. Ocean thermal energy - Uses temperature difference at ocean surface and depth to run heat engine
7. Wave energy - First project Vizhinjam near Tiruvendram
8. Tidal Energy - Hanthal creek in Gulf of Kutch
9. Biomass - Does not add carbon dioxide to atmosphere (Balanced)
10. Producer gas/ Syn gas - Restricted combustion or pyrolysis, [15% hydrocarbon + CO + CO2 + Nitrogen + hydrogen]
11. Co generation - Two form of energy from one fuel, one must be heat, low pressure heat going out of turbine can be
used for heating purpose in household
12. Geo thermal energy - Cooler water converted to steam
13. Bio diesel -Jatropa, Curcas, Neem, Mahua, Karanj, Simarouba, etc
14. Fuel cell - Chemical energy to DC, Water vapor and heat only by product,
15. REN 21 - Global renewable energy policy multi stake holder network
16. Gases

Natural gas - Methane plus small amount of ethane

Water gas is a synthesis gas - containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Coal gas - hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide.

LPG - propane and butane. [ ethyl perceptron added to detect leakages]

Shale - natural gas

Environmental Issues
1. Mission butterfly - Nainital, Scientific garbage disposal system
2. ZBNF - AP
3. 4R - refuse, reduce, recycle and reuse
4. In road construction ridge alignment preferred over valley alignment
5. Palm oil is single larget consumed vegetable oil in India (Imported, AP 86% production of total production of India)
6. Indonesia and Malaysia contribute 87% of production of palm oil [China + India 34% import]
7. Orangutans - CE, threatened by increasing need of Palm oil
8. Round table on sustainable oil - 2004, use of sustainable palm oil, 14% palm oil globally verified by RSPO
9. Colony collapse disorder - unexplained rapid loss of bee colony's adult population (worker)
10. Reasons of CCD - Global warming, Varroa mite (Parasite), Malnutrition, Metal pollution, Stress and Habitat loss
11. Neonicotinoids - insecticide, potential danger to pollinator
12. Surface area of birds is more so they absorbs more radiation + Less fluid content so heat up quickly
13. UN has approved GE tree as carbon sink under Kyoto protocol
14. GE first experiment of GE tree in Rubber (Kerala)
15. Dolphin captivity is banned in India
16. Any possession of shark fin that is not attached to body of shark is hunting
17. Cost of environmental pollution - Impact of outdoor air pollution highest, second number is of indoor pollution (In terms of
GDP loss)
18. Environmental Impact Assessment

Started in Indian in 1976-77

EPA 1986 - Statutory status to EIA

Steps

Screening -> Scoping -> Baseline data collection -> Impact prediction -> Assessment of alternatives, Delineation of
mitigation -> Public hearing -> Environmental management plan -> Decision making -> Monitoring the clearance
Condition

Rapid EIA - Collection of one season data only (Except Monsoon)

Comprehensive EIA - Data from all sources

An Environmental Supplemental Plan (ESP) - is an environmentally beneficial project or activity that is not
required by law, but that an alleged violator of Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 agrees to do to
be eligible for environmental clearance

Biodiversity

1. Genetic diversity - Variety of gene within particular species

2. Species Diversity - Variety of living organism on earth
3. Species richness - Number of species found in community or ecosystem
4. Species evenness - Measures proportion of species at a given site
5. Alpha diversity - diversity within a ecosystem
6. Beta diversity - Comparison of diversity between ecosystem, usually measured as change in amount of species
between ecosystem
7. Gamma diversity - Overall diversity for the different ecosystem within a region
8. Ex situ - Conserving biodiversity outside area where they naturally occurs
9. In situ - Conserving animals and plants in their natural habitats (National park)
10. IUCN categories

IUCN red data book first issued in 1966

Pink pages - CE species

Green pages - Recovered species

Indian biodiversity landscape

1. In terms of species richness India ranks seventh in mammals, ninth in birds and fifth in reptiles and tenth in floral
diversity
2. Realm - Subcontinent size area with unifying features of geography flora and fauna [Himalayan region - Palaearctic
realm and rest of Indian Malayan realm]
3. Biomes

(i) Tropical humid forest

(ii) Tropical dry or deciduous forest

(iii) Warm desert and semi desert

(iv) Coniferous forest

(v) Alpine meadows

4. Bio geographic zones

5. Fauna

India rank firs in buffaloes, second in cattle and goats, third in Sheep, fourth in duck, fifth in Chicken and Sixth in
Camel

6. Floral biodiversity

Algae - possess chlorophyll

Fungi - absence of chlorophyll (Western ghat maximum)

Bacteria - absence of chlorophyll

Lichens - Symbiotic relation of algae and fungi

 Bryophytes - True roots are absent. [Eg. mosses]

Pteridophyte - vascular and dispersed by spores [Eg. Fern]

Gymnosperms - naked seed plants, simple flower no fruit [Cycas, Pinus]

Angiosperms - fruit bearing [Monocot and Dicot] [Carpels have Sigma - Style - Ovary]

7. WPA 1972

Schedule 1 & part 2 of Schedule 2 - absolute protection

Schedule 3 & 4 - less penalty

Schedule 5 - which can be hunted (Vermin) [Only 4 - Mice, Rat, Common crow and flying fox or fruit eating bat]

Schedule 6 - Cultivation, collection, trade, extraction etc of plants listed in schedule 6 is prohibited

IMP Note : section 62 empowers the states to send a list of wild animals to center to declare Vermin, center then by
notification declare animal vermin for specific time [Except schedule 1 and part 11 of schedule H]

Immunization of livestock within a radius of 5 Km from NP or sanctuary has been made compulsory

Flagship Species - Represent environmental cause

Keystone Species -Whose addition or loss from ecosystem leads to major changes [All top predators]

Indicator Species - Presence indicate presence of other species

Foundation Species - Dominant primary producer

Umbrella Species - Whose requirement include those of many other species

Animals

Endangered Critically Endangered Vulnerable

1. Brown antlered deer 1. Brown Beer - NW 1. Binturong -India - Sikkim -

(Sangai deer) - NE (Loktak
lake) and SE Asia
2. Chinese Pangolin - Easter
Himalaya (Indian is NT)
3. Fishing Cat - Indus
(keoladeo NP)
4. Ganga River Dolphin -
Sensitive to Salinity [Chinese
Dolphin is declared extinct]
Himalaya Bhutan- China
2. Asiatic Cheetah - Iran 2. Capped Langur - NE
3. Malbar Civet - Endemic to 3. Cheetah
Western Ghat (Civet oil) 4. Clouded Leopard -
4. Pygmy Hog - Smallest & Himalayan foothills
Rarest wild pig (NW Assam) 5. Sea cow (Dugong Dugong)
5. Gharial - Chambal (Fresh - Wide shallow mangroves
water) 6. Four horn Antelope
6. Hawbill Turtle 7. India Gaur/ Bison
 5. Golden Langur - Bhutan
and Assam
6. Nilgiri Tahar (Himalayan is
NT) - Eravikulam NP (Kerala)
7. Hispid Hare - UP/Bihar/WB
8. Hoolock Gibbn (Western) -
NE
9. Red Panda - Nepal,
Bhutan, India
10. Lion Tailed Macaque -
Endemic to western Ghat
11. Red Slenderlori - Sri
Lanka
12. Himalayan Musk Deer -
NE Himalaya
13. Snow Leopard - Trans
Himalaya
14. Chiru - Hunted for
Shahtosh (J&K)
15. Tiger
16. Green turtle
17. Hog Deer - North and NE
India
18. Crocodile
Animal biodiversity in India
Critically endangered mammals
Pygmy Hog
Mammal
Smallest wild pig
Indicator of grassland habitat
Found in relatively undirsturbed Terai grassland [Now confined to Manas NP]
Andaman White tooth shrew
Endemic to India
Active in night
Campabell NP and Galathea river, Andaman
Kondana Rat
Nocturanal
confined to Sinhgad
The large rock cat/ Elvira cat
Nocturnal or burrowing rodent
7. Bengal Florican
8. Forest Owlet - Endemic to
Central India
9. Siberian cranes - Last
siting in Keoldeo NP in 2002
8. Hoolock Gibbn (Eastern) -
India not found except
Arunachal
9. Indo Pacific Finlers
porpoise - Malbar
10. Sun Bear - NE
11. Marbled Cat
12. Nilgiri Langur
13. Greater one horn rhino
14. Rusty spotted cat
15. Asia Small clawled offer
16. Sloth Bear - India Nepal
Bhutan (Fat of bear is
medicine)
17. Bengal Slow lori
18. Snubfin Dolphin - Chilka
lake
19. Swamp deer - Central
India
20. Urial
21. Tricarinate Hill Turtle
22. Indian Soft shell turtle
23. Leather black Turtle
24. Olive Ridly - Except
Maxico throughout tropical
water
25. Black naked crane
26. Cheer Pheasant
27. Dugong (Sea Cow) -
Herbivorous
28. Sambar - Thorn forest
 Tropical dry deciduous forest

Namdapha Flying squirrel

Unique flying squirrel

Found only in Namdapha NP, Arunachal

The Malbar Civet

Endemic to India
Western ghat
Hunted for oil

Sumatran Rhino

Smallest and most endangered [Javan believe to be extinct in India & only small number survive in Java]
Once occurred in foothills of Himalaya

Kashmir Stag/Hangul

Sub species of red deer

Kashmir valley [Dachigam National Park]

Exceptions

Echinads/Spiny ant eaters

Egg lying mammal

Egg is carried out in pouch until it hatch

Platypus

Semi acquatic
Egg lying mammal
Male platypus has venom

Marsupials

Pouched animal
Kangaroo
Short gestation time
Extinct Marsupials - Quagga and The marsupial wolf

Critically endangered birds

The Jerdon's Courser

Nocturnal bird
Found only in the northern part of AP [Undisturbed scrub Jungle]
Flagship species for threatened Jungle

The forest owlet

Dry Deciduous forest

North-Western and North Central Maharashtra and MP

The Bengal Florican

Rare bustard species known for mating dance

Grassland [Native to only three countries Combodia, Nepal and India]

Himalayan Quail

Tall grass and scrub

Western Himalaya [last sighting 2003]

Pink headed duck

 Overgrown still water pools, marshes and swamps
North East region [Not recorded in India since 1949]

Sociable Lapwing [Venellus gregarious]

Winter migrant to India

Scrub desert

Spoon billed Sandpiper

Require specialized breeding habitat

Coastal area

Siberian Crane

Migratory bird
Keoldeo NP, Rajasthan

Plant diversity of India

Effect of abiotic factors on plant

High light intensity favor root growth than shoot growth [Increased transpiration]
Low light intensity retard growth of flower and fruits
When intensity of light is less than minimum plant die because of accumulation of CO2
Only red and blue spectrum effective for photosynthesis [Grown in blue light are small and in red light elongated]
Frost - Due to increased transpiration plant get killed
Snow influences distribution of deodar, fir and spruce
Die back - Die from tip to avoid adverse condition [eg. Sal, Red sander]

Insectivorous plant

Rain washed, nutrient poor, wet and acidic soil

Drosera or Sundew - Leaf surface; Use for curding milk and dyeing silk
Aldrovanda - Free floating, rootless aquatic plant; Two halves of leaf blade
Nepenthes - Pitcher plant; Meghalaya; Treat cholera; Useful as eyedrop and to treat urinary truble
Utricularia or Bladderworts - Freshwater wetlands; Open the door take the insect inside; Useful against Cough and
dressing wounds [Relate to sex];
Pinguicula or Butterworts - Alpine; Entire leaf work as trap, leaf rolling

Invasive Species

Needle Bush - Dry degraded forest

Black wattle - Introduced for afforestation
Goat weed
Alternanthera paronychioides - Marshy land
Prickly Poppy - Winter season
Blumea eriantha - Along railway track or raod side
Palmyra, Toddy Palm - Cultivated
Calotropis/ Madar, Swallo Wort
Datura, Mad Plant, Thorn apple
Water Hycinth
Impatiens, balsam - Moist forest
Ipomoea/ The pink morning glory
Lantana Camara / Lantana, wild sage - Scrub land
Black Mimosa
Touch me not, sleeping grass - Brazil
4 O clock plant - Garden
Parthenium/Congress grass
Prosopis Juliflora - Brazil, degraded forest
Townsend grass

Medicinal Plants
 Beddomes Cycad / Perita / Kondaitha - Eastern peninsular region; Arthritis
Blue Vanda / Autumn ladies tresses orchid
Kuth/Kustha/Pooshkarmoola/Uplet - Kashmir& Himachal; Fragrant; Anti-inflammatory drug
Laddies slipper Orchid - Anxity/insomnia
Red Vanda
Sarpgandha - Sub Himalaya; Treatment of Cholera, Sedation, myosis, hypertension, Colic and fever
Ceropegia Species
Emodi/Indian Podophyllum - Irritant and toxic to skin
Tree fern
Cycads - Regular consumption led to Lytico-Bodig a disease like Parkinson
Elephant's foot (Not a disease but plant) - Synthesis of steroid

Note : Sal tree is completely absence in Deccan trap [Replaced by teak]

Protected Area Network

Protected Areas in India

Wild life sanctuary

WPA 1972
Declared by state
Certain activities are regulated like grazing
Created for particular species

National Park

WPA 1972
Declared by state
Prohibition on activities like grazing also

Note : Central government can also declare NP and wildlife sanctuary under certain conditions

Boundaries of NP & WLS

In case where territorial water is included, consultation with chief hydrographer of Central government
No alteration of boundaries except on recommendation made by National board of wildlife
Prohibition on activities like grazing also
State government appoints collector to inquire into rights nature and extent of rights of any person over land

Conservation Reserve

2003 amendment of WPA 1972

Owned by state government adjacent to PA
Tirrupadamarathur first conservation reserve

Community Reserve

2003 amendment of WPA 1972

Private land or community land [Provided owner agreed]
No change in land use pattern except by resolution passed by management committee and approved by state
government

Coastal Protected area

Marine NP/LS
WPA act 1972
Less than 4% area
Gulf of Kutch MPA
Global initiative

The Man and Biosphere Reserve

Intergovernmental scientific program

Interdisciplinary research and capacity building
MAB relies on world network of biosphere reserve

Biosphere reserve

Example of how human and nature can co exist

Each BR are PA where people are integral component
Generally have non manipulative core area
Local development which is culturally, socially and ecologically sustainable
India - National biosphere reserve program was initiated in 1986
Design - Core -> Buffer -> Transition
Core area - Absolutely undisturbed
Buffer zone - Limited recreation like tourism, grazing, etc
Transition zone - Not delimited one but a zone of co operation
Management of BR is responsibility of state government

[Kanchanganga and Agastyamalai are also in list]

World Network of BR

ICC of UNESCO on request of participating country subject to fulfilling criteria

Delisting is done on exceptional ground like violation of obligation after consulting concerned government

Biodiversity Hot Spot

Norman Myers
Remarkable universe of extraordinary floral and fauna endemicity struggling to survive
India - Eastern Himalaya; Indo Burma (Hottest) ; Western Ghat (Hottest) and Sunderland

World Heritage Site

UNESCO (1972)
First list published in 1978
22 May - International day for biodiversity
Conservation Effort

Project Tiger

1973
Centrally sponsored in situ conservation
State government shall on recommendation of NTCA notify an area as Tiger reserve
No change in boundary of tiger reserve except on recommendation of NTCA and approval of NBWL
No state government shall denotify tiger reserve except in public interest on recommendation of NTCA and approval of
NBWL
NTCA - 2006 amendment of WPA; [Chairmanship of the Minister for Environment]
Estimated tiger population in India around 2200 (2014 census)
Karnataka > UK > MP > TN > MH [Gujarat 0]

Project Crocodile

1975
Aid of the United Nations Development Fund and Food and Agriculture Organization.

Project Elephant [National Heritage animal]

1992
Centrally sponsored scheme in 13 states
Elephant corridors - NE . CI > SI > NW
Population - Karnataka > Assam > Kerala > TN
Reserve - Assam > Kerala > TN
Monitoring illegal killing of elephant - CITES, 2003; South Asia; Data collected from all the site on monthly basis [Sub
regional support office @ Delhi]
Hathi Mere Sathi - MoEF & WTI; E-8 countries
Campaign Mascot Gaju - Take Gajah to Prajah
E8 - India, Botswana, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, Republic of Cango and Thailand [E 50:50 Forum - 50
state next 50 years]

Vulture

Scavengers
Red headed, King, Slender billed and Long billed are CE
Egyptian and White backed endangered
Diclofenac affects kidney of vulture[Non steroidal anti inflammatory]
Diclofenac banned veterinary use but human form is illegally used
Neck drooping
Meloxicam is an alternative to diclofenac
Vulture safety zone of 150 KM
Vulture restaurant by Maharashtra & Punjab forest department [Tables reserved only for unique & rare vultures]
Asia's first Gyps reintroduction program @ Pinjore, Haryana

One horn rhino

Manas NP as firsr site of translocation [Risk reduction]

Project snow leopard

Endangered species
China > Mongolia > India
Conservation framework that involve local community

Sea turtle project

In collaboration with UNDP

WII implementing body
10 coastal state with special emphasis on Orrisa
Satellite telemetry to locate route of Olive Ridley

SAWEN
 Regional network not under SAARC but SAARC countries
partnership for controlling trans boundary crimes

Captive breeding - Wild species captured then breed and raised in special facilities

IMP Note : Chief wild life warden of state are empowered to permit hunting of problematic animal under WPA [man eating
tiger not goat eating]

Climate Change

Greenhouse gases

Water Vapor - Biggest overall contributor [Concentration strongly related to presence of other GHG ]
Carbon Dioxide - CO2 is more soluble in water than O2
Methane - Wetland largest source [Agriculture is primary source]
Nitrous Oxide [N2O not NO2] - Agriculture [Removed from atmosphere either by bacteria or by UV action]
Fluorinated gas - Very high GWP [Destroyed by sunlight in high atmosphere]
Black carbon - Strongest absorber of sunlight; 25% global BC from India and China [Short living]
Brown Carbon - Wood and agriculture residue
Green house has emisson - Energy-73%; Agriculture- 16%; Industrial Processing- 8% and Waste-3%.

Climate Forcing

Factors in climate system that either increase or decrease effect to climate system
Positive - Heating
Negative - Cooling
Natural forcing and man made forcing

Note : As earth is cooler than Sun, emitted energy has infrared nature

Global warming potential

Ocean Acidification

Rate of uptake of CO2 exceeding buffering capacity of ocean

Currently pH around 8.0 [Acidification is direction & not literal meaning]
Algal blooms collapse increases acidification
Reaction

Carbonate ions are essential for calcification. [Carbonate + Calcium ------> Calcium Carbonate]

However acidification increases bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid causing decreases in concentration of carbonate
ion
 Surface water is over saturated with carbonate ion and hence do not dissolve shell of calcifying organism

Deep cold water is undersaturated with carbonate hence dissolves shell [Cold water - More nutrients more Co2]

Acidification causes rise in saturation horizon [Lysocline]

Ozone Depletion

Measured in Dobson
Reaction

CFC

CFC -------UV-------> Chlorine atom

O3 + Cl -------------> Chlorine monoxied + Oxygen

Chlorine monoxied + monoxide ----------> Chlorine + Oxygen

Net Reaction - Ozone + Monoxide -------Chlorine as a catalyst----> Oxygen + Oxygen

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitric Oxide[NO] + Ozone -----------> Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Nitrogen dioxide + monoxide ----------> Nitric oxide + Oxygen

Note : N2O @ stratosphere destroyed to yield nitric oxide

Bromine destroys 100 times more ozone than chlorine does

Sulphuric acid particles free chlorine from molecular reservoir and converts reactive nitrogen to inert thus preventing
chlorine reserve formation
Role of Polar stratospheric cloud

Type of PSC

Nacreous Cloud/ Mother of pearl

Second cloud contain nitric acid instead pure water

Third type are same as Nacerous but form at slower rate

Note : PSC act as substrate to free chlorine from reservoir

 Why Antarctic is cursed ?

Low temperature -> PSC @ low height -> Ozone depletion -> Decrease in temperature -> Increased formation of
PSC& Stabilization of Vortex

June(Antarctic winter begins) -> Polar vortex -> October (Lowest level of ozone) -> November(Polar vortex break
down)

Impact of climate change

Rabi crops affected more than Kharif

Higher Rainfall - Semi arid region of western India
Glacial lake outburst flood
Desertification
Lower Rainfall - Central India
Increased water stress
Rising sea level (Goa will hit worst)
Worse cyclone to eastern coast [Fani]
Impact on biodiversity
Climate change and health [Heat wave, contaminated disease, etc]

Mitigation strategy

Carbon sequestration - Carbon capture and storage

Ocean sequestration - Injection or direct fertilization
Geological sequestration - into deep subsurface rock; Largest potential
Hydrodynamic trapping - CO2 stored as gas in low permeable rock
Solubility trapping - Dissolve in water or oil
Terrestrial sequestration - Soils and vegetation
Green Carbon - Stored on plants and soil of natural ecosystem
Blue Carbon - Aquatic or marine carbon sink
Blue carbon initiative - Conservation international, IUCN and IOC of UNESCO
Carbon Credit - Tradeable certificate representing right to permit [Organization producing less carbon earns certificate]
India's MCX - First exchange in India to trade carbon credits
Carbon offsetting - Credit for reduction in GHG at another location
Carbon tax - More beneficial than cap and trade in terms of predictability and implementation [India will challenge in
WTO any carbon tax on Indian import]
Geo Engineering - Copy of Volcano, Shoot mirrors in space, seed the sea with iron (Increased photoplankton growth),
whiten the cloud with wind powered ship with help of sea water, Artificial leaf, Commercial use of CO2
India and Climate change

India's National Action plan on climate change

National Solar mission

100 GW of Solar power by 2022

Establish India as a Solar leader
MNRE

The national mission for enhanced energy efficiency

Ministry of power through BEE

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

Ministry of Housing and urban affairs

Energy efficiency in building and shift towards public transport

National Water mission

Ministry of water
Integrated water management
New regulatory structure to optimize efficiency of existing irrigation system
Fulfill coastal water requirement by desalination technology
Promotion of water neutral and water positive technologies

National mission for sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem

DST
Traditional knowledge system for community participation in adaption, mitigation and coping mechanism

National mission for green India

MoEFCC
Agro forestry and social forestry
Restoration of wetlands

National mission for sustainable agriculture

Ministry of agriculture
 Capacity building and skill development
Weather based crop insurance scheme
Laboratory to land

National mission on strategic knowledge for climate change

DST
Development of national capacity of modeling of regional impact

National Bio energy mission - MNRE

INDC

19th Session Warsaw

Principle of CBDR

Indian network on climate change assessment

MoEFCC
To promote domestic research on climate change
Updates GHG inventory for India
4*4 Assessment [4 Region (Western Ghat, Himalaya, Coastal India and NE), 4 Sector (Agri, Water, Forest and Human
health) assessment ]

National Communication to UNFCC (NatCom)

Funded by GEF through UNDP

MoEFCC is implementing and executing agency
Creation of reliable and comprehensive database (Accessible on internet)
Preparation of inventory of GHG
Estimating historical growth of GHG

Integrated Energy Policy

Mass transport
Emphasis on energy efficiency in all sector and renewables
Accelerated development of hydropower and nuclear energy

Rural Electrification policy

Promote renewable technology where grid connectivity is not possible

Reforming energy market
Remove entry barriers and raise competition

Labelling program for appliances

BEE
mandatory and voluntary

Energy Conservation Building Code

Developed by BEE, ministry of power

Green building
Bio climatic architectural practice

Green rating for integrated habitat assessment (GRIHA)

Conceived by TERI and developed by MNRE

Help to evaluate greenness of building
Reduce energy consumption without sacrificing comfort
Reduce air and water pollution

Energy Audit - Made mandatory in large energy consuming unit in nine industrial sector

Indian Solar Loan Program

UNEP
 three year program
Credit facility in southern India

National initiative for climate resilient agriculture

ICAR
Covers crop, livestock and fisheries
Strategic research on adoption and mitigation

BSE - GREENEX

gTrade developed in association with BSE

Top 20 companies good in terms of carbon emission, free float market, capitalization and turn over

Long term ecological observation - COP 21 of UNFCC

India Organic certification mark - The certification is issued by testing centers accredited by the Agricultural and Processed
Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)

Climate Change Organisation

UNFCC

Result of UNCED Rio Summit 1992

195 countries joined to limit Global warming & CC
First multilateral legal instrument on climate change
UNFCCC Secretariat supports all institutions involved in international CC negotiations
Legally binding

Kyoto protocol (COP-3)

Basics

UNFCC
Only existing and binding agreement under which developing countries undertake commitment
Adopted in 1997 but entered into force in 2005
Emission reduction Commitment - Commit Industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emission [Binding]
Annex 1 - Developed countries who will reduce GHG
Annex 2 - Who wanted to invest in developing countries
Annex A - the 6 GHG gases
Annex B - Targets of Annex-1 Countries
Non Annex - Developing Countries
Common but differentiated responsibility
Simulate sustainable development through technology transfer and investment
US non signatory
HOT AIR - it is a concern that some countries can easily meet their targets and could then flood market with
emission credit

Architecture

Reporting and verification process

Flexible market based mechanism
Compliance system

Joint Implementation

Annex B country earn emission reduction credit from emission reduction project in another annex b country
Technology transfer to host party

Clean Development mechanism

Annex B country implement emission reduction project in developing country

Project earns salable certified emission reduction credit
First global environmental investment and credit scheme

Emission trading/ Cap and trade

 Known as carbon credit
Emission allowance as a type of carbon credit

Offset trading/Carbon project/Baseline and credit trading

Earn by investing in carbon project [Which will emit less amount of GHG]

Non Compliance and Penalty

Non compliance by any mechanism - Difference + additional 30% in next year

May also be banned from cap and trade program

Note : Carbon tax is not related to Kyoto protocol

Note : carbon budget can be defined as a tolerable quantity of greenhouse gas emissions that can be emitted in totality
over a specified time

Marrakesh Summit [Mukesh=adopted by GEF ]

COP 7, 2001
Adaption fund set up
National CDM Authority set up under Secretary MoFCC for Host Country Approval to CDM Projects

Bali meet

2007
190 members of UN treaty on climate change
India China should also have some targets after 2012
Adopted road map as a two year process to finalize binding agreement
Launch of adaption fund
Decision on technology transfer & reducing emission from deforestation
Bali Action plan

Copenhagen Accord [Copen ne diya India ko BASIC pain]

2009
COP 15
BASIC and US accord
Non binding agreement
Deep international cut is needed
Adopted the Fast Start Finance [ balanced allocation between mitigation and adaptation ]

Cancun Summit (2010)

Basics

All parties agreed to report voluntary mitigation goal

Developing countries to produce report every 2 years
Green climate fund with equal representation

Mechanism

Technology mechanism

Action on technology Development and Transfer

Implemented by UNEP led Climate Technology Center Network ( CTCN )

Green climate fund [कोणालाही कानकून न लागू दे ता फंड गोळा झाला ]

HQ @ S.Korea
As a operating entity of financial mechanism of convention
Finance projects in Developing countries
World bank to serve as interim trustee
By whom to administer is to be confirm
Independent secretariat to support operation
Governed by GCF board
 Design by transitional Committee

Adaption Fund

Financed from share of proceeds from CDM mechanism ( 2% of CER )

Supervised and managed by AF Board [Meet at least twice a year]
GEF provided secretariat & world bank as trustee on interim basis

Durban Summit

COP 17
GCF Launched
Agriculture brought in by developed countries under climate change
The Global Climate and Health Alliance - The Alliance is made up of health and development organisations

Doha Outcome (2012)

COP 18
Renewal of time frame to 2020
Carry forward role for surplus assigned unit [But restriction on use]

Warsaw outcome (2013)

COP 19
REDD +
INDCs to be submitted - Voluntarily in future
Ambition gap - the gap that exists between the level of ambition of states in terms of their willingness to take ambitious
climate action and the degree of action that is in fact necessary to effectively address climate change.
Closing the pre 2020 ambition gap

Lima Outcome (2014)

Pledge were made by both developing and developed countries

Lima adaption knowledge initiative
Lima work program on Gender - Gender sensitivity in climate change policy

Paris conference (COP-21)

2 degrees by 2100
Universal, Legally Binding
Require all parties to put forward NDC [Voluntary]
Global stock take every 5 year
$100 billion by 2020 - annually provided to developing nations
2050 Path Platform
ISA - India
Adaptation of African Agriculture
Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC) as a part of Lima Paris action agenda
Global Geothermal Alliance [5 times power capacity by 2030 ]
Mission Innovation - India [Department of bio Tech]
Mobilise your city - Umbrella brand of European development cooperation
Climate Vulnerable Forum - LDCs [Founded by Maldives; Ethiopia is current chair]
2017- One Pl
anet Summit - 2 yrs of paris

Marrakech climate change conference (COP 22)

Morocco
Biennial report on financial support by developed countries
Orphan issue
Marrakech action plan for Paris agreement
Finalise details on Paris Agreement
Sub-National units participating [Telangana Chattisgarh (TC without ticket participate)]
Talanoa Dialogue was set up - To assess Countries actions on CC; Focus on Pre-2020 action

COP 23 Bonn - Suva Expert Dialogue

COP 24 Katowice

Rules to implement Paris agreement

$100 billion a year from 2020
Biennial financial contribution reporting for developed countries
Driving Change Together Partnership - Electromobility; India not signed

India's 1st Biennial Report to UNFCC 2016 - CO2 emission in India (Energy- 73% Agri - 16% Industry- 8% Waste- 3%)

Other Mechanism of UNFCC

Special climate change fund - GEF as operating entity (Adaption)

National communication module - Represents information communicated by Annex II parties on provision of financial
resources

REDD

Checking deforestation
Discussed in the UNFCCC COP since 2005

REDD+

Set up at COP 13 2007 [Completed @ CoP 19 - Warsaw 2013 ]

Includes incentives for conservation and sustainable management
Not include Land degradation
Livelihood improvement of locals
India to get $3 billion for Green India Mission under NAPCC — For REDD+

UN-REDD program

UNEP+UNDP+FAO [REDD isn't too FADE= FAO + DP+EP]

UNDP administered

Global Climate Finance Architecture

The GEF

Financial mechanism for UNFCC on interim basis [Article 11 ]

Function under COP and accountable to COP
Was established in 1991 by World bank in consultation with UNDP and UNEP [ before the 1992 UNCED]
Financial mechanism to - UNFCCC; Stockholm Convention; CBD; UNCCD; Minamata Conventio; Supports Montreal
Protocol
Focal areas : (1) CC (2) Bio-d (3) REDD (4) PO'P (5) Ozone (6) Intl Waters

Strategic climate fund

Administered by World Bank

Adaption + Mitigation
One of two multidoner trust fund within Climate investment fund

Forest Investment program

Administered by World Bank

Mitigation - REDD+

Pilot program for climate resilience

Administered by World Bank

Targeted program of SCF

Scaling up renewable energy program for low income countries

 Administered by World Bank
Targeted program of SCF

Bicarbon Fund - World Bank (REDD)

Transformative Carbon Asset Facility - World Bank

Clean Technology Fund

One of two multidoner trust fund within Climate investment fund

administered by WB

Forest Carbon Partnership Facility - World Bank (REDD)

Partnership for Market rediness - administered by WB

Strategic priority on adaption - GEF

GEF Trust Fund - GEF administered; Longest standing dedicated public climate change fund [One of six area]

Least Developed Countries fund - GEF

Global Climate change Alliance - EU; Povides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries

Global Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy fund

Administered by EU
PPP designed to maximise private finance

MDG Achievement Fund

Administered by UNDP
Established by Spain & UNDP

Small Grants Program

GEF + UNDP community-led initiatives

Established 1992 in India, hosted through- Center for Environmental Education (CEE)

Adaption for Smallholder agriculture program - International fund for agricultural development

Amazon Fund - Brazilian development bank

Various Initiatives

IPCC

Established by UNEP & WMO

to become member of IPCC- country must be member of UN or WMO
IPCC = Scientific Body ; does NOT conduct research

IPCC’S SPECIAL REPORT ON GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5°C

Already 1o, For safer world, must limit to 1.5

Reduce CO2 emissions by 45% by 2030 from 2010 levels and reach net-zero emissions by 2050
The pledges made by the countries in the Paris Agreement will take us to 1.5°C between 2032-2050.
US, Russia, Saudi, Kuwait refused to welcome report

National GHG Inventories Prog ( NGGIP )

Established by IPCC
provides methods for estimating national inventories of GHG
Used by countries party to UNFCCC to estimate & report removals
Ecological footprint - Measure of human demand on earth ecosystem [World 1.5; India 0.9]

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

2007 by Germany and European Commission

To draw international attention on global economic benefits of biodiversity

Green digital Finance alliance - UNEP + Ant Financial Services (China’s company)

World Sustainable Development Summit

TERI
Partnership for a resilient Planet 2018/19 (India)
Energy Transitions Commission Set up in India Could play role model for developing countries to help move to
renewable
The history of the SDGs can be traced to 1972 when governments met under the auspices of the United Nations
Human and Environment Conference.

Mangrooves for the future

Coordinated by : IUCN + UNDP

8 Tsunami effected countries
Indian Initiative [After 2004 Tsunami]

GHG protocol

World Resource Institute (WRI) on Sustainable Development

International accounting tool for govt and business

Background air pollution monitoring network (BAPMon) - Part of Global Atmospheric Watch of WMO

Greenhouse Gas Bulletins - World Meteorological Organisation

50 Reefs Initiative - Bloomberg Philantrophies + Tiffany + Allen Family

Low Carbon Technology Partnerships Initiative - UN-SDSN + IEA + World Business council for Sustainable
Development

International Smart Grid action - IEA

REN21 - UNEP

Imp Bird and Biodiversity areas - Birdlife International

World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas -BirdLife International & IUCN

Blue Carbon Initiative - IUCN + UNESCO + Conservation International

Climate and Clean Air Coalition - India is not a partner

Climate Neutral Now - Initiative by UNFCC

Earth Hour - WWF

Earth Day - Earth Day Network

Earth Overshoot Day is hosted and calculated by Global Footprint Network. ( independent think tank )

Clean Sea - UNEP; fight against marine plastic pollution

The Geneva Action Agenda - Aims to reduce air pollution deaths by two-thirds by 2030. [First WHO Global Conference
on Air Pollution and Health 2018]
Some irrelevant terms for intellectual masturbation

Silviculture - Cultivating forest tree

Olericulture - Vegetables growing
Arboriculture - Study and cultivation of individual trees, shrubs
Pomology - Fruits
Mull soil - Characterized by large soil animals
Mor Soil - Characterized by smaller soil animals
Calcifuge - Not tolerate alkaline soil
Caliole or Calciphyte - Not tolerate acidic soil
Ecotope - the smallest ecologically distinct landscape features in a landscape mapping and classification system
Hemotrophs - Obtain energy by oxidation of electron doner
Litotrophs - Use of inorganic substance for biosynthesis
Bioleaching - Extraction of metals with help of bio organism
Carbon footprint - GHG produced

Act, Institution and policies

Environment protection act

Special procedure for handling hazardous substance

Authorize central government to issue direction of regulation of any industry

Biological Diversity Act

Recognizes sovereign right of state to Use their own resources

Fair and equitable sharing
Three tier structure - NBA, SSB, BMC

Forest Right Act, 2006

Community right & Individual rights

Right to IP and traditional knowledge
Right to protect, regenerate, conserve or manage any community forest resource
Nodal agency MoTa
One generation 25 years; Three generation to grant right
Maximum limit - 4 Hector
NP & WLS included
Minor forest produce - All Non timber forest produce of plant origin
Government providing diversion of forest land for purpose of school, hospitals, anganwadis, drinking water supply,
roads, Communication, Electricity, etc
Rights are heritable & not transferable registered jointly
Gram Sabha competent authority

Plastic Waste management Rule

50 micron
Collect back system
Extended producer responsibility left to discretion of local bodies
Responsibility of generator
Registration of shopkeeper
Rural area brought into ambit of rule

Bio Medical waste management rule 2016

Phase out chlorinate plastic bags, gloves and blood bags within two years
Bar code system for bag
Pre treatment

National Green tribunals

NGT act 2010

 India third country to have full fledged tribunal
Mandated to dispose case within six month

National afforestation and Eco Development Board

MoEFCC
Not statutory

Compensatory afforestation fund management and planning authority

Order of supreme court

2016 Act created National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

Social forestry -

Around agricultural fields, railway lines, canal, road, etc

Farm forestry
Community forestry
Extention forestry
Recreational forestry

National Bamboo Mission

Central sector
Implemented by horticultural division of Ministry of Agriculture
Promote R&D

Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index

CPCB
Characterise quality of the environment

Lightning a billion Lives

TERI
Use of solar lanterns
Facilitated spread of mobile telephone

The India GHG Program

Led by WRI India, Confederation of India Industry (CII) and TERI

Industry-led voluntary framework to measure and manage greenhouse gas emissions.

Eco Mark

Labels environmental friendly product

BIS [national Standards Body under Ministry of consumer affairs]

India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program

Implemented by the Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)

Help scale-up the deployment of energy saving measures in residential and public sector

Urban Services Environmental Rating System

Funded by UNDP
Executed by MoEFCC & implemrnted by TERI
Performance measure tool

National Clean Energy Fund

Using clean energy cess

Under Public account

Animal Welfare board of India

Statutory advisory body

Cruelty of animals act 1960
Rukmini Devi Arndale

Central Zoo Authority

Wild life protection act, 1991

 Maintenance of stud-books of endangered species of wild animals bred in captivity

National biodiversity authority

MoEFCC
Chennai
Biological diversity act, 2002
Impose benefit sharing condition
Ensure protection of knowledge of local people
Act also provide state biodiversity board & BMC

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPVFR) Act 2001

Ratified the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Right
Right to Seed - right to save, use, exchange or sell seed [But not in branded package]
Right to Register Varieties
National Gene Fund - through which the conservation of varieties developed can be done, recognized and rewarded.
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority - Any person, firm, governmental organization or NGO
can submit claim to benefit sharing. Chairperson +15 members.
Right to Information and Compensation for Crop Failure
Curb on Undisclosed use of Traditional Varieties - claims can be filed by any individual, government organization or
NGO on behalf of farmers.

Wildlife crime control bureau - WPA 1972

National Lake Conservation plan - MoEFCC and not Water

National Ganga river basin authority - Under EPA; Chaired by PM

National wasteland development board - Set up under Under MoFCC but transferred to ministry of rural development (Not
statutory)

Bioassay - Organism used to detect presence of physical or chemical factor

International Convention

United nations conference of environment and development (1992)

UNCED ( 1992 ) : UN Conference on Environment & Development

Rio Summit / Earth Summit

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Earth Summit resulted in :

3 legally binding agreements 1. UNFCCC - Climate Change

2. CBD - Biodiversity

3. UNCCD

3 Documents 1. Rio Declaration

2. Agenda 21

3. Forest Principles

Rio Declaration : Document (27 principles) to guide future Sustainable Development around
world

Agenda 21 : Action Plan of UN, for "Sustainable Development”

 to be taken at Global—National—Local level, by UN organizations
Government & major groups

non-binding, voluntarily

( 21 ~ 21st century )

Local Agenda 21 (LA 21) : National Governments ordering Local bodies to implement plan Locally

Agenda 21 for Culture : ( 2002) Document for “Cultural Development” at all levels

Rio+5 : 1997 UNGA checked progress of Agenda 21 after 5 years

In 1997

Johannesburg Summit : (2002) (R+10) Affirmed UN commitment to fully implementing Agenda 21 + MDG

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002

Rio+20 : 2012 World leaders + Private-Sector + NGOs —>

How to build “green economy” to achieve Sustainable Development

How to improve international cooperation

Created UN Environment Assembly

( > 500 bn pledged )

UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

CBD : Legally Binding Convention

UNCBD Every 2 years

Convention on Bio-diversity Objective :

1. Conserve Bio-iversityd by involving locals

2. Sustainable use of Bio-diversity

3. Equitable Sharing / access to Genetic Resources

Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety : The protocol to convention on Bio-diversity (CBD)

Additional agreement to CBD

Bio-Safety : Protect everyone from adverse effects of Modern Bio-Technology

Bio-safety Clearing House (BCH) - Central system where every country has
to give information regarding Advance information agreement procedure and
LMO intended for direct use as food or feed or for processing

Regulate Import and Export of LMOs

Objective : Living Modified Organism ( LMO ) :

Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA): Set of procedures for export of LMOs

for direct intro into environment (e.g. GM Crops)

Food Feed Processing ( FFP): Procedure for direct use as food / feed /
processing

Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Backs up Cartagena Protocol

Supplementary Protocol :
 Liability & Redress mechanism in case of damage due introducing/eating
LMO

Nagoya Protocol : ABS of Genetic Resources : ( Access and equitable benefit sharing )

Giving access to genetic resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising

out of its use

Implementing the equitable sharing part

Greater legal certainty for both

Provider of access

User of genetic resources

Obligations of the contracting party

Access Obligations

Benefit-Sharing Obligations : fair & equitable; monetary(royalties) or non

monetary

Compliance Obligations : domestic legislation /regulatory ; innovation of

Nagoya

Traditional Knowledge : that permission of local communities needs to be

taken for access

AICHI Bio-d Targets : Strategic Goals ABCDE for 2020:

COP10 : 2010 1. A : Mainstreaming bio-diversity across Government & Society (make people
aware)

2. B : Reduce direct pressure on Bio-diversity

1. Corals, Overfishing

2. Sustainable agriculture

3. Pollution from Fertilizers under control

4. Invasive alien species eradicated

C : Safeguarding eco-systems, species, & genetic diversity (preventing

extinction)

D : Benefits to ALL from Bio-d (from essential services)

E : Participatory planning, knowledge man-g & capacity building

Hyderabad Pledge India presided in CBD in Hyderabad, 2012

COP 11 : 2012 Outcome of COP : doubling International financial flows for Bio-diversity to
development countries - $30 bl

India committed $ 50 mil for strengthening institutional mechanism for Bio-

diversity conservation

GOI National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)- For foreigners, NRI

Nat. Biodiversity act 2002 State Biodiversity board: permission to Indians

BMC(Biodiversity Management Company) at local level

Conservation, Fair & Equitable sharing

People’s Biodiversity Register

National and State Biodiversity Funds

 Biodiversity Heritage Sites

Ameenpur Lake -Hyderabad - 1st

Sharm El-Sheikh , 2018 Sharm El-Sheikh declaration on CBD [INVESTING IN BIODIVERSITY FOR PEOPLE
AND PLANET]
COP 14, Egypt

Ramsar Convention on Inter-government Treaty not affiliated with UN ;

Wetlands: 19975 Only Treaty to deal with particular eco-system

Ramsar Sites : Ramsar - Iranian City

Each contracting party gives atleast 1 site - Ramsar List

Trans-boundary Ramsar Sites : Wetlands on national boundaries cooperatively managed by both countries ;

NOT legal status in Ramsar List

Montreux Record : Ramsar Sites viz undergoing changes due to Pollution / Human
Interference

Keoladeo NP, Rajasthan

Loktak Lake, Manipur

Chilika Lake Orissa (now removed)

International Orgnisation Partners ( IOPs ) 6 Global NGOs associations with Ramsar Convention
:
Wetlands International - the only global NGO for wetlands

International Water Management Institute

BirdLife International - ( Calimere Bird Sanctuary )

WWF

IUCN

Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust ( WWT)

Changwon Declaration : Human well-being & Wetlands

GOI efforts Empowered states to notify wetlands within their jurisdictions & keep a
Wetlands (Conservation and watch on prohibited activities
Management) Rules, 2017 'wise use principle"

Center- Review management of Ramsar wetlands

“Wetlands complexes" means two or more ecologically and

hydrologically contiguous wetlands

RAMSAR Site in India

Largest wetland of country is- Vembanad

Smallest wetland- Renuka

Sunderban- recently added

Pulikat lake is NOT Ramsa

J&K- Maximum Ramsar sites

Kanjli Wetland, a man-made Wetland in Punjab across the perennial Bien River, a tributary of the Beas River

States not having Ramsar

MH, KN, Goa, Chattisgarh, UK, Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram
CITES : --> Brainchild of IUCN

Convention on International Trade in —> Legally binding on its members

Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna
—>Administered by UNEP (Environment program) (Geneva,
1975 Switzerland) ;
Every 3 years —>To ensure Unregulated International Trade in Plants & Animals does
threatens their survival
Washington convention
—>So to control the intl trade 3 lists made -

Appendix 1 : Threatened with extinction (1) Gorillas (2) Sea Turtles

Aim : Not in-situ conservation
(3) Lady Slipper Orchids (4) Giant Pandas
Only treaty to ensure that international trade
Appendix 2 : May become threaten if unregulated trade continues
does not threaten the existence of the flora
and fauna Appendix 3 : Range countries asked for help : (1) Turtles (2)
Walruses (3) Cape Stage

(1) TRAFFIC : 1976 The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network - NGO

Sustainable trade of wild animals and plants

HQ - UK Made up by 2 NGOs —> Joint prog of WWF & IUCN

Supports CITES
Traffic me WWF & (iu)CN donho NGOy karo World’s largest trade monitoring program

(2) CAWT : 2005 Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking

Leveraging combined strength of Governments + NGO

Raise awareness and political will against wildlife trading

not directly involved in any enforcement activities

(3) CMS : Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species :

Conserve land+aquatic+aerial migratory species throughout their

Bonn Convention range

Inter-Govt treaty under UNEP (117 parties) ; cooperates with other

international orgnization NGOs

Appendix 1 : Migratory threatened with extinction

Appendix 2 : Migratory species that would benefit immensely from

conservation’s

Agreements can be legally binding or MoUs between nations

13th COP of CMS - 2020 -Gandhinagar in Gujarat.

Great Indian Bustard (GIB) will be its mascot

International Consortium on Combating CITES

Wildlife Crime (ICCWC)
INTERPOL

WCO
(no traffic in consortium)
WB

UN office on Drugs & Crime

ITTO : 1986 International Tropical Timber Organsiation

Inter-governmental org under UN for Sustainable Managment

of Tropical forest resource

Trade and industry along with conservation

Develops internationally agreed policy documents— sustainable

use of forests
UN Forum for Forests ( UNFF ) :
IUCN : 1948
International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources
Not NGO
Valuing and conserving nature.
Promoting and supporting effective and
equitable governance of natural resources
Deploying Nature Based Solutions to
address societal challenges including
climate change, food security and
economic and social development.
Global Tiger Forum ( GTF ) :
World conservation monitoring center (WCMC)
Established by Eco Social Council of UN : ECOSOC
All types of Forests
Objective is (1) Based on Forest Principles (Chapter 11 of Agenda
21) (2) outcome of IPF / IFF
Universal membership = All member State of UN + specialized
Agencies
Inter-governmental (Panel / Forum) on Forest ( IPF + IFF )
: represent 5 years of Intl forest policy dialogue (1995-2000)
Objectives
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) - Reverse the losses of
forest cover worldwide
Enhance forest based economic, social and environmental benefits
- also livelihood of tribal
Mobilise funds
Increase the area of SFM
Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All type of Forests (NLBI) :
2007 : 1st time Member States have agreed to intl instrument for
Sustainable Forest Management
HQ in Gland, Switzerland
Includes both 200+States & 600+NGOs - NOT NGO
Observer status in UN
Neutral forum for states, NGOs, UN agencies, scientists and
businesses to find practical solutions to conservation and
development
Now focus also on Gender equality
"World Conservation Strategy"
"Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration" (GPFLR )
part of Bonn challenge [global effort to bring 150 million hectares of
the world’s deforested and degraded land into restoration by 2020]
pak- billion trees
Only inter-governmental & intermational body campaigning to save
tiger worldwide
Secretariat in Delhi and meet once every 3 years
Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) :
Alliance of Governments + International Agencies + Civil Society +
Private societies to save wild tigers from extinction
Curtail demand for international trade of tiger parts
Scientifically manage the ecosystems of tigers
UNEP - WCMC
Hazardous Material

Stockholm Convention on POPs : 2001 Eliminate or restrict the use of Persistent Organic Pollutant ( POPs ) :
Carbon-based chemical substances

2-2 o’s — PoP Legally Binding

PoP -

Not soluble in water

Legally Binding But accumulate in fatty tissues — Bio accumulation

Long life time - toxic to humans and plants

India has ratified

Types

Endosulfan ( pesticide sprayed on Cashew nuts causing male infertility )

, DDT

3 categories of POPs :

Annex A : Pesticides - DDT, endosulfan ;

Annex B : Industrial chemicals;

Annex C : By products

Annex D: criteria to include

Basel Convention : 1989 Control of Trans-boundary movement of Hazardous Waste and their
disposal

Medical waste

Lead acid batteries

Not legally Binding - (as it cannot be POPs

clearly defined) Chemical Waste by Industries

e-waste

Does not include Radioactive wastes

Specifically for movement of hazardous from Developed to LDCs

India is a signatory

Rotterdam Convention : 1998 Prior Informed Consent ( PIC ) procedure banned/restricted Pesticides &
Industrial Chemicals in International Trade

Permission before opening dams from

lower riparian states Exporting country provides info to importing countries

Legally Binding India is a signatory

Land

UNCCD : 1994 Convention to Combat Desertification

 Sole legally binding intl agreement linking (Environment & Development) to
(Sustainable Land Management)

DLDD : Desertification, Land Degradation & Drought

Bottom up approach - encouraging people participation

Committee on S&T

2019- Delhi

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) by 2030

"Global Land Outlook"

Marine Environment

International Whaling Commission : 1946 International body —> Conservation of whaling Stocks —>
orderly development of Whaling Industry

Designate areas as whale sanctuaries

Keeping whale catch under limits

Does NOT define the term "whale"

Currently complete ban on commercial purpose; for R&D allowed

Promote recovery of depleted whale populations

USA acts as Depository nation

India is signatory

London convention : 1972 Marine pollution by dumping waste

Atmosphere : Ozone

Vienna Convention : 1985 First conference for depletion of Ozone

Protect Ozone Layer ; not legally binding because Montreal protocol is

Most widely ratified treaty in UN history ( 197 )

Multilateral Fund - 1990

First ever fund created under an international treaty to help developing

countries

Montreal Protocol-1987:

Protect Ozone layer;

Legally binding;

REDUCE emissions - more leeway to developing countries

CFCs and HCFCs (hydro chlorofluorocarbons )

2009- Universal ratification

UNEP implementing agency [Ozone Action initiative]

Helsinki Conference - 1989

Revise Montreal Protocol

Agreed on TOTAL BAN of Chemicals causing ozone depletion

Kigali Agreement -2016

 HFCs also added to the list

Upholds the principle of CBDR

Legally Binding

Penalise for non-compliance

Freeze production by

Developed Countries - 2018

China and other developing - 2024

India and LDCs - 2028

Enter into force 1 January 2019. ..!!!

Saving the Ozone Layer Conference Organised by : UNEP + British Government

1989
Stressed upon withdrawal of Ozone depletion substances

UNFCCC

Kyoto Protocol

Green digital Finance alliance UNEP + Ant Corporation (China)

Bio-D finance initiative (BIOFIN) UNDP +EU + Germany + Switzerland

India - NBA -- implemting authority

Globally Important Agricultural UNFAO

Heritage Systems :
To safeguard the eco-friendly traditional practices and their associated

Traditional Agri System , Koraput, Odisha

Below Sea Level Farming System, Kuttanad Kerala - Global warming - rise in
sea levels - so useful!!

Saffron Cultivation, J&K

Helsinki Rules Use of waters of international rivers

National Mission on Bioeconomy Mo S&Tech ( not MoEFCC)

DBT

Boost rural economy by use of bio resources

Global conference on AIR pollution WHO

and Health
1st global conference on Air pollution & Health
Geneva, 2018
In collaboration with UNEP, WMO, UNFCC, CCAC, UNECE

Target- Reduce deaths by 2/3rd by 2030 as mandated by WHO Assembly

Geneva Declaration

Other Conventions
 Bonn challenge IUCN & Germany

-pvtg

bring 150 million hectares of degraded and deforested land into restoration by 2020 and
350 million by 2030.

-Pak- Billion Tree Tsunami

Capetown Convention 2018 Efficient financing of high value mobile equipment like Airframes, Helicopter

Mo Civil Aviation released draft bill

Hague Convention International child abduction by parents

Colombo Declaration Drug trafficking in Indian ocean

(Lanka me drugs)

Delhi Dialogue India + ASEAN

Delhi Declaration IORA- Renewable energy in IOR

Astana Declaration Primary Health Care

UNICEF + WHO

in furtherance of Alma-Ata Declaration 197

Brasilia Declaration to reduce the deaths caused due to traffc accidents.

Ratta Maro Zindabad Section

Wildlife Sanctuaries in India

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Great Nicobar

Andhra Pradesh 1. Nagarjuna Sagar Srisailam

[Tiger reserve]

2. Eturnagaram

3. Kolleru

4. Pulicat

5. Coringa Wildlife

Arunachal Pradesh Pakui-bameri

Kameng [Elephant]

Assam Garampani

Chirang Ripu [Elephant]

Nameri Tiger Reserve (NTR)

 Bihar Gautam Buddha (Gaya)

Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin

Sanctuary

Himachal Pradesh 1. Gobind Sagar

2. Shikari Devi (Mandi)

Jharkhand 1. Palamau [Tiger reserve]

2. Hazaribagh

3.Betal national park [Tiger reserve]

Karnataka 1. Bhadra [Tiger reserve]

2. Dandeli [Tiger reserve]

3. Ranganathittu

4. Rayala and Nilambur [Elephant]

Kerala 1. Waynad

2. Nayyar

3. Annamudo [Remeber Annamalai in

TN]

4. Agastyamalai region

Madhya Pradesh 1. Bori-Satpura

2. Pachmarhi

3. National Chambal

Goa Bhagwan Mahaveer

Maharashtra 1. Kanheri

2. Melghat [Tiger reserve]

3. Tipeshwar (pandharkawada)

4. Nawegaon Nagzira [Tiger

reserve]

5. Bor [Tiger reserve]

Mizoram Dampa [Tiger reserve]

Odisha 1. Satkasia

2. Nandan Kanan (Bhubaneshwar)

3. Chandka

4. Chilika Lake

5.Debrigarh [mahanadi river]

Punjab Abohar (Black buck)

Rajasthan 1. Mount Abu

2. Tal Chhappar

Tamil Nadu 1. Vedanthangal

2. Point Calimere
 3. Mundanthurai

Uttar Pradesh Chandraprabha (Varanasi)

West Bengal 1. Mahanadi

2. Joldapara

3. Sajanakhali

National Parks and Tiger reserves [Blue are Tiger reserve and are most important]

Andaman and Nicobar 1. Campbell

lslands
2. Galathea

3. Mahatma Gandhi Marine

4. Middle Button Island

5. Mount Harriet

6. North Button Island

7. Rani Jhansi Marine

8. Saddle Peak

9. South Button Island

1. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy

Andhra Pradesh 2. Mahaveer Harina Vanasthal

3. Mrugavani

4. Sri Venkataeswara

Arunachal Pradesh 1. Mouling

2. Namdapha [Apart from this Pakke and

Kamlang]

Assam 1. Dibru-Saikhowa

2. Kaziranga

3. Manas

4. Nameri

5. Orang

Bihar Valmikinagar

Chhattisgarh 1. Indravati [ Apart from this Udanti Sitandi

and Achanak Mar]

2. Kangerghati

3. Sanjay

Goa Mollen

Gujarat 1. Bansda

2. Gir

3. Marine (Gulf of Kachchh)

4. Blackbuck
 Haryana Sultanpur

Himachal Pradesh 1. Great Himalayan

2. Pin Valley

Jammu and Kashmir 1. City Forest (Salim Ali)

2. Dachigam

3. Hemis

4. Kistwar

Jharkhand Betla

Karnataka 1. Anshi

2. Bandipur

3. Bannerghatta

4. Kudremukh

5. Nagarahole [Apart from this Bilgiti

Ranganatha Temple]

6. Anshi National Park

Kerala 1. Eravikulam

2. Periyar [Apart from this Parambikulam]

3. Silent Valley

Madhya Pradesh 1. Bandhavagarh

2. Fossil

3. Kanha

4. Madhav

5. Panna

6. Pench (Priyadarshini)

7. Sanjay Dubri

8. Satpur

9. Van Vihar

Manipur Keibul-Lamjao

Maharashtra 1. Gugamal

2. Nawegaon

3. Pench

4. Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli)

5. Tadoba

Meghalaya 1. Balphakram

2. Nokrek Ridge

Mizoram 1. Murlen

2. Phawngpui Blue Mountain

Nagaland Intanki
 Odisha 1. Bhitarkanika [Delta of Brahmini and
Baitairani]

2. Similipal

Rajasthan 1. Desert

2. Keoladeo Ghana

3. Ranthambore

4. Sariska

Sikkim Khangchendzonga (Kanchenjunga)

Tamil Nadu 1. Guindy

2. Gulf of Mannar Marine

3. Indira Gandhi (Annamalai)

4. Mudumalai

5. Mukurthi

Uttarakhand 1. Corbett

2. Gangotri

3. Gobind

4. Nanda Devi

5. Rajaji

6. Valley of Flowers (Phoolon ki Ghati)

Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa

West Bengal 1. Buxa

2. Gorumara

3. Neora Valley

4. Singhlila

5. Sunderbans

Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary - Tripura.