Thirsty world: Climate change and water resources: studying the effects of climate change on

water availability

The role of water availability:

The impact of climate change on water availability is a pressing concern that is affecting
communities and ecosystems worldwide. As the Earth's climate continues to warm, it is altering
the hydrological cycle, leading to changes in precipitation patterns, melting glaciers, and rising
sea levels. In this section, we will explore the various ways in which climate change is impacting
water availability and the potential consequences for both human and natural systems.

Firstly: Climate change is causing shifts in precipitation patterns, leading to more intense rainfall
events in some areas and prolonged droughts in others. This variability in rainfall can result in
water scarcity in regions that rely heavily on rainfall for their water supply. For example, the
Sahel region in Africa has been experiencing prolonged droughts, leading to water scarcity for
millions of people who depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. On the other hand, increased
rainfall intensity can overwhelm drainage systems and lead to flooding, as we have witnessed in
many parts of the world.

Secondly: Melting glaciers: Glaciers act as natural reservoirs, storing water in the form of ice and
releasing it gradually during the dry season. However, as global temperatures rise, glaciers are
melting at an alarming rate. This phenomenon not only contributes to rising sea levels but also
reduces the availability of freshwater in regions that rely on glacier melt water for their water
supply. The Himalayas, for instance, are often referred to as the "Water Tower of Asia" due to
the vast number of glaciers they hold. But the retreat of these glaciers threatens the water supply
of millions of people downstream, including those in countries like India, Nepal, and Bangladesh

Thirdly: Sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion: Climate change is causing sea levels to rise due to
thermal expansion and the melting of polar ice caps. As sea levels rise, saltwater intrusion
becomes a significant concern in coastal areas. Saltwater intrusion occurs when saltwater
infiltrates freshwater aquifers, rendering them unsuitable for human consumption and irrigation.
This phenomenon poses a significant threat to agriculture and drinking water supplies in coastal
regions. For example, the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, which is a major agricultural region, is
already experiencing saltwater intrusion, impacting rice production and livelihoods of farmers.

Finally:Socioeconomic implications: The impact of climate change on water availability extends

beyond environmental concerns and has significant socioeconomic implications. Water scarcity
can lead to conflicts over water resources, as seen in regions like the Middle East and North
Africa. Additionally, communities that rely on agriculture as their primary source of income are
particularly vulnerable to changes in water availability. For example, in California, prolonged
droughts have resulted in significant economic losses for farmers and agricultural workers,
impacting local economies and food security.
(Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến nguồn nước sẵn có là mối lo ngại cấp bách đang ảnh hưởng
đến cộng đồng và hệ sinh thái trên toàn thế giới. Khi khí hậu Trái đất tiếp tục ấm lên, nó đang
làm thay đổi chu trình thủy văn, dẫn đến những thay đổi về mô hình lượng mưa, sông băng tan
chảy và mực nước biển dâng cao. Những thay đổi này có ý nghĩa quan trọng đối với nguồn nước
sẵn có , trong đó một số vùng đang phải đối mặt với tình trạng khan hiếm nước ngày càng tăng
trong khi những vùng khác phải đối mặt với các đợt lũ lụt thường xuyên và dữ dội hơn. Trong
phần này, chúng ta sẽ khám phá những cách khác nhau mà biến đổi khí hậu đang tác động đến
nguồn nước sẵn có và những hậu quả tiềm ẩn đối với cả hệ thống tự nhiên và con người .

1. Thay đổi mô hình lượng mưa: Biến đổi khí hậu đang gây ra những thay đổi về mô hình lượng
mưa, dẫn đến lượng mưa dữ dội hơn ở một số khu vực và hạn hán kéo dài ở những khu vực
khác. Sự thay đổi lượng mưa này có thể dẫn đến tình trạng khan hiếm nước ở những khu vực phụ
thuộc nhiều vào lượng mưa để cung cấp nước. Ví dụ, khu vực Sahel ở Châu Phi đã trải qua
những đợt hạn hán kéo dài , dẫn đến tình trạng khan hiếm nước cho hàng triệu người sống phụ
thuộc vào nông nghiệp để kiếm sống. Mặt khác, cường độ mưa tăng lên có thể làm quá tải hệ
thống thoát nước và dẫn đến lũ lụt, như chúng ta đã chứng kiến ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới, bao
gồm cả Houston trong Bão Harvey .

2. Sông băng tan chảy: Sông băng đóng vai trò là hồ chứa tự nhiên, trữ nước dưới dạng băng và
xả dần trong mùa khô. Tuy nhiên, khi nhiệt độ toàn cầu tăng lên, các sông băng đang tan chảy ở
mức báo động. Hiện tượng này không chỉ góp phần làm mực nước biển dâng cao mà còn làm
giảm lượng nước ngọt sẵn có ở những khu vực phụ thuộc vào nguồn cung cấp nước từ sông
băng. Ví dụ, dãy Himalaya thường được gọi là "Tháp nước của châu Á" do có rất nhiều sông
băng ở đó. Nhưng sự rút lui của các sông băng này đe dọa nguồn cung cấp nước cho hàng triệu
người ở hạ lưu, bao gồm cả những người ở các quốc gia như Ấn Độ, Nepal và Bangladesh.

3. Mực nước biển dâng và xâm nhập mặn: Biến đổi khí hậu đang khiến mực nước biển dâng cao
do giãn nở nhiệt và tan băng ở các cực. Khi mực nước biển dâng cao, xâm nhập mặn trở thành
mối lo ngại đáng kể ở các khu vực ven biển. Xâm nhập mặn xảy ra khi nước mặn xâm nhập vào
các tầng chứa nước ngọt, khiến chúng không còn phù hợp cho sinh hoạt và tưới tiêu của con
người. Hiện tượng này đặt ra mối đe dọa đáng kể đối với nguồn cung cấp nước nông nghiệp và
nước uống ở các vùng ven biển . Ví dụ, Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long ở Việt Nam, một vùng nông
nghiệp trọng điểm , đang bị xâm nhập mặn, ảnh hưởng đến sản xuất lúa gạo và sinh kế của nông
dân.

4. Tác động đến hệ sinh thái: Những thay đổi về nguồn nước do biến đổi khí hậu gây ra cũng có
những hậu quả sâu sắc đối với hệ sinh thái. Ví dụ, nguồn nước giảm có thể dẫn đến tình trạng
khô hạn các vùng đất ngập nước và sông ngòi, đe dọa sự tồn tại của nhiều loài thực vật và động
vật phụ thuộc vào môi trường sống này. Rạn san hô Great Barrier ở Úc, một trong những hệ sinh
thái đa dạng sinh học nhất thế giới, đang bị tẩy trắng san hô do nhiệt độ nước tăng và lượng nước
ngọt chảy tràn giảm. Điều này không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến đa dạng sinh học của rạn san hô mà còn
ảnh hưởng đến sinh kế của các cộng đồng sống dựa vào du lịch và đánh bắt cá trong khu vực.

5. Ý nghĩa kinh tế xã hội: Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến nguồn nước sẵn có vượt ra ngoài
các vấn đề về môi trường và có ý nghĩa kinh tế xã hội đáng kể. Sự khan hiếm nước có thể dẫn
đến xung đột về tài nguyên nước, như đã thấy ở các khu vực như Trung Đông và Bắc Phi. Ngoài
ra, các cộng đồng dựa vào nông nghiệp là nguồn thu nhập chính đặc biệt dễ bị tổn thương trước
những thay đổi về nguồn nước sẵn có . Ví dụ, ở California, hạn hán kéo dài đã gây thiệt hại kinh
tế đáng kể cho nông dân và công nhân nông nghiệp, ảnh hưởng đến nền kinh tế địa phương và an
ninh lương thực .)

Understanding the impact of climate change on water availability is crucial for developing
effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. Only by addressing the root causes of climate
change and taking proactive measures to protect and manage our water resources can we hope to
mitigate the potential consequences of water scarcity and ensure a sustainable future for all.

(Hiểu được tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến nguồn nước sẵn có là rất quan trọng để phát triển
các chiến lược thích ứng và giảm thiểu hiệu quả. Nó đòi hỏi một cách tiếp cận nhiều mặt bao
gồm các biện pháp quản lý nước bền vững, đầu tư vào cơ sở hạ tầng nước và nỗ lực giảm phát
thải khí nhà kính . Chỉ bằng cách giải quyết các nguyên nhân gốc rễ của biến đổi khí hậu và thực
hiện các biện pháp chủ động để bảo vệ và quản lý tài nguyên nước , chúng ta mới có thể hy vọng
giảm thiểu hậu quả tiềm ẩn của tình trạng khan hiếm nước và đảm bảo một tương lai bền vững
cho tất cả mọi người.)

Sustainable and local food movements: Benefits of supporting local farmers and sustainable
agriculture

These days, the world is facing a food emergency. By most estimates, the world population is
projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. So, it’s crucial that we adopt farming and production
practices that ensure a stable and sustainable food supply for the future.

Specifically we need to shift our agriculture from the conservative industrial food system to
sustainable farming. So, today I will talk about the benefits of supporting sustainable agriculture.

Firstly, you can see that Biodiversity is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems and
ensuring the resilience of our food systems. Sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation,
intercropping, and planting cover crops help to increase biodiversity both above and below the
soil surface.

Furthermore, you know, in fact the global food system accounts for 21 – 37% of yearly
greenhouse gas emissions. So, switching to sustainable farming practices can help reduce air,
water, and soil pollution and protect the biodiversity that sustains human life. Combating climate
change through sustainable food production decreases extreme weather, often leading to food
insecurity.

Support local communities: Sustainable agriculture is generally localized and places a lot of
emphasis on domestic food production consequently the localized food system enables farmers
to reinvest their money within their communities where it circulates and this ultimately uplifts
the living standards of community members while also creating rural jobs.

In conclusion, sustainable agriculture offers a wide range of environmental, economic, and

health benefits. As consumers, we can support sustainable agriculture by choosing locally-
produced, organic, and sustainably-grown products whenever possible.

Indigenous cultures: preserving and understanding the customs (Văn hóa bản địa: bảo tồn và hiểu
biết phong tục tập quán) _Tribal traditions

In a fast-paced world dominated by technology and globalization, indigenous cultures are

threatened. So today, I will specifically focus on the importance of preserving tribal traditions.

Tribal traditions are deeply rooted in the history and identity of indigenous peoples. They
encompass a wide range of rituals, ceremonies, dances, music, storytelling, and craftsmanship
that have been passed down through generations. These traditions are a reflection of the wisdom,
knowledge, and values of these communities, offering a unique perspective on life and the world
around us.

One of the primary reasons why preserving tribal traditions is essential is their role in
maintaining cultural diversity. Indigenous cultures are rich and diverse, with each tribe having its
distinct language, customs, and way of life. By safeguarding these traditions, we ensure that
these unique cultural heritages continue to thrive and contribute to the tapestry of human
civilization.

Preserving tribal traditions is also crucial for the well-being of indigenous communities
themselves. These traditions provide a sense of belonging, identity, and pride to individuals who
are often marginalized and face the challenges of cultural assimilation. By practicing their
customs and maintaining a connection to their ancestral roots, indigenous peoples find strength
and resilience in the face of adversity.

Moreover, tribal traditions hold invaluable knowledge and wisdom that can benefit the entire
human race. Indigenous communities have developed sustainable ways of living in harmony
with nature, preserving ecosystems, and maintaining a balanced relationship with the
environment. Their traditional practices can teach us important lessons about conservation,
resource management, and the importance of living in harmony with our natural surroundings.
In order to effectively preserve tribal traditions, it is crucial that we engage in collaborative
efforts with indigenous communities themselves.

In conclusion, the importance of preserving tribal traditions cannot be overstated. These customs
and practices hold immense cultural, social, and environmental value.

Artificial intelligence advancements: Applications of AI in healthcare diagnostics(Những tiến bộ

của trí tuệ nhân tạo: Ứng dụng AI trong chẩn đoán chăm sóc sức khỏe)

Artificial intelligence is taking the world by storm, and its impact will be felt in all corners of
society, including medicine. So today I will specifically focus on the applications of AI in
healthcare diagnostics.

While the idea of AI taking over disease diagnosis may sound alarming/ we should view it as a
supportive tool for physicians. For example the convolutional neural network or CNN is a
diagnostic modality that can analyze thousands of images from public data sets and patient
medical records to identify patterns enabling them to quickly and accurately diagnose diseases.

Researchers recently used CNN to diagnose Kawasaki disease or KD/ an inflammatory disease
of the blood vessels in children that can prove fatal if left untreated. A diagnostic hurdle with KD
is that symptoms are usually vague and can overlap with other childhood illnesses to reduce the
rate of misdiagnosis. Researchers compiled images from KD patients from all over the world
building a CNN that can identify its common signs. The CNN proved both sensitive and specific
for diagnosing Kawasaki disease making diagnosis possible by merely taking a photo with a
smartphone. Of course clinical judgment currently remains irreplaceable and Physicians should
still rely on a thorough history physical exam and the relevant Labs or Imaging. These CNN can
help guide physicians in the right direction especially in resource restricted locales where it can
be expensive for patients to do more thorough testing.

Preliminary efforts have also demonstrated AI can Aid clinicians in diagnosing colorectal cancer
lung cancer liver cirrhosis and many more diseases. In one study board-certified pathologists
diagnosed colorectal cancer with 96.9 accuracy and AI slightly outperformed them reaching an
accurate diagnosis 98 of the time.

AI can also aid physicians in treatment. Researchers at Mayo Clinic use genetic data and patients
clinical characteristics to develop a machine learning algorithm to predict patient response to
Methotrexate, one of the most important arthritis drugs. Instead of having both doctors and
patients wait months to determine the efficacy of a certain drug. These models can direct both
doctors and patients toward more effective treatments immediately/ saving the patient both time
and money. Similarly researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and ovarian cancer
institute utilized machine learning algorithms to determine treatment Effectiveness with 90
accuracy for certain chemotherapies in ovarian cancer patients. Utilizing AI to predict a patient's
response to chemotherapy can save valuable time and spare patients from the destructive
physical side effects emotional burden and costs associated with weeks of treatment that may
prove ineffective.

In conclusion, AI has huge potential to revolutionize many facets of healthcare.

Preventive healthcare: Importance of vaccinations in disease prevention

To maintain a healthy life, we can do many ways like: sleep enough, do more exercises, plan a
healthy diet. One of the most important parts of healthcare is preventive care. Today, I will
specifically focus on the importance of vaccinations in disease prevention.

Vaccinations are essential components of preventive healthcare and substantially impact public
health. They have significantly reduced the incidence of infectious diseases. For example,
measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can lead to severe complications and even death,
especially among young children. The widespread use of measles vaccines has resulted in a 72%
reduction in measles-related deaths globally between 2000 and 2018, according to the WHO.
Vaccines have also significantly curbed the incidence of diseases like polio, diphtheria, pertussis
(whooping cough), tetanus, and rubella, among others.

Having a vaccine also benefits your whole community through "herd immunity". If enough
people are vaccinated, it's harder for the disease to spread to those people who cannot have
vaccines. For example, people who are ill or have a weakened immune system.

Besides, through widespread vaccination campaigns, some diseases, such as smallpox, have been
completely eradicated. Others, like polio, are on the brink of eradication. Vaccinations have the
power to eliminate diseases from the face of the Earth.

Vaccinations have not only saved countless lives but have also contributed to economic growth
and social development. By preventing illness, vaccines reduce the burden on healthcare systems
and minimize the economic impact of diseases on individuals, families, and societies.
Immunized children are more likely to attend school regularly, as they are less prone to missing
school days due to illness. This, in turn, positively impacts their educational outcomes and
prospects.

In conclusion, Vaccines have undoubtedly been one of the most successful public health
interventions, preventing numerous deadly diseases and saving countless lives. Continued efforts
to improve vaccine access, strengthen healthcare systems, and combat vaccine hesitancy are vital
to ensuring a healthier and more resilient global community.
Archaeological marvels: engineering feats of ancient structures like the Pyramids of Giza
(Những tuyệt tác khảo cổ học: kỳ công kỹ thuật của các công trình kiến trúc cổ xưa như Kim tự
tháp Giza)

Ancient civilizations never fail to astound us with their impressive engineering marvels. These
astounding architectural and infrastructural achievements continue to captivate the modern
world, standing as a testament to human ingenuity and innovation. Today I will specifically
focus on The Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, stands as
a testament to the remarkable engineering skills of the Ancient Egyptians.

The Pyramids of Giza located on the Giza plateau in Egypt/ these structures were built over
4500 years ago during the Old Kingdom Period of ancient Egypt. This colossal structure, built as
a royal tomb for Pharaoh Khufu. The construction of the pyramids took around 20 years each
and involved thousands of workers mostly peasants. The Great Pyramid is estimated to have
taken 2.3 million stone blocks each weighing between two and 80 tons to build. Some theories
suggest that the stones were transported on sledges While others believe that the stones were
transported on boats along the Nile River still others believe that the workers used ramps to
move the stones up the pyramid. Although the exact method of construction is still debated what
is clear is that the ancient Egyptians were incredibly skilled and knowledgeable about
engineering and architecture.

Another Testament to the advanced engineering employed the ancient Egyptians used copper
tools to carve the stones with remarkable accuracy. The stones were then meticulously placed
with tight fitting joints and precise alignment. The mathematical Precision of the pyramid's
dimensions suggests a deep understanding of geometry and astronomy by the ancient builders.

Beyond the engineering aspects the Egyptian pyramids hold profound cultural and religious
significance. The alignment of the pyramids with celestial bodies and their role as tombs for
Pharaohs underscore the integration of engineering and religious beliefs in ancient Egyptian
Society.

In conclusion, the Egyptian pyramids continue to stand as enduring symbols of human Ingenuity
and Engineering prowess.

Sustainable business practices: companies adopting eco-friendly practices for long-term success
(Thực tiễn kinh doanh bền vững: các công ty áp dụng các thực tiễn thân thiện với môi trường để
đạt được thành công lâu dài)

In the current global dynamic, environmental sustainability has become a crucial aspect for
businesses of any size or industry. Companies that prioritize eco-friendly business practices not
only contribute to the greater good of the planet, but also enjoy significant benefits in terms of
goodwill and profitability.

Sustainable business practices are those strategies and actions implemented by companies with
the goal of minimizing their negative impact on the environment, society, and economy while
maximizing positive contributions. The aim is to achieve long-term viability while promoting
sustainable development.

Implementing sustainable business practices has many benefits, some of which include:

- Sustainable business practices protect nature and conserve natural resources wherever possible.
For instance, they may use renewable energy sources like solar or wind power or recycle waste
products. By doing so, they reduce their carbon footprint and help mitigate the negative effects
of climate change.

Memory and learning: techniques for improving memory and learning retention

(Trí nhớ và học tập: các kỹ thuật cải thiện trí nhớ và khả năng duy trì học tập)

Nowadays, young people have difficulty memorizing something and focusing on studying. So
today I will specifically focus on techniques for improving memory and learning retention.

Enhancing memory retention, a critical part of the learning journey, is achievable through a
variety of tactics. One potent approach is to utilize visual imagery to connect new knowledge to
pre-existing information. This creates a mental link that aids in recalling newly acquired data.

Physical activity is another crucial factor in improving memory. Numerous studies indicate that
even a solitary workout can lead to immediate enhancements in brain functionality and memory,
primarily due to the surge in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that aids in
memory enhancement. Alongside physical activity, maintaining a nutritious diet is also vital for
memory retention. Consuming foods high in nutrients, such as leafy green vegetables, fatty fish,
berries, and walnuts, can benefit brain health and memory.

In addition, engaging in regular cognitive exercises like puzzles, memory games, and learning
new skills can strengthen neural connections and enhance memory recall.

One effective strategy for improving memory retention without referencing the source is to
engage in active learning techniques such as summarizing the information in your own words or
teaching the information to someone else. This helps reinforce your understanding and retention
of the material. Furthermore, breaking the information into smaller chunks and spacing out your
study sessions over time can help improve long-term memory retention. Practicing retrieval
through self-quizzing or testing can also enhance memory recall.
To enhance memory retention, it's crucial to employ a combination of techniques that involve
physical activity, a healthy diet, sufficient rest, and various mnemonic strategies