Date: Chapkr 41 sup: Imm, Lrnmeaity Prolection against diseases. Immunity systems the bodys defence sqslor- rd J 3 Lines of defences against diseases. to prevent infectious diseases from enleving and spreediqg- 1) the First line Defence Se «external, non- specie. pen 2) the Second line « infernal, non-specific immune. response. « involes phagocytes 3) the. third line. + infernal, specific immune response. e involves lyorphoc yles. 2 Both non-specific and spe body “ageinsl diseases. selP Antigens non- Sel external HCI in stomach, £ Blood Chlothing, Stsin,.- internal _, WRCs Ric defences cverk dagether to protect the 2 in general, anligens are mactomole cules on the Cell surlacer €.g- Proteins» glycoprotein , glycolipid, paly sacharides. x any moleaales which the body recognises as Foreign is.an antigen Elipon Scanned with CamScanner AMARAMARAA ARAL 2am aamenma@ AAA ADSAPOVIDROEKSSRBUUYUUEEYUDU*WCCCCCECEESE Date: Sub: 41) non- self. antigens = macromolecules that activates an immune response- p.macramolecules are found on — foreign materials’ surface. (eg: pathogens , tlergen) ~ Surface membrane of infected hast cellé —> Stimulates . production of anlibodies 2) Self antigens / Cell. marker macromolecules on the. cell Surface membrane of hos} Celts. > eit surface antigens do NoT trigger body's immune sgslem. ‘ 2 no antibodies are produced. Immune response = the body's. immune reaction towards. non- selP antigens Tmolves wees that made in bane marrow 1) Phagocyfes Cmastly non-specific: defence) o Newhephils 2 Monocytes > cahich mature inb macrophage. 2) Lymphocytes Costly speclic delence) 0 B- lymphocyles. 2 T- lympho cytes. Eli Pon Scanned with CamScannerDate: sub: 1) Phage ayles * produced throughout ile. y Fanction: monocyte Needlrophi! = patrol in blood , tissues, and organs + rerere dead cells and Pathogens» by phagocybsis e Involved ia tone specific defenee > responds ‘fo many diFP nanzself antigens Appearance: a iobed nuctei » Granular cylopiasm~ due te many Vesicles €.g- Neutrophil. multi lalobed nucleus have receptor protein$ an. ifs membrone—> to idenkiy patho gens.as KIFUCUVUVUIVALDAAE te form GOT. of WRCs in the blood. ronsll ge » then there is an infection, lage numbers avereleased Frem bone e marrow —» Accumulate at sie of infectiory @ 2 dhortelived (Pew hours-days) > dies aller digesting pothagens: e —> dead. neadyophils Revm pHs. @e eg. Monocyte —» maerophage _ . lobed nucleus / Kidory- bs > larger than neudyephils + have receptor proteins on its membrane» lo identify pathogens as > non-Self™ « Manocyles = Ciroulale in. blood y > mature into macrophage then it leaves blood eo. Scanned with CamScanner and. ener organs. reer eee Manacyte.VPVVVSROKSKSOYSSROUYULYUHHEWMCECCUCCECCKES Date: ‘Sub: Role. of macio phage o inifates. / Start the immune response. Mechanism: 4).Has. Vorious receptor proteins. of cell suloce.” » Can detect non- Self. antigens. ° non- speuific. 2) Engul pathegen / Foreign material via. phages sis. ofusion of phagocylic vacuole with lysesome. ? Cuts up. phalogen using lysozymes 5) antigens presented on. its..Cell swlace> macrophage ack as antigen. presenting .Cells (Apc) 6) some Cell Fragments released by exocylosis «APCs can aclivale /skimulele. lymphocytes 2 Lymphocytes « produced in bone marrow. before. birth. fonction: « imolved in. Specific immane system’ respands to only specific non-Selh anhigens 2 mature lymphacyks Circulak inthe blood and lymph > accumulate at siles of infection: Appeavance « © Smaller than. phagocytes. large round nucleus o little cytoplasm Elipon Scanned with CamScanner 4@ Date: sub: «€ 2 main ype: both made in Bone Marvow, but mature in diFE places.and Pl have diff Ranction. x both works together do. defend the Tomune spo o mature in bone Marrow. * Only mature. lymphocyfes. Can + Produce. ankibodies, Corry Ouk immune. responses. mode in hy) = Dees not pioduce antibodies ARR ORAM 2 Millions of difFeent types of Band. T lymphocytes. «vith receplors oF diFP. shape + SPECIFIC: each 4ype of. lymphocytes responds fo 1 typeof antigen any e.g. each type of B cell produce 1 type oF antibody receptar which © ans responds. to. { tye oF antigen only € « Se. the bedy Can respond to almest any type of pathogens. ¢ matore 8 aes wing ok Plasma coll @% C Produce rioaha) Jey helper ce 7 = Jey T helper memory 27 Ceurs ), ; naive \u 6 T- Celis Le § T killer con —> 1 Killer aremory cells : an eer mature T Cells Scanned with CamScannerPSDV9USVORVUOBOVEETEVIE EL ECE LEE Date: Sub: & plasma ceils donot divide..but memory..cetls do. Matuvation of sB- Iymphoeyles 1) all B-Celts: are: Farmed inthe bone. marrow. before. birth, “> genes in B-cals that code. Ler. antibodies code. For dif types of alibedi, Ger diff types. of .R. calls. 2) form a. specific antibody. that.acls.as.glycoprokin recetor on suufee membrane of B cells —> Binds to. specie antigen that is Complementary in shape. 3).B..lymphocytes. divides and mature in..bone. marrow) > matte .B lymphocytes. Circulate. in blood..and. Concentrate in livers Spleen and..lymph nodes. Antibodies (aka immunogiobalins) aatibodies. are. glubelar. glycoproteins with Quedenary Shuctare they Grma group of plasma. proteins. The loasis molecule Common te. al anlibodies Consists oF 4 Polypeptide chains. Tivo slong ».or sheagy- Chains.and twe.« short nar slight» chains. Disulfide bonds. hold the Chain together, it gives. the. stability each molecule has tive identical antigens bincling sites which are Grved. by bath ight andl henvy chai heat ont o light ‘chain. Glipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: Three regions3 1) Variatle region (Fab) th { o bormed by tight and. heayy chains. i + Provide. 2 identical antigen binding siles. + Specihic fy binding anfigen—> Complementary. Shape. fo antigen. —> shape determined. by. primory. structure = specific seq Famine acids +R groups at antigen-binding sites forms H bonds. and tonic bonds with. spedhc. antigen. Sequence of amino acids. the voriable region is. different for. each type of Antibody > each type oP. antibedy binds diFferert antigens. 2) Constant region (Fe) o Formed. by. light and. heavy. chains. when. Circulating. in bload binds. receptor. an phage cytes. 9 then. oMtibady acts. as. 6 cell receptor: attach to..cell surface membrane of B cell e.gives. antibody. Class. g e 3) Hinge region held by disulfide bridges 2 gire Mesbilily ashen binding to exnligen- Elipon Scanned with CamScannerPOSVVEKBKESSROUEUTHTTECLCEEC LEE Date: ‘Sub: ‘Action of . Antibodies, 4 a fest Gil 2 By 7 Virus. eae Sa ar ee Aniibodies Combine with viruses Preventing tem. entering. or damaging cells. ” 6S Antibodies with. multiple. antigen ‘binding Sites. couse agglutination’ ( clumping together) of bxcleria reducing. the chances af spread. throughout the. body. antibody receptor on Ce } S * _ Phagecyte membrane Opsoriisation Antibodies coat backria, making it easier for phagocytes. to ingest them ; Phagocyles have receptor proteins for the Constant regions of antibodies. Antibodies attach 40 Plagel al of beckria making them less active and. easier for Paghocytes. 7. eng. Tagether..with other. molecules, Some. antibedies, Causing them 42 burst hen they. abserb.. water by osmosis. Anliloedies Combine sith fovins, neutralising Ahem and. making them harmless 7 these antibodies Ore Called antitoyins. newtralise.toxins | élipon a Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: Action of B- Igmpho cyte 7 Phategens invade 2 antigen presenlation cell. formation. 3. Only. specific & lymphocytes has receptors. with the complementary Shape 0 antigen il. be activated —> Clonal ..selection 4B. cells. divide by mitosis» Clonal expansion 5. Activated...B..cells...deveip -inlo..plasma..calls.and...memory. Cells Plasma..cells o Short lived. (Few. weeks) » produce and secrete antibodies. rapidly > by exocytosis -> into. blood. plasma, lymph, lungs, and. stomach. lining. » antibodies. are glycoproteins > So Plasma. Ces have. intensive network oF ERC Endopiasmic...refiewlum), ond Golgi. Memory Cells o-lang-lived remain. in. circalation) «provides lang term. immanity etast for. many years. Hife lime. »-enable faster response duving @nd. invasion oF. same. antigen, as meny memory, Celis. cre Girculating . 2 Daring tnd invasion, it divedes rapidly ( clonal expansion) —> berm more Plasma Cells > more ankbodies. > Infechion is destroyed belore symptoms. develop Bady immune. jo_pathagen, . ee Elion Scanned with CamScanner PPTRRPTKTRTARHKHSHRKKAETRACAAACAAATRETDate: Sub: Memary Cells 0 Primary 3 And eapeussre sistauch E] fot expouione | only ar b antigen « only a € anligen 5 4 £ = § 3 8 time Sammary of Action by. B. lymphocytes Binds with specific antigen on. APC Celonal. Seleckon)} v Divide by mitosis Cclenal exparsion) ZL 6 (70 80 sg response f response « Few B cells specitic to the f is. preseal. e individual becomes. ill. 0. Secondary response: Faster. response emang memory Cells. Circulet «more cells specific for pathoge higher .chence of encounterin patho gens quickly. 9 more. plasma. Cells foemed: «more. anlibodies produced. Brmation of plasma. cellsy Pormation of, 2 No symptoms. developed 1 memory. Cells Production and. secrekesion Ly enable faster espense during tnd of antibodies grtigens invasion of same antigen antigen receptor bef (variety of B cells) DEPEDSEREERE EELS Lees esses eee or OY Or “ py AY DS v VY vo OO Yo a owe: == pe Clone of piayna mernony cells Ss canned with CamScannerDate: Sub: Maturation of T lym phocybes 1).an 7 Cells produced in one marrow bebe birth. 2) maturation in thymas gland > thymus. shrinks after poberty. « produce specific T cells receptors. on.cell Surface membrane ~> binds to. specific antigen. that is complementary..in. Shape - > T.cells receptor's Structure. Similar fo. antibodies. 3) Mature T cells Circulate in. blood and. lymph- Aetion of T- hymphocyles! 4, pathogen. iavade- 2. Antigen. presentation. ceil. formation 3-Onty specific. T lymphocytes has receptors with Complementory Shape to-antigen will be activated 5 Clonal selection. 4. T Cells. divide.by. mitesis » Clonal. &xpansion 5, Activated T Cells develop into T helper. cells and T killer Cells. T helper. Cells fanction: 1) secrete. cytokines which & a) Stimulate specific & celts o todivide and develo)? into plasma Cells g memory B Cells «increased antibody levels b) Stimulate marcophage > ¢ te Carry Out phagocytosis more Vigorously. _ Elipon M Scanned with CamScanner PPePePeHeHTHKt*PA{KagqRastCaAaaAaaaeaaaeaadVRORVVYVEKBUVUSROYYEPUTCMHWCESCCELEE Date: ‘Sub: €) Stimulate killer T cells o t divide and produce mare toxins- 2) Form T helper memory Cells» secondary response. 2 long Ferm immunity. Cytetoric. T killer cells Function 2 1) seek out inkeckd host cells including APCs Cancer cel) ond phatbogens and deslroy. them ay attach to surfoce of celts b) + punch: holes into Cells. ©) Secrefe toxin ink the cells eg. hydrogen peroxide , perforin. 2) Form killer T cell. memary Cells ° Secondary respencs + long tem immunity. as it is feng-lived + \ p ‘ . + ata, val Saran of the immune responses e S v ~ 3b £ wy SS Sa Gall -mediated ae response Hlmsred Cantibody — Maui | immane response | @. Qe gos SS a5 | anhibedies Scanned with CamScannerDate: ‘Sub: Active — —> Duving an infection immunity S— L_, Artificial —» Vaccination Passive — > notual — Breast milk Arlificiot injected antibodies aa acca cade helper T ceils >» yeleasing. hormone. like ate er oy air aL ay Stimulate macrophage to Carry aot phagogpies® ee Stimulate B Cells to divide Stimulate T Killer to divide e@ Killer T Cells 5 Search the body Por Cells that have become invaded by phatogens e \> release toxin like hydrogen peroxide to kilt inkected Cells. e x memory helper T and memory Killer T ae produced ond vemain to e become active very quickly during the secondary response to antigen @a 4 kitler T Celt e ye > + divide 4o form memory, cells e infected body cell erecting cbule @ divide by mitosis oy with antigens : i e (re @ x) displayed in surface membrene e Gil divides to form memory calls. e ae 1 aia Secreles cytokines that Stimulate B Cells 4o divide and e y by mitosis Lym 5 plasma Cell oz €lipon memory cells Scanned with CamScannerVPURVYOROSUSORUEUSOOMPGGCUMCKEEELLEGEESL Types of immunity Date: Sub: «Active — Osan immune. response is activated ~own lymphocytes are dclivated by antigens own antibodies ore made. _ takes fime, not immediate { = memory. Cells formed —p result in long term immunity, Notural immunity —» @g- Catching, a Cold 2 Antigens trom the environment. Artificial immunity, —€.g.. Vaccination e antigens are introduced via. injection inte vein or muscle | Consumed activate the immane response avtifciatly.. 2 antigens can be. attenuated / made harmless (e.g. heat-treated. cl up, inactivated toxins) + Antigen used Could be dead or alive. » Passive 5 immune. response is. NOT. activated - Own lymphocytes Cells not activaled — NO plasma Calls to. produce antibodies = Protection is immedote, - No memory Cells formed > Only short-term —immuniby. Noetural immaaily —» €.g. Maternal antibodies 1) antibodies pass from mother to infant trough placenta —> remain for months 2) Breast milk thal is Colestum-rich has antibody that prevents growth of backyia Wits. in tlhe Stomach oF infant. 4 Elipon J Scanned with CamScannerDate: ‘Sub: Artificial immunity —> eg. antibodies or. dntitosins © antigens are introduced via injection + antibodies are collected om blood of donor | animals who are vaccinated or suffer from some disease, > Contains the specific ankibedies against the specific antigen. Active natural immunity Antibody levels after infection. 2 2nd exposure Ast enposure fo antigen 40 ontgen Primaly response + @ Slower response + Only a few B cells specific to Cnccntyetion of anti time the antigen is present Secondary response: + individuel beccmes ill. + Faster. response <-many memory Celis Cirenlating . = more cells specific Gr pathageny higher chance of encountering pathogens quickly, 2 more plasma Cells formed «more antibodies produced 2 No sympthoms developed. _ Elipon Scanned with CamScanner OHH PHRHTASTHHTHKTETARACUCARRAACATE SEDate: ‘Sub: Passive natural immurity} > Antibody lets in blood of inkent bith 1 fotal antibody q i 4 infont onlibedy 3 Mralernal antibody passed Tom placenta to infant. draps in < 3 Concentration alter birth—> prokeclion is tie BO Rr time after conception /months femperary. Vaccination Effective Vaccines TneRective vaccines « provide sufRcieat.. antigens + De not copy natural. infections —> 40 mimic of Copy. natural infections >No. plasma ond memory Cells >to frm sufficient plasma and fermed memory Cells for long-kym. protection. | « De not give lifetime protection « Giive lifetime protection against pathegen | > require booster injections — Pathogen Unable to developed in immunised |.—> 40 Stimulate Secondary response Person. | in order te give protection. 2 €g. Veccines using live pathogens, «Do not provide. Sufficient protection Smalipox. vaccine. against pathogen > maybe due to pathagen’s high mutation vate or ability to hide From immune system 20g. Vaccines using dead pathogens, Cholera Vaccine: PVUOSOUORRKBLOSBYEYLUDEMPAO PEC CC LEE Elpon Scanned with CamScannerDate: sub: Minor Charge —> antigenic drift Mutation Major Charge —» antigeriic daft % Causative agent of sleeping sickness — Trypanosma * Causative agent of smalipox—» Variola virus Ausoimmune. diseases 2 autoimmune Disease, area of body affected mein. eflects of he diseae FAIBVIBVIDAAL Myasthenia gravis Newromas cular. janction Progressive muscle weakness Mattiple Sclerosis Central nervous. system Progressive Paralysis Type -1. diabetes islets of Langerhans endocrine. tissue. in Ihe Pancreas deshuction of celts that secrete inslin Systemic tapas exythromatosus Skin, kidneys, and goints Progressive defornst x platelets ave small celt Fragments thot de nat have a nucleus, they/are formed. om te break of Cells in the bone marrow Perrevrrr9rsaas Elipon Scanned with CamScannerPVVVVROSKROERLDSBE BLUSE MITECCKCECCEE Date: Sub: x All the white Cells in the blood originate From stem cells. in the bone marew.. there are two groups. of bone morrow stem. Cells: —_ myeloid stem Cells that. give rise to neutrophils, monocytes and plotelets, + lymphoid stem ceils that give vise to lymphooytes beth B ond T Colts & Leukaemia is the Cancer of these stem Cells. Thereare fave types of leakaemio. $ 7 Acale + develop very quickly ,have sereve eflecls ond need to be treated immediak ¥ Chronic —» may take..many years 4o.develop and Changes in blead celt Counts are usually mointue over time. 50 that treatment is given when. ik. most likely to. Curve the disease. Monoclonal... ntibedies antigen. injected \ the rat's B Cells that recognise the antigen divide and form plasma Cells Ting samples ave taken | so tha} thee is anty From spleen at Seo) : Ushich only makes this dre weit Every well io. tested pybridoma ie $0 that any hybridoma calls hybridoma cats =a antibody that produce the required antibody, can be found. Scanned with CamScanner