Ideal Transformer A ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which has: -> no copper losses -> no iron loss in the core -> no leakage flux More on losses Here In ideal transformer, input power = output power. Concept of such transformer exists to make problems easier. Characteristics of Ideal Transformer Zero Winding Resistance : Resistance of both primary and secondary winding is 0 i.e. both the coils are purely inductive in nature. 100% Efficiency : There are no losses in ideal transformer so the input power = output power => Eyl) = EyIn No leakage flux : The whole amount of flux is linked from primary to secondary winding, so there is no leakage flux. No Iron loss ; As the iron core is subjected to alternating flux there occurs eddy current and hysteresis loss in it. These two losses together are called Iron loss. It is 0 in ideal transformer.When an alternating voltage V; is supplied to the primary winding of an ideal transformer, counter emf £, is induced in the primary winding. Since there is no resistance, this induced emf E, will be exactly equal to the applied voltage but in 180 degree opposite in phase. The current drawn from the source produces required magnetic flux. As the primary winding resistance is 0, the current lags emf E, by 90 degree. This is current is called Magnetizing current |... This magnetizing current produces alternating magnetic flux @. This flux gets linked with the secondary winding and emf E> is induced by mutual induction. This E> is in phase with E;. If the circuit is closed at secondary winding, then secondary current lz is produced. E,\I, = Fly Mi ~ 90° E> EPractical Transformer In practical transformer, we have all sorts of losses that were 0 in ideal transformer like winding reistance, leakage flux, and iron losses, all are there. Here we are gonna study two cases: (a) No load (b) On load Practical Transformer on No Load In no load transformer, the circuit on the secondary side is open. V; is the primary voltage and I; is the primary current. Now I; has two components: a) One component is responsible for generation of magnetic flux. This is called Magnetizing component of I; and is denoted by I, b) Second component which is responsible for magnetic losses (Hysterisis and Eddy current losses) and primary winding losses. This is called Core loss component of |, . So its equivalent circuit diagram is:z re Ae I nnn where on primary side, V, is Primary Voltage R, is Primary Winding Resistance X, is Primary Leakage Reactance Ip is No Load Primary Current I, is Core Loss component of |; I, is Magnetizing Component of |; Re is Core loss resistance Xm is Magnetizing Reactance Nj is Number of turns in Primary Winding E, is Primary induced EmfOn secondary side: R2 is Secondary winding resistance Xz is Secondary leakage reactance Nz is Secondary winding turns Ey is Secondary induced emf V2 is Secondary terminal voltage Phasor Diagram loaFirst we will start with reference line which is common to both primary and secondary curcuit, here it is flux @. Now using KVL in primary circuit Vi= —E, + IoRi + jloX1 There is no direct relation between @ and V, so that we could directly draw phasor. But we have relation with E, and 9, as q is responsible for both E; and E. E; and E> both lag @ by 90 degrees. Here we will consider E; < Ez. @ is produced due to magnetizing current |,, therefore I, is in phase with @. As we have -E, in our equation (because it is in opposite direction of magnetizing current) so we will draw a phasor opposite to Ey. I, is 90 degrees leading from |, so it is in phase with -E; As Ip = Ic. +, hence the phasor Io. Now IgR, is voltage drop in R, and it is in phase with I, and as it is added to -E; so the phasor of IoR; will be drawn at the head of -E;. IpX1 is voltage drop across X, and is 90 degrees leading IoR1, so it is drawn perpendicular to IpR;- Now following the equation, V; phasor is drawn adding all the quantities given in the equation.Practical Transformer on Load The secondary side is closed-circuited with a load.where on primary side, V, is Primary Voltage |, is Primary Current I’) is Primary Current to neutralize the demagnitizing effects of Ip, I'p =K Iz Ip is No Load Primary Current R, is Primary Winding Resistance X, is Primary Leakage Reactance I, is Core Loss component of I; I, is Magnetizing Component of 1 I'; component of |; (doubtful) R, is Core loss resistance Xm is Magnetizing Reactance N, is Number of turns in Primary Winding E, is Primary induced Emf On secondary side, Rz is Secondary winding resistance Xz is Secondary leakage reactance Nz is Secondary winding turns E, is Secondary induced emf V2 is Secondary voltage lz is Secondary currentPhasor Diagram Again we will start with refrence line, here it is ~p. Using KVL in secondary circuit, V2 = Ey — InR2— jl,X2 As there is no direct relation between V, and ¢ so we will use the equation to draw all three quantities and then add them to get V;. Ey and E; lag @ by 90 degrees. Here we will consider E3 < Ey. Iz lags Ez by phase difference of pz Now voltage drop I,Rz across Rz will be in phase with I, but we need -IpR2 so we will it in opposite direction of Ip. As it is to be added to E2 so it will be drawn at the head of E. loX2 is voltage drop across X2 and is leading by 90 degrees from InR2. Again it is -ve in magnitude. Adding all the quantities we have V2.Now in primary circuit, Vy == Ey #1Ry + HX 1y = I'2 + Ip where I'2 = -Klz Ip = Ip tle Again we will draw |, first as it is directly connected to g, then I_ and then Ip . I’ is opposite to Iz and is added to Io. The resultant phasor is |;. |yR; is in phase with |, and is added to -E}. 1,X; is 90 degrees leading 1,R}. Phase difference between V, and I; is @, Power Factor = cos@, Input Power = V4l;cos@; Phase difference between V2 and |p is pz Power Factor = cosp2 Input Power = Val2cos2