LECTURER: Dean Mary Grace Paayas

BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: OVERVIEW OF NSG JURISPRUDENCE

NURSING JURISPRUDENCE o Thus, to be accountable means that

Learning Outcomes individual agree to be morally
responsible for the consequences of
Given hypothetical situations and/or relevant questions their actions
within the 4-week synchronous and asynchronous - An account of one’s professional judgements,
sessions, the learners will be able to: actions and omissions
o Accountability is about maintaining
1. Adhere to ethico -legal considerations when
competency and safeguarding quality
providing safe, quality, and professional nursing
px care outcomes and standards of the
care.
profession while being answerable to
2. Apply ethico-moral-legal reasoning and
those who are affected by one’s
decision-making processes to address situations
nursing or professional practice in
of ethical distress and moral dilemma
general
3. Protect clients’ right based on clients’ Bill of
Rights;
AUTONOMY
4. Implement strategies/ policies related to
informed consent as it applies to multiple - Freedom of choice or accepting the
contexts. responsibility for one’s choice
5. Assume responsibility for lifelong learning, own o It may also refer to nurses’ ability to
personal development, and maintenance of make some decisions within their own
competence. profession and their right and
6. Adhere to established norms of conduct based responsibility to act according to the
on institutional requirements relevant to safe shared standards of the profession.
nursing practice; and
7. Model professional behavior ETHICAL VS NURSING VALUES

Outline: ❖ Ethical Values - Offer a framework for behavior

I. Overview of Nursing Jurisprudence
❖ Definition of terms;
❖ Rationale behind studying Nursing
Jurisprudence
❖ Functions of Nursing Jurisprudence
❖ Sources of Nursing Jurisprudence
II. Ethico-moral Responsibility
❖ Basic ethical principles
❖ Code of ethics for nurses
❖ Various patient rights
A. Ethical decision-making
❖ Ethical framework for decision- making
B. Ethical leadership in nursing
C. Professional Autonomy
D. Personal work ethics
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Learning Objectives
assessment
❖ Nursing Values – Influence nurses’ goal
strategies, and actions
MORAL or ETHICAL DILEMMA
- Being forced to choose between tow or more
undesirable alternatives
NURSING ETHICS
- The applied discipline that addresses the moral
features of nursing practice
o It is a subset of healthcare ethics or
bioethics.
o 3 dimensions of nursing ethics interrelate
as they described ethical norms,
described ethical aspects of nursing,
and generate ethical guidance

After reading this material, the learners will be able to NURSING JURISPRUDENCE

1. Define related terms to be used in the discussion - Department of law which compromises all legal
2. Differentiate one term from the others; and rules and principles affecting the practice of
3. Apply the terms appropriately in the succeeding nursing
discussions and interactions - Includes the study and interpretation of rules
and principles and their application in the
ACCOUNTABILITY regulation of the practice of nursing
- Pertains to the application of the principles of
- Internalized responsibility law
❖ Nursing Practice

NOREEZA :) 1
 LECTURER: Dean Mary Grace Paayas
BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: OVERVIEW OF NSG JURISPRUDENCE

❖ Nursing to patients
❖ Among nurses and other healthcare
team members

RESPONSIBILITY

- This refers to one’s duty or an assignment

- the implementation of a job
o it is also explained as the obligation to
performed duties, tasks, or roles using
sound judgement. And being
answerable for the decisions made in
doing this.
o For example: a nurse is considering
expanding his/her scope of practice
should realize that this will involve
greater responsibility

NOREEZA :) 2
 LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: RATIONALE

National Nursing Core Competency Standards

(NNCCS 2012)

- Explains the duties of nurses in the delivery of

care assuming specific responsibilities as a:
1. Client care provider
2. Nurse leader or manager
3. Nurse researcher
- Nursing deals with human lives which
demands:
1. safe and quality nursing care
2. problem solving and sound decision
making
3. welfare of clients, nurses, and other HC
team members

What is and What is not Nursing

- She has to understand her professional:

1. ACCOUNTABILITY
2. RESPONSIBILITY
3. LIABILITY

Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat

- An important part of why we need to learn

Nursing Jurisprudence
- It means, “Ignorance of the law excuses no
one from compliance”
- Awareness of Nursing Jurisprudence assigns
to:
1. uphold public safety
2. guide safe and ethical care
3. outline scope of nursing practice

KIRI 1

BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 |
FUNCTIONS OF NURSING JURISPRUDENCE
Main function
- Application of concepts/ principles / frameworks
o Client Care Provider
o Nurse leader/ manager
o Nurse Researcher
- Its main function is the actual application of all these
concepts principles guidelines orders directives and
other forms of legal mandates to nursing practice as
you assume the rules of caregivers in the hospitals,
clinics, health units, practically anywhere where you
render care to clients. As nurse leader/ manager
where you are called to assume for instance in small
or big companies, schools, institutions or organizations
and as nurse researchers in whatever phenomena of
interest you pursue to investigate or study on.
- The choice is really yours to decide from these 3 roles
in nursing practice. You can concentrate on providing
client care, lead or manage and unit or department
or very interesting area of nursing research.
SPECIFIC FUNCTION #1
- Provides frameworks
- E.g. JMC 2021-001
o Nursing jurisprudence no. 1 provides
frameworks to establish safe and quality
nursing care to clients which are at the same
time legal. For example, the joint
memorandum circular 2021-001 or the CHED
DOH JMC 2021-001 on the guideline on the
gradual reopening of campuses of higher
education institutions for limited face to face
classes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
o JMC 2021-001 specifically guides the Xavier
University CON in planning for its bubble
approach although not all schools are
mandated to go for the bubble approach.
JMC does guides all schools or colleges of
nursing in the Philippines considering the
provisions it embeds in that particular
directive. For the CON at XU, we employ the
bubble approached for the limited face in
campus classes and/or hospital duty.
o The guidelines specifically required
institutions to implement the 1.5 meters
physical distancing. The picture shows the
differing study area set up pre-covid versus
covid time
o Likewise, I want you to notice the varied
setups pre-covid and during covid-19 in the
cafeteria as another example. Please note
the must wearing face masks and face
shields during covid.
SPECIFIC FUNCTION #2
- Distinguishes professional responsibilities (the nurses’
responsibility from that of the other health
professionals.)
o Responsibilities between the doctor and the
nurse vary. The doctor orders medications for
example, the nurse carries out these orders.
Having known the functions of nursing jurisprudence, which
area do you foresee yourself delivering safe and quality nursing
care?
NOR
LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: FUNCTIONS OF NURSING JURISPRUDENCE
SPECIFIC FUNCTION #3
- Maintains standards for professional/ Nursing practice
(It clearly establishes the boundaries of independent
nursing action)
o The roles portrayed by nurse educators in this
slide vary from the roles represented by
nurses engage in client care. For example,
the nurse educators stress the teaching and
learning processes while interacting with
students or learners in schools. On the other
hand, nurses working as clinicians in
hospitals, clinics or communities deal with
clients’ needs as the provision of oxygen to
those experiencing shortness of breath,
doing home visits to clients in the barangay
or assisting the labor and delivery of
pregnant women in birthing clinics.
o Another example, the clear roles of nurses
assigned in different hospital units as ICU, ER,
OR, DR, etc. Each nurse assumes roles and
carries the responsibilities unique in each
area of specialty.
SPECIFIC FUNCTION #4
- Professional Accountability
o The fourth specific function of nursing
jurisprudence is that it helps maintain a
standard of nursing practice by making
nursing accountable under the law for
instance in an acute care setting.
o When a nurse receives a report from the
outgoing nurse, there is a transfer of
accountability from one person to another.
The oncoming nurse is responsible and
answerable for the behaviors and outcomes
of a group of patients for the duration of the
shift.
o These are bold manifestations of nursing staff
depicting nursing accountability.
§ A. Complying with the continuing
education units in with renewing
once RN license as mandated by
law RA 9173.
§ B. Reporting a medication error as
mandated by the hospital
institution.
§ C. Nurses performing duties within
the scope of nursing practice in the
country are state.
§ D. A nurse manager delegating
tasks to subordinates
1
 NCM 119 LEC (Week 13)
Topic: Sources of Nursing Jurisprudence
Lecturer: Ma’am Paayas

Executive Orders Theories

Sources of Law
Court Decisions Customs And
Traditions
Origin of Law Use Impact on
Nursing Practice

The The highest law in the Little direct

Constitutional Law
Constitution United States, involvement in - The highest law in the philippines
interpreted by the US the area of
Supreme Court, gives malpractice - The 1987 Philippine Constitution
authority to the other
three sources of the
law.
Laws Passed By Congress
a. Criminal Laws
Statutes Also called statutory Before the 1970s,
law or legislative law; very few state or
Revised Penal Code of 1930 - general
laws that are passed federal laws law on crimes which tell us what are
by the state or federal dealt with
crimes and how are they committed and
legislators and that malpractice.
must be signed by the Since the their respective sanctions or penalties:
president or governor. malpractice
murder, estafa/swindling, thief, rape,
crisis; many
statutes affect arson, etc.
malpractice.
e.g. swindling - nurses selling COVID-19
Administrative The rules and Some of these vaccines
Agencies regulations agencies, such
established by as the National
appointed agencies Labor Relations Special Laws - Laws passed after 1930
of the executive Board and health e.g. cyber libel, drugs, firearms,
branch of the and safety
government boards can carnapping, copyright infringement,
(governor or affect nursing child abuse, etc.
president) practice.

Court Also called tort law; Most malpractice b. General Laws

Decisions this is court mode law laws are
- Are laws with administrative and penal
and the courts addressed by the
interpret the statutes courts. provisions or sanctions
and set precedents;
- Example:
In the United States,
there are two levels of 1. RA 9173 (regulates nursing
court: trial court and
profession)
appellate court.
2. RA 6713 an act establishing a code
of conduct and ethical standards
Formal Instruments Informal Instruments for public officials and employees,
to uphold the time-honored
Constitution Directives
principle of public office being a
public trust, granting incentives and
General Laws Pronouncements
rewards for exemplary service,
Special Laws Resolutions enumerating prohibited acts and
transactions and providing
Ordinances Memorandums
penalties for violations thereof and
for other purposes

koyluh 1
 NCM 119 LEC (Week 13)
Topic: Sources of Nursing Jurisprudence
Lecturer: Ma’am Paayas

Rules and Regulations promulgated by

implementing agencies and other regulatory
agencies

Examples of Rules and Regulations:

1. PRC-BON: Board Resolution No. 220
Promulgation of the Code of Ethics for
Registered Nurses

2. CHED: CMO 15 s. 2017

Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the
Bachelors of Science in Nursing (BSN)
Program

3. IATF: IATF Resolution No. 29

Beginning May 4, 2020, Higher
Education Institutions (HEIs) shall be
authorized to operate with a skeletal
workforce in areas not under Enhanced
Community Quarantine (ECQ), only for
the purposes of finishing the academic
year 2019-2020, to issue credentials to
students, and to prepare for flexible
learning for the next academic year.

4. IATF - Omnibus Guidelines August 19,

2021
On the implementation of Community
Quarantine in the Philippines.

Supreme Court Decisions

The Supreme Court’s finality of the judgment of
implementing Salary Grade 15 for Nurses in the
Philippines

Laws imposed by the LGUs - Ordinances

Smoke-free ordinances set by cities in the
Philippines

Three Branches of Government:

1. Legislative
2. Judiciary
3. Executive

koyluh 2
 LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: Basic Ethical Principles
AUTONOMY BENEFICENCE

 A form of personal liberty called the freedom  The action’s one takes should be done in an
of choice or accepting the responsibility for effort to promote good.
one’s choice  Nurses consider beneficence to ensure
 The legal right of self-determination supports benefit to the patient over harm.
this principle
NON-MALIFICENCE
 In a healthcare context, this means that the
patient has the right to decide to undergo  Actions are taken in an effort to avoid harm.
any medical intervention, even if the refusal  The concept of non-maleficence which is
will lead to harm or death associated with beneficence says that if one
 Autonomy = Greek meaning “self- cannot do good, at least shouldn’t do harm.
governing”  E.g. If a manager uses these ethical principles
o Refers to the capacity of an in planning performance appraisals, he/she
individual to make the informed and is much more likely to view the performance
uncoerced decisions about his/her appraisals as a means of promoting
future. employee growth having a developmental
 Autonomy is about “self-rule”, with no mindset.
control, undue influence or interference from
PATERNALISM
other. It respects an individual’s choice
based on their own values and belief.  Related to beneficence – one person
assumes the authority to decide for another
PROGRESSIVE DISCIPLINE
 Justified only to prevent a person from
 Recognizes the autonomy of the employee. coming to harm.
 The employee and SNs has the choice to  In clinical nursing, care providers can
meet organizational expectations or to be become paternalistic when patients lacked
disciplined further. capacity with regard to decision making,
 If the employees continued behavior and in some cases, even when they do not.
warrants termination, the principle of  Because paternalism limits freedom of
autonomy say that the employee has made choice, most ethical theorists believe that
the choice to be terminated by virtue of paternalism is justified only to prevent coming
his/her actions, not the manager’s. to harm.
 Unfortunately, paternalism is present in
nursing management and clinical decision
making

TIVV 1
 LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: Basic Ethical Principles
 e.g. Some managers assume that they have JUSTICE
greater knowledge of what an employee’s
 States that equals should be treated equally
short and long term goals should be than the
and that unequals should be treated
employee does. In this case, one individual
according to their differences.
assumes the right to make decisions for
 This principle is frequently applied when there
another.
are scarcity or competition of resources or
 MUST STUDY THE DIAGRAM: Paternalism vs.
benefits.
Autonomy
 The manager who uses the principle of justice
will work to see that pay raises reflect on
consistency in terms of performance and
time in service.
 Justice view vs. Relational or Case-based
Ethics

VERACITY

 Refers to the obligation to tell the truth.

 This principle is used to explain how people
feel about the need of truth telling or the
UTILITY acceptability of deception.
 A manager who believes that deception is
 Reflects the belief in Utilitarianism. What is
morally acceptable, if it is done with
best for the common good outweighs what
objective of beneficence, may tell all
is best for the individual.
rejected job applicants that they were highly
 Utility justifies paternalism as a means of
considered whether they had been or not.
restricting in individual freedom
 Managers who use the principle of utility FIDELITY
need to be careful not to be so focused on
 The need to keep promises.
the desired group outcomes that they
 Breaking a promise, believed by many
become less humanistic
ethicist to be wrong regardless of the
 The good of the many outweighs the wants
consequences. Even if there were no far
and the needs of the individual.
reaching negative results, it is still wrong
because it would render the making of
promises meaningless

TIVV 2
 LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: Basic Ethical Principles
 However, there are times that keeping a
promise may not be in the interest of the
other party.
 Although nurses have multiple fidelity duties,
that at times may be in conflict to others, the
nurse’s primary commitment is always
towards the patient.

CONFIDENTIALITY

 Keep privileged information private

 The obligation to observe the privacy of
another and to hold certain information in
strict confidence is a strict ethical principle
and a foundation of both medical and
nursing ethics.
 However, as in deception, there are times
when the presumption against of disclosing
information must be overridden
 E.g. Healthcare managers are required by
law to report certain cases such as drug
abuse in employees, elder abuse, and child
abuse.
 In the emergency room, there is a directive
stating that all emergency ER cases are
reportable, and specific cases needs to be
reported to DOH.

TIVV 3
 NURSING CODE OF ETHICS  expression of nursing’s own
Professional COE understanding of commitment
to society
 a set of principles, established by a
1. The nurse practices with compassion
profession, to guide the individual
and respect for the inherent dignity,
practitioner
worth, and unique attributes of every
 first COE for Nurses – adopted by ANA
person.
in 1950 and was revised 5 times
2. The nurse’s primary commitment is to
 ANA center for ethics and human rights
the patient, whenever an individual,
– began seeking public input in the
family, group, community, or
review of the COE for Nurses with
population.
Interpretative Statements in early 2013
3. The nurse promotes, advocates for,
with suggested revisions
and protects the rights, health, and
 outlines the important values, duties,
safety of the patient.
and responsibilities that flow from the
4. The nurse has the authority,
specific role of being a nurse
accountability, and responsibility for
 while not legally binding, the code
nursing practice; makes decisions; and
functions as a guide to the highest
takes action consistent with the
ethical practice standards for nurses
obligation to promote health and to
and as an aid for moral thinking
provide optimal care.
 for a thorough view and reading:
5. The nurse owes the same duties to self
 https://www.nursingworld.org/p
as to others, including the responsibility
ractice-policy/nursing-
to promote health and safety, preserve
excellence/ethics/code-of-
wholeness of character and integrity,
ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/
maintain competence, and continue
2015 ANA COE WITH INTERPRETATIVE personal and professional growth.
STATEMENTS AND 9 PROVISIONS
6. The nurse, through individual and
 essentially, it serves the following
collective effort, establishes, maintains,
purposes:
and improves the ethical environment
 succinct statement of the
of the work setting and conditions of
ethical values, obligations,
employment that are conducive to
duties, and professional ideals of
safe, quality health care.
professional nurses (individually
7. The nurse, in all roles and settings,
and collectively)
advances the profession through
 profession’s non-negotiable
research and scholarly inquiry,
ethical standards
professional standards development,

Lynetteskie!
 and the generation of both nursing and  Article VI Section 13.d: Guides
health policy. nurses to actively participate in
8. The nurse collaborates with other a professional organization
health professionals and the public to  nurses can apply to be members
protect human rights, promote health of the mentioned associations:
diplomacy, and reduce health PNA, PsiBeta, ORNAP, ADPCN,
disparities. ANSAP, ANA, PMHAP
9. The profession of nursing, collectively  Article V: Registered Nurses, Society,
through its professional organizations, and Environment
must articulate nursing values, maintain  Article V Section 14.1: The
the integrity of the profession, and preservation of life, respect for
integrate principles of social justice into human rights, and promotion of
nursing and health policy. a healthy environment shall be a
commitment of a registered
COE FOR NURSES IN NSG ADMINISTRATION
nurse.
Standard 12. Ethics
 If you are faced with a dilemma,
 The nurse administrators integrated you can revert back to this basic
ethical provisions in all areas of nursing principle
practice.  Article VI: Registered Nurses and

COE for Nurses in the Philippines Profession

 Article VI Section 17.a: RNs MUST
 Board resolution no. 220 of 2004 –
be members of the Accredited
Promulgation of the Code of Ethics for
Professional Organization (APO)
Registered Nurses
e.g. Philippine Nurses
 Article II: Registered Nurses and People
Association
 Article II Section 4.3: Personal
 Article VII: Administrative Penalties,
info acquired in the process of
Repealing Clause, and Effectivity
giving nursing care shall be held
in strict confidence. THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES

 Article III: Registered Nurses and Fast Facts

Practice  first adopted in 1953 and revised and

 Article III Section 6.1: Human life reaffirmed; 2012 version is the most
is inviolable recent
 Article IV: Registered Nurses and Co-  contains 4 fundamental responsibilities
workers of nurses: to promote health, prevent
illness, restore health, and alleviate
suffering
Lynetteskie!
  recognizes that the need for nursing is education, management, and
universal research
 acknowledges that inherent in nursing  Nightingale’s say about the COE: “I
is a respect for human rights think one’s feelings waste themselves in
 directs that nurses render health words; they ought all to be distilled into
services to the individual, family, and actions which brings results.”
community and coordinate their
services with those of related groups
 endorses the 4 principle elements that
provide a framework for the standards
of conduct among:
 nurses and people
 nurses and practice
 nurses and the profession
 nurses and co-workers

Applying the elements, nursing and SNs can

do the following:

 study the standards

 reflect on the standards’ meaning
(think about how you can apply ethics
in the nursing domain: practice,
education, research, and leadership
and mgmt.)
 discuss the code (with co-workers and
others)
 use an example from experience to
identify ethical dilemmas, standards,
and resolution as reflected in the code
 work in groups to clarify ethical
decision-making and reach a
consensus of standards of ethical
conduct
 collaborate with national nurses’
association, co-workers, and others in
the continuous application of ethical
standards in nursing practice,

Lynetteskie!

BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 |
VARIOUS RIGHTS OF CLIENTS
Given relevant information, materials, and case
scenarios, the learners will be able to:
1. Point out how the Patient’s Bill of Rights
protects patients;
2. Explain how the Patient’s Bill of Rights is used as  It is important to clarify that statements
a guide to safe and quality nursing care;
3. Support one’s standpoint or decisions based on
the Patient’s Bill of Rights.
What are patients’ rights?
 Patients’ or clients’ rights are generally
held to be subcategory of human rights
(Megan-Jane Johnstone 2019, p.175)
 Statements of patients or client rights
serve to highlight particular moral interests
that a person might have in a HC context
and that requires special protection. When
a person assumes the role of a patient or
client, it is what the patient or client is
guaranteed when receiving medical and
nsg care
Signpost
 When the notion patients’ or clients rights
is used, signpost is provided indicating the
kind of context and claims that ate likely to
be encountered by service providers
 The notion patients’ or clients rights in this
instance immediately sets the scene and
identifies the domain of concern
 There is specific provision in Philhealth that
reflects pts rights protection as clearly
stated in 1.9.A of Philhealth Benchbook
Manual p. 14 “The org. documents and
follows procedures for resolving ethical
issues as they arise from pt. care. HIPAA
(Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act) protects pts rights
LIL’ BUGAY XD
LECTURER: MA’AM DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: VARIOUS RIGHTS OF CLIENTS
(particularly, HC related info). In addition,
new legislation, the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA)
maintains and expands HIPAA guidelines as
they are related to pt health info privacy
and security protection
concerning 'Patients' rights or 'clients'
rights - include a mixture of civil rights,
legal rights, and moral rights.
 Examples of 'Patients' rights include:
o Right to healthcare- a right to a
system of health protection that
gives everyone an equal
opportunity to enjoy the highest
attainable level of health (WHO)
o Right to refuse consent- right of
every ind. to choose what will be
done to their own body and it
applies even when refusing tx
means the pt might die.
o Right to a qualified health
interpreter- right to qualified sign
language interpreter provided free
of charge wen dealing w/ all
medical service personnel. This
includes nurses, physicians, social
workers, technicians, admitting
personnel and therapist among
others. In the Phil on Oct 30, 2018
RA 11106 or The Filipino Sign
Language Act was signed into law
by Pres. Rodrigo Duterte declaring
the Filipino Sign Language as the
nat. sign language of the Fil and this
would be applied in the HC
workforce
o Right to know the name, status, &
practice experience of attending
health professionals- a pt has a
right to respectful care given by
competent HC workers
o Right to a second medical opinion-
right to discuss condition to the
consultant specialist of the pts
request and expense. Right to see a
2nd opinion and subsequent
opinions if appropriate from
1

BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 |
another HC provider or
nd
practitioner. Seeking a 2 opinion
helps the pt. make a better decision
o Right to be treated w/ respect- to
what extent? Pt comfort, infection
control, etc. apply ever principle
and look into the scenario
o Right to confidentiality- right to
demand that all info,
communication, and records
pertaining to his care be treated as
confidential. In case pt is not of
legal age, mentally incapacitated,
such info shall be given to the
parents, legal guardian or his/her
next keen. Right to be free from
unwarranted public exposure
except in certain situ. When his
mental/physical condition is in
controversy and the appropriate
court in its discretion or to submit
to a physical or mental examination
by a physician. When public health
and safety so demand and see
when the pt waives his right in
writing, remember those
conditions.
o Right to bodily integrity,
maintenance of dignity- everyone
including children has the right to
autonomy and self-determination
over their own body and the only
person w/ the right to make a
decision about one’s body is
oneself and no one else. This
principle upholds everyone’s right
to be free from acts against their
body that they did not consent to.
 Ex of limited practices that
violates bodily integrity:
piercing baby girl’s ears,
being exposed to toxic
chemicals w/o ones
knowledge, forms of
violence such as rape and
med tx administered
against pts wishes,
LIL’ BUGAY XD
LECTURER: MA’AM DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: VARIOUS RIGHTS OF CLIENTS
euthanasia, child abuse and
others.
 Children are
disproportionately
vulnerable to violations of
their bodily integrity
because most violations
happened at a very young
age when a person is unable
to speak up for and defend
themselves or refuse
consent
o Principle of bodily integrity
considers all acts of violations as
human rights violation.
o It is vital for the nurse then to
respect pts autonomy and slef-
determination
What are patients’ bill of rights?
 safeguards a patient’s right to accurate &
complete information, fair treatment, &
self-determination when making health
care decisions.
 patients expect to be treated with
sensitivity and dignity & with respect for
their cultural values.
 While the pts bill of rights extends beyond
the scope of cultural considerations, its
basic principles underscore the
importance of cultural competence when
caring for people
Examples of Patients’ Bill of Rights
MRXUH and JRBGH
 a copy is attached to e-learn for the
learners' perusal.
The Filipino Bill of Rights
 Guide for HC org and practitioners in terms
of professional expectations for patient
advocacy.
- ANA and NLN (National League for
Nursing)
2
 LECTURER: MA’AM DEAN PAAYAS
BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: VARIOUS RIGHTS OF CLIENTS

 patient protections in dealing with

insurance companies (American Cancer
Society, 2014).
 The gov has also influenced the protection
of patient rights by linking reimbursement
with patient rights provisions.
 Pts have wide array of rights that need to
be addressed and respected each time
they come to our care.

LIL’ BUGAY XD 3

BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 |
FRAMEWORKS FOR ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
Learning Objectives:
- Distinguish situations that demand ethical
decisions
- Propose solutions to problems of ethical
concerns based on ethical frameworks
- Appraise the rightness/goodness or
wrongfulness of actions/options to take
- Summarize the ethical frameworks as
applied to given scenarios/cases
WHY LEARN THESE FRAMEWORKS?
1. Guide daily life situations
a. Decisions about right and wrong exist
every day. It concerns all levels of life
individually, in groups when creating
responsible organizations and
governments and making our society
as a whole more ethical.
2. Ethics is concerned with doing the right thing
which is NOT always clear
a. It based this on the premise that the
nurse manager has a different ethical
responsibility than the clinical nurse
and does not have as clearly defined
a foundation to use as a base for
ethical reasoning. Its purpose is not as
clear as medicine or law, hence the
norms that guide the nurse managers
ethical decisions are less clear. In
addition, its responsibilities emerge
from a complex set of interactions
that can make ethical management
decision making difficult.
3. Address situations that entail conflicting
needs, wants, and goals
a. Nurses are often placed in situations
where they are expected to be
agents for patients, physicians and
organizations simultaneously, all of
which may have conflicting needs,
wants, and goals. Nurses encounter
situations almost every day that
require a strong understanding of
ethics.
ELOWIZA & ALLUNA
LECTURER: MA’AM PAAYAS
TOPIC: ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
Aghamohammadi et. al. (2021)
1. Adherence to professional commitments
2. Preserving patient dignity, and
3. Respect to colleagues
… lead to better nursing decisions.
Operating room nurses, as essential members
of health care teams often face ethical
challenges in the operating room. By using
the ethical experiences of these OR nurses in
this particular study, a better understanding
of ethics in the operating room is achieved
which lead to better nursing decisions in the
face of these challenges.
van Bruchem-Visser et. al. (2020)
Frameworks assist healthcare professionals
who face morally complex decisions in older
patients. van Bruchem-Visser et. al. (2020)
suggest that these frameworks contain a
step-by-step plan, moral values and an
approach to balancing moral values.
MORAL ISSUES FACED BY NURSES
1. Moral indifference
a. Occurs when an individual questions
why morality in practice is even
necessary. The focus pertains to the
right and wrong of options and
encompasses the decision-making
process of determining the ultimate
consequences of those actions.
2. Moral uncertainty
a. Also known as moral conflict, occurs
when an individual is unsure which
moral principles or values apply and
may even include uncertainty as to
what the moral problem is.
3. Moral distress
a. Occurs when the individual knows
the right thing to do but the
organizational structure or
organizational system constraints
make it difficult to take the right
course of action. It is noted that
morally distressed nurses often

BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 |
demonstrate biological, emotional,
and moral stress as a result of this
intrapersonal conflict (anger,
loneliness, depression, guilt,
powerlessness, anxiety, and
emotional withdrawal). Results to turn
over as the morally distressed nurse
leaves the stressful situation for a less
stressful environment.
4. Moral outrage
a. Occurs when an individual witnesses
the immoral acts of another but feels
powerless to stop it this is displayed in
many forms, which portrays some
immoral acts of hospital institutions
defying the standards on safe and
healthy working environments.
5. Moral or ethical dilemmas
a. Describes as being forced to choose
between two or more undesirable
alternatives. A nurse might
experience a moral or ethical
dilemma if he or she is required to
provide care or treatments which are
in conflict with his or her religious
beliefs (ex. Mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation during COVID-19,
assisting in euthanasia, blood
transfusion to a Jehovah’s Witness
patient, supporting therapeutic
abortion)
Faced with those moral issues, it is very important to
be grounded with the following ethical frameworks
for decision-making. It is equally important to note
that although decision makers should be able to
identify desirable and undesirable outcomes, these
alone cannot be used to assess the quality of
problem solving. The quality of ethical problem
solving should be evaluated in terms of both the
outcome and the process used to make the
decision.
THE MORAL DECISION-MAKING MODEL
o Developed in 1985 by krisham (?)
o Incorporates the nursing process and
4 MOST COMMONLY USED ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS
principles of biomedical ethics
1. Utilitarianism
o Model is used in clarifying ethical problems
that result from conflicting obligations
ELOWIZA & ALLUNA
LECTURER: MA’AM PAAYAS
TOPIC: ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
M assage the dilemma
O ptions
R eview the options
A ffirm position and act
L ook back
o For more learning exercises pls refer to the
little white lies of learning exercise found in
marke and houston ebook page 159
ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS GUIDE INDIVIDUALS IN
SOLVING ETHICAL PROBLEMS
o These frameworks do not solve the ethical
problem but assist the manager in clarifying
personal values and beliefs
o Individual values, beliefs and personal
philosophy play a major role in the moral /
ethical decision making that is part of daily
routine of all manager
o How does manager manage what is wrong
or what is right? What does the manager do
if no right or wrong answer exists? What if all
solution generated seem to be wrong?
o Remember, the way manager
approach and solve ethical issues is
influences by their values and basic
belief about the rights, duties and
goals of all human being
o Self-awareness is a vital leadership
role in ethical decision making just as
it is in so many aspects of
management
o It is essential to notes that there are no
rule / guidelines, or theories that exist
to cover all aspect of ethical
problems that managers face.
However, it is the managers
responsibility to understand ethical
problem-solving process, to be
familiar with ethical frameworks and
principles and to know ethical
professional codes and standards
ETHICAL TOOLS
o It is these set of tools that will assist manager
in effective problem solving and prevent
ethical failure within their organization
o Critical thinking occurs when managers are
able to engage in an orderly process of
ethical process of problem solving to
determine the rightness, or wrongness of
different courses of action
o Teleological or consequentialist theory
o
 LECTURER: MA’AM PAAYAS
BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING

o These frameworks encourage decision vary as a result of individual

making based on what provides the greatest circumstances or cultural differences.
good for the greatest number of people. In
so doing, the needs and wants of an Albert Einstein (Physicist and Nobel Laureate, 1879 -
individual are diminished 1955)
o Suggests that end can justify the mean o Relativity applies to physics not ethics.
o Example:
o manager decide to use travel
budget money to send many staff to “Ethics must begin at the top of
local workshop rather than to fund 2 an organization. It is a leadership
or 3 people to attend a national issue and the chief executives
conference. must set the example” - Edward
o An insurance that meets the needs of
Hennessy (1933)
many but refuses coverage for
expensive organ transplants.
2. Duty based reasoning
o Deontological ethical theory
o Judges whether the action is right or wrong
regardless of consequences and is based on
the philosophy of Emmanuel Kant of the 18th
century
o Primarily this theory use both duty based
reasoning and rights based reasoning as the
basis for its philosophy
o States that some decision is made because
there is a duty to do something or to refrain
from doing something
3. Right based reasoning
o Individuals’ basic entitlement
o Based on beliefs that some things are a
person’s just due
o Example: each individual has basic claim or
entitlements with which there should be no
interference
o Rights are different from needs, wants or
desires
4. Intuitionism
o Allows that decision maker to review each
ethical problems / issue on case-to-case
basis comparing the relative weight of goals,
duties and rights
o The weighing is determined primarily by
intuition, what decision maker believe what is
right for that certain situation.
o Recently, theorists begun to question that
appropriateness of intuitionism as an ethical
decision-making framework because of the
potential for subjectivity and biases
RECENTLY USED ETHICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Relativism
o Suggests that individuals make decision
based on what seems right or reasonable
according to their value system or culture
2. Universalism
o Holds that ethical principles in universal
and ethical decision making should not

ELOWIZA & ALLUNA

 LECTURER: MA’AM PAAYAS
BSN 4 | FIRST SEM | BATCH 2022 | TOPIC: ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING

ELOWIZA & ALLUNA


BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 |
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN NURSING
Learning objectives: at the end of this session the
learners will be able to:
• Integrate ethical principles in nursing
leadership and management
• Relate ethical principles to nurses daily
situations
• Support the value of nursing ethics in
leading and managing the nursing team
• Recognize the applicability of current
research evidences in nursing ethics
• Suggest further areas to study on nursing
ethics
Value Of Nursing Ethics In Nursing Leadership And
Management
• Ethics is concerned with doing the right
thing (unclear sometimes)
• Ethical frameworks - guide and solving
ethical dilemmas; assess the manager in
clarifying personal values and beliefs
• Nurse managers guiding team members in
daily life situations
• In the real professional world nurses
encounter situations almost every day that
require a strong understanding of ethics
• Education and guides like the code help
them navigate nebulous situations in which
the right thing to do is not always clear
• Here the nurse leader or manager has a
critical role in guiding the members of her
team to ensure safe and quality nursing
care
Situations Nurses Face Daily
• Obtaining informed consent
o Hospital setting
o CHN Setting
o Unless the patient is unconscious, the
nurse has the responsibility to obtain
an informed consent prior to any
treatment or procedure
JEAN & MYLES :>
LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: Ethical Leadership in Nursing
o Sometimes the patient will refuse
treatment; nurses ensure the staff
follows the patient’s wishes
o The nurse leader-manager ensures
member nurses must follow
• Maintain patient confidentiality
o Nurses must decide who needs to
know without violating
confidentiality; you have the full
grasp of the unit so you must know
who must know info to ensure quality
care
o Maintaining confidentiality is an
integral part of maintaining health
care sector and should be followed
for reasons like trust
o Digital hacking
▪ Most patient information is
now kept digitally which may
also lead to hacks → identity
theft, fraud, which have
potential to damage
patient’s lives
o Legal disciplinary action
▪ Data breeches and failure to
uphold patient’s
confidentiality can result in
everything from crimes to
prison sentences for those
responsible
▪ As a nurse leader-manager,
and all under supervision, we
must uphold these ethical
responsibilities
▪ Once you have your phone,
vid recording, taking photo
while at work, keep this in
mind
• Tell the truth
o Nurses must remain truthful even
when reporting the news the pt does
not want to hear
1

BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 |
o They also depend on patients to
share correct info on medicines,
conditions, and other issues
o Veracity
• Deal with beliefs that conflict with empirical
knowledge
o Patients and families may refuse
standard treatment that has been
proven effective
o Ex. Situation when religions forbid
transfusions: should the nurse explain
benefits of recommended treatment
or should the nurse plainly respect
the patient’s decision regardless of
results?
o Ethical guidelines help nurses work
through difficult situations and
provide the with a moral compass to
do things fairly.
o At the same time, these guidelines
promote high levels of care and
attention
Leadership Roles And Management Functions
• As a nurse leader-manager, you are in a
position that requires you to lead or
manage people, situations, and items
effectively and ethically
• As a leader, you can influence others by
using their abilities, by influencing them, and
achieve the mission, vision, goals set
• Leadership Roles to assume:
o Self-awareness regarding own values
and basic beliefs
▪ Role model confidence in
their decision-making to
subordinates
o Accepts ambiguity and uncertainty
as part of all ethical decision making
▪ Nothing is all clear
o Accepts negative outcomes in
ethical decision-making
o Risk-taker in ethical decision making
JEAN & MYLES :>
LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: Ethical Leadership in Nursing
o Role model ethical decision making
congruent with ANA Code of Ethics
and Interpretive Statements and
professional standards
o Clearly communicates expected
ethical standards of behavior
o Role models ethical behavior as the
norm
▪ Responsibility to society that
is morally good
Management Functions Associated With Ethics
• In ethical issues, the manager is often the
decision maker. The leader influences, the
manager makes the decision.
1. Systematic approach to problem-
solving and decision making.
• One must use a systematic approach
in problem solving, when faced with
management problems with ethical
ramifications.
2. Identifies outcomes.
• Identifies outcomes with ethical
aspects that should always be sought
or avoided.
• Because ethical decisions are so
complex, and may cause poor
decisions, the manager sees to it that
the management functions in
increasing the chances, that the best
possible decision, will be made at the
least possible cost in terms of human
and fiscal resources.
3. Uses ethical frameworks
• The nurse manager uses established
ethical frameworks to clarify values
and beliefs. Hence in ethical
management, this usually requires
that the manager becomes an
expert at using systematic
approaches, to problem solving or
decision making, such as the
theoretical models, ethical
frameworks, and ethical principles.
2

BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 |
• By developing expertise, the
manager can identify universal
outcomes that should be sought at.
The integrated leader or manager
recognizes that ethical issues
pervade every aspect of leadership
and management. Rather than
being paralyzed by the complexity
and ambiguity of decision making,
the leader or manager seeks counsel
as needed, accepts his or her
limitations, and makes the best
possible decision at the time with the
information and resources available.
• Seek awareness. Know your strengths
and weaknesses, have a full
navigation of the situations, carry out
all your tasks and responsibilities,
consider all frameworks and all the
skills that you have, and invest in all
the capacities that you have to make
a sound and ethical decision.
4. Applies principles of ethical
reasoning
• To define what beliefs or values form
the basis of decision making
• You should have a decision that is
well-rounded
5. Aware of legal precedents
• Aware of legal precedents that may
guide ethical decision making and
are accountable for possible
liabilities, should they go against the
legal precedent
6. Continually re-evaluates the quality
of personal ethical decision making
• Continually re-evaluates the quality
of personal ethical decision making
based on the decision of problem
solving used
• Ethical frameworks do not solve
ethical problems but do assist
decision-makers in clarifying personal
values and beliefs (Marquis and
Huston p. 145)
JEAN & MYLES :>
LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: Ethical Leadership in Nursing
• For instance, the nurse manager or
leader makes use of ethical
frameworks as a guide in decision
making. It is important to remember
that these ethical frameworks do not
solve ethical problems but do assist
decision makers in clarifying personal
values and beliefs.
7. Constantly assesses levels of moral
uncertainty, moral distress, and moral
outrage
• Constantly assesses levels of moral
uncertainty, moral distress, and moral
outrage in subordinates and
intervenes as necessary to protect
quality patient care and wellbeing
8. Recognizes & rewards ethical
subordinates
9. Takes appropriate action addressing
unethical conduct when
subordinates demonstrate unethical
conduct
Researches That Highlight The Importance Of Ethical
And Moral Leadership
a. Organizations & healthcare systems in great
need of moral leadership
• Edmonson (2015) studied the nurse
leader’s preparation to lead in a
morally courageous and
transformational manner in current
corporate environments and
hierarchies of healthcare.
Organizations & healthcare systems
in great need of moral leadership
b. Conclusion
• He concludes that the organizations
and healthcare systems today are in
great need of moral leadership, and
that the influence of morally
courageous nurses, regardless of the
position will be critically needed to
transform healthcare and care
systems to safeguard patients
3

BSN 4 | SECOND SEM | BATCH 2022 |
• “As nurse leaders in the healthcare
system and in specific facilities, we
need to demonstrate moral courage
and create environments that
promote moral courage so as to
keep us centered on the very thing
that is due us to healthcare, mainly
the patient, the families, and the
communities we serve.”
• Edmonson’s conclusion is concurred
by Barlem and Ramos in 2015, who
argue that “instead of questioning
the reason nurses experience moral
distress according to certain
situations of context, it is more
important to question the reasons
why nursing professionals allow
themselves to accept certain context
as unchangeable or natural,
renouncing the possibility to ethically
resist the situations that bring about
moral distress.”
• These are very beautiful research
findings that we can lean on if we are
in ethical situations.
• • The authors share essential nurse
c. Smith, 2017
• According to Smith (2017), ethical
leadership of nursing covers more
than direct patient care. It also
applies to the development and
design of system-wide models of
nursing care delivery that impact
indirect patient care.
• Ethical leadership is both critical in
direct and indirect delivery of optimal
nursing care.
• Nursing implications:
• Promote patient advocacy in
nursing
• Ethical leaders can lead
organizational changes
Staff nurses MUST remember
•
that they are not infallible &
must remember that
excellence exists
d. Gillet, et al 2018
• They investigated the relationship
between job-related well-being, and
patient perceptions of quality of
care.
JEAN & MYLES :>
LECTURER: DEAN PAAYAS
TOPIC: Ethical Leadership in Nursing
• More specifically, they examine the
indirect effects of ethical leadership
of patients’ perceived quality of care
through caregivers’ well-being.
• The findings revealed that caregivers’
well-being is positively linked to a
patient's perceptions of quality of
care, and perceived ethical
leadership is positively associated
with caregivers’ wellbeing. Wellbeing
is a mechanism explaining the effects
of leadership on the quality of care.
• We see 3 roles here, the well-being,
the effects of leadership, and the
quality of care looking into the well-
being.
e. Wymer et al (2021)
• The crisis challenged nurse leaders to
develop and implement novel care
delivery plans, while preventing
disease transmission to patients and
staff.
• COVID-19 required nurse leaders to
make decisions in an environment of
conflicting data and directives.
leader competencies vital to the
development and support thriving
nurse leaders.
• As crisis persist and future challenges
arise, nurse leaders can leverage
these essential competencies to
successfully drive engagement.
f. Henry et al (2016)
• Ethical leadership in nursing has
shifted to fulfilling the universal ethical
principles in nursing: autonomy,
beneficence, fidelity, justice,
nonmaleficence, and veracity
The question is: What needs to be studied further in
nursing leadership, in the context of ethics and
morals?
4
NCM 119 safety, and health system
PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY
improvement
_______________________________________
- To transform the delivery of care
- One of the characteristics of a profession - Nurses must exercise their
is that professionals have power over the autonomy
practice of their discipline (Thakore, 2015) - Autonomous practice
- Refers to “the freedom to act on what one enables nurses to use their
knows.” (Thakore, 2015) critical thinking skills,
- Nursing has been recognized to experience, and specialized
have a strong and caring knowledge provide
component exceptional nursing care
- Recent surge of scientific Nurses’ experiences of Autonomy in Various
knowledge and critical thinking Work Situations
- Blend of art and science that - Studies reveal nurses’ experiences of
brings a unique perspective to the autonomy that help shape nursing as a
healthcare dynamic and developing profession
- An essential, given its role in job Both-Nwabuwe et al. (2020)
satisfaction and retention (Maranon, 2019) - Autonomy Experiences of Nurses in
- The authority to make decisions and the Iran
freedom to act in accordance with one’s - Meaningful Work (MW)
professional knowledge base (Skar, 2010) - offers fine-tuned propositions
- An understanding of autonomy is needed: regarding how different types of
- To clarify and develop the nursing autonomy influence different
profession in rapidly-changing dimensions of MW.
healthcare environment - Suitable for the contemporary work
- Internationally, there is a environment of nurses
concern about how the core - The authors enacted 3 types of
elements of nursing are autonomy and proposed these
taken care of with focusing different types of autonomy while
on expansion and related to each other, uniquely
extension of specialist influence different dimensions of
nursing roles meaningful work
- Nurses can exercises - The theoretical framework offers
professional judgement to healthcare organizations a
make care decisions that roadmap in granting specific forms
best meet the needs of of autonomy to cultivate the MW
patients and enables them experience and its associated
to engage in matters positive work outcomes such as
related to quality, patient job satisfaction
Maranon et al (2020)
PatimaFayla and emp
 - Nursing autonomy is an object of ongoing better quality of care be achieved if we
debate, knowing how the next generation ensure the professional autonomy of
of nurses could see autonomy as nurses
essential course - Healthcare authorities and hospital
- The aim of this research is to understand managers should provide the framework
how nursing students, at the end of and permit the nurses to practically
their nursing education, view nursing exercise full independence in the
autonomy workplace
- Qualitative study to 3rd year Nursing Sarkoohijabalbarezi et al (2017)
students in Barcelona, Spain using focus - Aimed to investigate the relationship
groups between professional autonomy and
- 3 key themes emerged moral distress among nurses working in
1. Greater autonomy than expected children’s units and Pediatric Intensive
2. Historical increase in professional Care wards
autonomy - Revealed that there was a significant
3. Confusion surrounding autonomy positive relationship between professional
- Students surpassed expectations and autonomy and moral distress in the
awareness of historical increase in intensity and iteration
autonomy bode well for the profession - Professional autonomy predicted:
- Confusion about autonomy may lead to - 18% of changes in the intensity of
false expectations which may cause some moral distress in total
nurses to become frustrated, and even - 25% of iteration in moral distress in
leave the profession total
- Because this process occurs in the Watkins, Hars, and Mareno (2016)
context of growing demand for nurses, - The purpose of this study was to
understanding factors that affect hiring examines relationships between newly
and retention is a priority licensed nurses’ perceived preceptor role
Setoodegan et al (2019) effectiveness, psychological
- Aimed to assess nurses’ lived experiences empowerment, and professional autonomy
of professional autonomy in Shiraz, Iran - Preceptor role effectiveness is linked to
- Autonomy Experiences of Nurses in increased professional autonomy
Iran - Newly licensed registered nurses were
- The results revealed the following themes: found to have moderately high perceived
- Advocacy for patients and nurses preceptor role effectiveness, psychological
- Independence in the workplace empowerment, and professional autonomy
- Involvement in professional - Preceptor role effectiveness has a
decision-making significant role in moderately positive
- Professional accountability relationships with professional autonomy
- The authors state that due to the intense and psychological empowerment
interaction between nurses and patients, a
PatimaFayla and emp
 - There was also a significant relationship - ANA created the Magnet Recognition
found between professional autonomy and Program for healthcare organizations that
psychological empowerment strive for nursing excellence
- Therefore, effective preceptorships are - The program designates magnet
necessary in easing newly licensed RNs’ recognition to organizations worldwide
transition to practice whose nurse leaders have successfully
- Strategies to ensure effective transformed their nursing goals to improve
preceptorships and to enhance the newly patient outcomes
licensed RNs’ transition to practice are - Magnet recognition offers nurses the
proposed education and professional development
Victoria Enns (2015) leading to greater autonomy in nursing
- Studied professional autonomy and work practice
setting as contributing factors to - The ANA has identified 14 characteristics
depression and absenteeism in Canadian of magnet recognition; also known as
nurses forces of magnetism
- Experiencing a major depressive episode - Force 9: Autonomy- Autonomous nursing
in the past 12 months was significantly care- the ability of a nurse to assess and
associated with lower level of autonomy provide nursing actions as appropriate for
and a higher level of absenteeism patient care based on competence,
- Such were associated with the same professional expertise, and knowledge
variables as well as having less control - The nurse is expected to practice
over one’s work schedule autonomously consistent with
Randy Skar (2010) professional standards
- Aimed to illuminate the meaning of a - Independent judgment is expected within
nurse’s experience of autonomy in work the context of interprofessional
situations approaches to patient, resident, or client
- Authority of total patient care, power to care
make decisions in a relationship with the Role of Personal Ethics In the Exercise of
patient and next of kin, and the freedom to Professional Autonomy
make clinical judgements, choices, and - Indispensable
actions seem to be connected to the - Salient aspects of personal ethics that can
meaning of autonomy in the nursing help guide in the application of nursing
practice autonomy:
- The results imply its relevance to clinical 1. Personal ethics in the workplace refers to
practice which suggests that in gaining a person’s beliefs about what is right and
autonomous practice, nurses must be wrong, and guides individuals in the
competent and have the courage to take decisions they make (both in and out the
charge in situations where they are workplace)
responsible - Your unique ethics and how you
Murphy (n.d) handle certain situations in work,
PatimaFayla and emp
 as well as how you grow and situations that they deal with in everyday
develop within your career life
2. Personal ethics influence how nurses - Professional ethics: ethics that a person
behave in challenging situations must adhere to respect of their
- Personal ethics are personal interactions and business dealings in their
principles that a person uses in professional life
making decisions and behaving in - In some cases, personal and professional
both personal and professional ethics may clash and cause a moral
settings conflict
- These ethics influence various - Ex: A doctor may not personally
aspects of a person’s life and help believe that the course of medical
individuals develop their work tx chosen by the patient it the right
ethic, personal and professional one, however, under the code of
goals, and values ethics for a certain professional
- People use their ethics to organization, such doctor must
determine right and wrong, and respect the rights, autonomy, and
influence how someone behaves in freedom of choice of the patient
challenging situations
- Each person’s code of ethics
varies but many people share
common ethics such as honesty
and respect
Importance of Personal Ethics
- Allows leaders to more effectively lead
their teams
- Instill a sense of trust and support in
leaders
- Give individuals a solid basis on which to
determine the most appropriate action in
any given situation
- Improve the decision-making process
- Set a standard of behavior
- Support motivation
- NOTE: everything depends on the holistic
component of that particular leader

Difference Between Personal and Professional

Ethics
- Personal ethics: ethics that the person
identifies with in respect to people and
PatimaFayla and emp