Ai ML - Iit Roorkee

INTRODUCTORY BOOTCAMP TO - ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING
Presented By- IIT ROORKEE Prepared By- RACE of Advance Computing & Education Pvt Ltd.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tutorial
The Artificial Intelligence tutorial provides an introduction to AI which will help you to understand the concepts behind Artificial Intelligence. In this
tutorial, we have also discussed various popular topics such as History of AI, applications of AI, deep learning, machine learning, natural language
processing, Reinforcement learning, Q-learning, Intelligent agents, Various search algorithms, etc.
Our AI tutorial is prepared from an elementary level so you can easily understand the complete tutorial from basic concepts to the high-level
concepts.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with different new technologies day by day.
Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in the world by
making intelligent machines.The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a variety of subfields, ranging from general
to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.
AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to
work as a human.
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power."
So, we can define AI as:
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions."
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems
With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed
algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.
It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per Greek myth, there were Mechanical men in early days which can
work and behave like humans.
Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main
reasons to learn about AI:
o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it. To create
the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination
of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following discipline:
o Mathematics
o Biology
o Psychology
o Sociology
o Computer Science
o Neurons Study
o Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience
or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a
human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-
free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being so advantageous technology still, it has some
disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only
do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind
of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are
losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
Prerequisite
Before learning about Artificial Intelligence, you must have the fundamental knowledge of following so that you can understand the concepts easily:
o Any computer language such as C, C++, Java, Python, etc.(knowledge of Python will be an advantage)
o Knowledge of essential Mathematics such as derivatives, probability theory, etc.
Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems
with an efficient way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more comfortable
and fast.
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it
works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when
patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible
places.
4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm
trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more
safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different
users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction
with customers for better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an
intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but
with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which
can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is
emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful
for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers
to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.
History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even
there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the
journey from the AI generation to till date development.
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model
of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now
called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent
to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist".
This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For
the first time, AI coined as an academic field.
At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the
first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
The first AI winter (1974-1980)
o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt
with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
A boom of AI (1980-1987)
o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making
ability of a human expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as
XCON was very cost effective.
The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world
chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson
had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and
lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays
companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is
inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and based
on functionally of AI. Following is flow diagram which explain the types of AI.
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the
world of Artificial Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail
in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language
processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with
cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars,
speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and
self-awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
DAY- 2
Types of AI Agents
Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and capability. All these agents can improve their
performance and generate better action over the time. These are given below:
o Simple Reflex Agent

o Model-based reflex agent
o Goal-based agents
o Utility-based agent
o Learning agent
1. Simple Reflex agent:

o The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the
percept history.
o These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.
o The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history during their decision and action process.
o The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it
works only if there is dirt in the room.
o Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
o They have very limited intelligence

o They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state
o Mostly too big to generate and to store.
o Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
2. Model-based reflex agent

o The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment, and track the situation.
o A model-based agent has two important factors:
o Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is called a Model-based agent.
o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept history.

o These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on the model they perform actions.
o Updating the agent state requires information about:
a. How the world evolves
b. How the agent's action affects the world.
3. Goal-based agents
o The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide for an agent to what to do.
o The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
o Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the "goal" information.
o They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
o These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not. Such
considerations of different scenario are called searching and planning, which makes an agent proactive.
4. Utility-based agents
o These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra component of utility measurement which makes them different by
providing a measure of success at a given state.
o Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.
o The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to perform the best
action.
o The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each action achieves the goals.
5. Learning Agents
o A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
o It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically through learning.
o A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
a. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning from environment
b. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed
performance standard.
c. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
d. Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.
o Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways to improve the performance.
Agents in Artificial Intelligence

An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment. The agents sense the environment through sensors and act on
their environment through actuators. An AI agent can have mental properties such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.
What is an Agent?
An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the
cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting. An agent can be:
o Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for sensors and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.
o Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for sensors and various motors for actuators.
o Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory input and act on those inputs and display output on the screen.
Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone, camera, and even we are also agents.
Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and actuators.
Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the information to other electronic devices. An agent observes
its environment through sensors.
Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving and
controlling a system. An actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.
Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
Intelligent Agents:
An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment using sensors and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent
may learn from the environment to achieve their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.
Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
o Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

o Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
o Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
o Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
Rational Agent:
A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models uncertainty, and acts in a way to maximize its performance measure with all possible
actions.
A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about creating rational agents to use for game theory and decision theory for various real-
world scenarios.
For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement learning algorithm, for each best possible action, agent gets the
positive reward and for each wrong action, an agent gets a negative reward.
Note: Rational agents in AI are very similar to intelligent agents.

Rationality:
The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure. Rationality can be judged on the basis of following points:
o Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

o Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
o Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
o The sequence of percepts.
Note: Rationality differs from Omniscience because an Omniscient agent knows the actual outcome of its action and act accordingly, which
is not possible in reality.
Structure of an AI Agent
The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent function. The structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of
architecture and agent program. It can be viewed as:
1. Agent = Architecture + Agent program
Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:
Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.
Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.
1. f:P* → A
Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An agent program executes on the physical architecture to produce
function f.
PEAS Representation
PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define an AI agent or rational agent, then we can group its properties under
PEAS representation model. It is made up of four words:
o P: Performance measure
o E: Environment
o A: Actuators
o S: Sensors
Here performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's behavior.
PEAS for self-driving cars:
Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:
Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort
Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian
Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.
Example of Agents with their PEAS representation
Agent Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors
1. Medical Keyboard
o Healthy patient o Patient o Tests
Diagnose (Entry of symptoms)
o Minimized cost o Hospital o Treatments
o Staff
2. Vacuum
o Cleanness o Room o Wheels o Camera
Cleaner
o Efficiency o Table o Brushes o Dirt detection
o Battery life o Wood floor o Vacuum sensor
o Security o Carpet Extractor o Cliff sensor
o Various obstacles o Bump Sensor
o Infrared Wall
Sensor
3. Part -picking
o Percentage of parts in o Conveyor belt o Jointed Arms o Camera
Robot
correct bins. with parts, o Hand o Joint angle
o Bins sensors.
What is artificial intelligence? Case study artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is the theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks normally required by human
intelligence. Some examples of these tasks include speech recognition, visual perception, decision-making, and translation between languages.
In other words, every time you say “Hey Alexa..” you’re using AI. But in what other areas can we find AI in our lives? Take a look at these common
examples you’re bound to already be familiar with:
 Netflix uses AI to determine streaming suggestions based on your viewing history
 Facebook uses all the data you input on the platform, from the videos you watch to what you say in your status update, to determine
which advertisements you might be interested in
 Universities use essay submission software to determine if work has been plagiarized
 Google Maps utilizes ongoing satellite imagery to determine the best route for you to take on a given journey
From the above examples, you can see how artificial intelligence is now less a figment of a mere Sci-Fi novel and something we commonly
interact with in our everyday lives, often without even thinking about it.
But scientists, scholars and innovators are keen to learn more about AI and what it can do on a more complex level.
Human Brain Chips, Elon Musk’s NeuroLink – An AI case study
Scholars have long been interested in how the brain works. Neuroscientists in particular have a vested interest in understanding the human brain,
what makes it tick, and the causes and solutions to common conditions that limit a person’s uses of their brain and bodily functions.
The last two decades has seen significant increased interest in the realm of neurotechnology. In 2008, a monkey with an implant was successfully
able to control a robotic arm to feed itself through activity in the brain, and as a result, in 2012, the first human brain-controlled robotic arm
became a success. In 2017, a paralyzed human was able to control a cursor mentally to type out words and sentences on a computer and in 2018,
that same person was able to use a tablet functionally to browse the web, send emails and play games.
In 2019, Neurolink, a private company founded by famous billionaire and CEO of Tesla, Elon Musk, introduced further advancements in AI brain
technology with a pig named Gertrude.
Gertrude had a wireless device implanted in her brain that was able to monitor a thousand neurons at a time, a significant advancement in
neuroscience technology that could potentially become another tool for understanding the brain, as well as lead to other technological
advancements. Prior to this device, only 300 neurons could be transmitted at a time, therefore this piece of tech was pretty ground-breaking.
From the pig experiment, it became clear to the world that Neurolink was seriously invested in this area of neurotechnology and had the tools
and vision to potentially advance AI beyond what it had been capable of up to that point in time.
“The initial goal of our technology is to help people with paralysis regain independence through the control of computers and mobile devices.”
Neurolink states on their website. “Our devices are therefore currently being designed to one day give people the ability to communicate more
easily via text or speech synthesis, to follow their curiosity on the web, or to express their creativity through photography, art, or writing apps.”
Neurolink.
In April 2021, another marvel was presented to the world by the company in the form of a real live macaque monkey that demonstrated its ability
to play a video game called Mind-Pong using only brain power thanks to their new N1 device and pager. The monkey was able to play the game
successfully with only its mind.
This communication from the brain to the screen was made possible through a small device and pager implanted into the monkey’s brain that
essentially translated the primate’s synaptic input to initiate an action. In other words, the device was able to tell the technology what to do
based on the messages received from the monkey’s brain activity. Sounds like science fiction right?
Neuroscientist Dr Paul Nuyujukian stated that “there was definitely a lot of clever engineering that went into that. To build a device, that can
transmit 2,048 electrodes worth of spiking information.. Over a radio, wirelessly…When you have that many channels the performance that you
should be able to get should be eclipse what we’ve been able to do in the academic field.”
On the flip side of the advancement, however, many animal rights activists have called into question the ethics of implanting the device into the
brains of innocent animals, many of whom have petitioned to the US government to see an end to Nuerolinks animal testing. The essential
question here perhaps is – Is it ever okay to experiment on animals to advance the human condition?
Despite the backlash received from animal rights activists, the video marked an important milestone in neurotechnology, in just one small device
capable of receiving and sending brain signals like never before.
The next step for Neurolink is to be able to start clinical trials whereby humans will become the experimental subjects. The N1 is currently
awaiting FDA approval before it can be tested on humans. If Neurolink does get accepted for human trials, the implanting of it into the human
brain will involve major, invasive neurosurgery that doesn’t come without risk. This type of surgery requires a patient to have a hole drilled into
their skull and have the device implanted into the surface of their brain. Infection, bleeding and tissue damage are all common risks of this type
of surgery.
If the clinical trials work and the N1 is successful, the potential to improve patients’ lives who suffer from conditions such as Parkinson’s, epilepsy,
dementia and even psychiatric diseases, is abundantly clear, though not without risk.
Will Neurolink eventually succeed in creating a nation of essentially cyborg humans? Will these advances improve human life for the better? Who
knows. I suppose we’ll just have to wait and see…
DAY- 3
Machine Learning
Machine Learning Tutorial
The Machine Learning Tutorial covers both the fundamentals and more complex ideas of machine learning. Students and professionals in the
workforce can benefit from our machine learning tutorial.
A rapidly developing field of technology, machine learning allows computers to automatically learn from previous data. For building mathematical
models and making predictions based on historical data or information, machine learning employs a variety of algorithms. It is currently being used
for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition, email filtering, auto-tagging on Facebook, a recommender system, and image recognition.
You will learn about the many different methods of machine learning, including reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and unsupervised
learning, in this machine learning tutorial. Regression and classification models, clustering techniques, hidden Markov models, and various
sequential models will all be covered.
What is Machine Learning

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their experiences with their learning capability, and we have
computers or machines which work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data like a human does? So here
comes the role of Machine Learning.
Introduction to Machine Learning
A subset of artificial intelligence known as machine learning focuses primarily on the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to independently
learn from data and previous experiences. Arthur Samuel first used the term "machine learning" in 1959. It could be summarized as follows:
Without being explicitly programmed, machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve performance from
experiences, and predict things.
Machine learning algorithms create a mathematical model that, without being explicitly programmed, aids in making predictions or decisions with
the assistance of sample historical data, or training data. For the purpose of developing predictive models, machine learning brings together
statistics and computer science. Algorithms that learn from historical data are either constructed or utilized in machine learning. The performance
will rise in proportion to the quantity of information we provide.
A machine can learn if it can gain more data to improve its performance.
How does Machine Learning work

A machine learning system builds prediction models, learns from previous data, and predicts the output of new data whenever it receives it. The
amount of data helps to build a better model that accurately predicts the output, which in turn affects the accuracy of the predicted output.
Let's say we have a complex problem in which we need to make predictions. Instead of writing code, we just need to feed the data to generic
algorithms, which build the logic based on the data and predict the output. Our perspective on the issue has changed as a result of machine
learning. The Machine Learning algorithm's operation is depicted in the following block diagram:
Features of Machine Learning:

o Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.
o It can learn from past data and improve automatically.

o It is a data-driven technology.
o Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge amount of the data.
Need for Machine Learning

The demand for machine learning is steadily rising. Because it is able to perform tasks that are too complex for a person to directly implement,
machine learning is required. Humans are constrained by our inability to manually access vast amounts of data; as a result, we require computer
systems, which is where machine learning comes in to simplify our lives.
By providing them with a large amount of data and allowing them to automatically explore the data, build models, and predict the required output,
we can train machine learning algorithms. The cost function can be used to determine the amount of data and the machine learning algorithm's
performance. We can save both time and money by using machine learning.
The significance of AI can be handily perceived by its utilization's cases, Presently, AI is utilized in self-driving vehicles, digital misrepresentation
identification, face acknowledgment, and companion idea by Facebook, and so on. Different top organizations, for example, Netflix and Amazon
have constructed AI models that are utilizing an immense measure of information to examine the client interest and suggest item likewise.
Following are some key points which show the importance of Machine Learning:
o Rapid increment in the production of data

o Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human
o Decision making in various sector including finance
o Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.
Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:
1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning
1) Supervised Learning
In supervised learning, sample labeled data are provided to the machine learning system for training, and the system then predicts the output
based on the training data.
The system uses labeled data to build a model that understands the datasets and learns about each one. After the training and processing are
done, we test the model with sample data to see if it can accurately predict the output.
The mapping of the input data to the output data is the objective of supervised learning. The managed learning depends on oversight, and it is
equivalent to when an understudy learns things in the management of the educator. Spam filtering is an example of supervised learning.
Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:
o Classification
o Regression
2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any supervision.
The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled, classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on
that data without any supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new features or a group of objects with
similar patterns.
In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to find useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be
further classifieds into two categories of algorithms:
o Clustering
o Association
3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for
each wrong action. The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In reinforcement learning, the agent interacts
with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.
The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an example of Reinforcement learning.
Note: We will learn about the above types of machine learning in detail in later chapters.
History of Machine Learning

Before some years (about 40-50 years), machine learning was science fiction, but today it is the part of our daily life. Machine learning is making
our day to day life easy from self-driving cars to Amazon virtual assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind machine learning is so old and has
a long history. Below some milestones are given which have occurred in the history of machine learning:
The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):
o 1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device that could be programmed with punch cards. However, the machine was
never built, but all modern computers rely on its logical structure.
o 1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and execute a set of instructions.
The era of stored program computers:
o 1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which was the first electronic general-purpose computer. After that stored
program computer such as EDSAC in 1949 and EDVAC in 1951 were invented.
o 1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In 1950, the scientists started applying their idea to work and analyzed
how human neurons might work.
Computer machinery and intelligence:
o 1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and Intelligence," on the topic of artificial intelligence. In his paper, he
asked, "Can machines think?"
Machine intelligence in Games:
o 1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a program that helped an IBM computer to play a checkers game. It performed
better more it played.
o 1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.
The first "AI" winter:
o The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML researchers, and this duration was called as AI winter.
o In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people had reduced their interest from AI, which led to reduced funding by the government
to the researches.
Machine Learning from theory to reality
o 1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to remove echoes over phone lines using an adaptive filter.
o 1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural network NETtalk, which was able to teach itself how to correctly pronounce
20,000 words in one week.
o 1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the chess expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which
had beaten a human chess expert.
Machine Learning at 21st century

2006:
o Geoffrey Hinton and his group presented the idea of profound getting the hang of utilizing profound conviction organizations.
o The Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) was launched by Amazon to provide scalable computing resources that made it easier to create and implement machine
learning models.
2007:
o Participants were tasked with increasing the accuracy of Netflix's recommendation algorithm when the Netflix Prize competition began.
o Support learning made critical progress when a group of specialists utilized it to prepare a PC to play backgammon at a top-notch level.
2008:
o Google delivered the Google Forecast Programming interface, a cloud-based help that permitted designers to integrate AI into their applications.
o Confined Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), a kind of generative brain organization, acquired consideration for their capacity to demonstrate complex
information conveyances.
2009:
o Profound learning gained ground as analysts showed its viability in different errands, including discourse acknowledgment and picture grouping.
o The expression "Large Information" acquired ubiquity, featuring the difficulties and open doors related with taking care of huge datasets.
2010:
o The ImageNet Huge Scope Visual Acknowledgment Challenge (ILSVRC) was presented, driving progressions in PC vision, and prompting the advancement
of profound convolutional brain organizations (CNNs).
2011:
o On Jeopardy! IBM's Watson defeated human champions., demonstrating the potential of question-answering systems and natural language processing.
2012:
o AlexNet, a profound CNN created by Alex Krizhevsky, won the ILSVRC, fundamentally further developing picture order precision and laying out profound
advancing as a predominant methodology in PC vision.
o Google's Cerebrum project, drove by Andrew Ng and Jeff Dignitary, utilized profound figuring out how to prepare a brain organization to perceive felines
from unlabeled YouTube recordings.
2013:
o Ian Goodfellow introduced generative adversarial networks (GANs), which made it possible to create realistic synthetic data.
o Google later acquired the startup DeepMind Technologies, which focused on deep learning and artificial intelligence.
2014:
o Facebook presented the DeepFace framework, which accomplished close human precision in facial acknowledgment.
o AlphaGo, a program created by DeepMind at Google, defeated a world champion Go player and demonstrated the potential of reinforcement learning
in challenging games.
2015:
o Microsoft delivered the Mental Toolbox (previously known as CNTK), an open-source profound learning library.
o The performance of sequence-to-sequence models in tasks like machine translation was enhanced by the introduction of the idea of attention
mechanisms.
2016:
o The goal of explainable AI, which focuses on making machine learning models easier to understand, received some attention.
o Google's DeepMind created AlphaGo Zero, which accomplished godlike Go abilities to play without human information, utilizing just support learning.
2017:
o Move learning acquired noticeable quality, permitting pretrained models to be utilized for different errands with restricted information.
o Better synthesis and generation of complex data were made possible by the introduction of generative models like variational autoencoders (VAEs) and
Wasserstein GANs.
o These are only a portion of the eminent headways and achievements in AI during the predefined period. The field kept on advancing quickly past 2017,
with new leap forwards, strategies, and applications arising.
Machine Learning at present:

The field of machine learning has made significant strides in recent years, and its applications are numerous, including self-driving cars, Amazon
Alexa, Catboats, and the recommender system. It incorporates clustering, classification, decision tree, SVM algorithms, and reinforcement learning,
as well as unsupervised and supervised learning.
Present day AI models can be utilized for making different expectations, including climate expectation, sickness forecast, financial exchange
examination, and so on.
Prerequisites
Before learning machine learning, you must have the basic knowledge of followings so that you can easily understand the concepts of machine
learning:
o Fundamental knowledge of probability and linear algebra.

o The ability to code in any computer language, especially in Python language.
o Knowledge of Calculus, especially derivatives of single variable and multivariate functions.
Audience
Our Machine learning tutorial is designed to help beginner and professionals.
Problems
We assure you that you will not find any difficulty while learning our Machine learning tutorial. But if there is any mistake in this tutorial, kindly post
the problem or error in the contact form so that we can improve it.
Applications of Machine learning

Machine learning is a buzzword for today's technology, and it is growing very rapidly day by day. We are using machine learning in our daily life
even without knowing it such as Google Maps, Google assistant, Alexa, etc. Below are some most trending real-world applications of Machine
Learning:
1. Image Recognition:
Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc.
The popular use case of image recognition and face detection is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion:
Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo with our Facebook friends, then we automatically
get a tagging suggestion with name, and the technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.
It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face," which is responsible for face recognition and person identification in the picture.
2. Speech Recognition
While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech recognition, and it's a popular application of machine learning.
Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech
recognition." At present, machine learning algorithms are widely used by various applications of speech recognition. Google
assistant, Siri, Cortana, and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the voice instructions.
3. Traffic prediction:
If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the correct path with the shortest route and predicts the traffic
conditions.
It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily congested with the help of two ways:
o Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
o Average time has taken on past days at the same time.
Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes information from the user and sends back to its database to
improve the performance.
4. Product recommendations:
Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation
to the user. Whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for the same product while internet
surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning.
Google understands the user interest using various machine learning algorithms and suggests the product as per customer interest.
As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for entertainment series, movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of machine
learning.
5. Self-driving cars:
One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla,
the most popular car manufacturing company is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning method to train the car models to
detect people and objects while driving.
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:

Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and spam. We always receive an important mail in our inbox
with the important symbol and spam emails in our spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some spam filters
used by Gmail:
o Content Filter
o Header filter
o General blacklists filter
o Rules-based filters
o Permission filters
Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve Bayes classifier are used for email spam filtering
and malware detection.
7. Virtual Personal Assistant:

We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri. As the name suggests, they help us in finding the
information using our voice instruction. These assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice instructions such as Play music, call someone,
Open an email, Scheduling an appointment, etc.
These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an important part.
These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and decode it using ML algorithms and act accordingly.
8. Online Fraud Detection:

Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting fraud transaction. Whenever we perform some online transaction,
there may be various ways that a fraudulent transaction can take place such as fake accounts, fake ids, and steal money in the middle of a
transaction. So to detect this, Feed Forward Neural network helps us by checking whether it is a genuine transaction or a fraud transaction.
For each genuine transaction, the output is converted into some hash values, and these values become the input for the next round. For each
genuine transaction, there is a specific pattern which gets change for the fraud transaction hence, it detects it and makes our online transactions
more secure.
9. Stock Market trading:

Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there is always a risk of up and downs in shares, so for this machine
learning's long short term memory neural network is used for the prediction of stock market trends.
10. Medical Diagnosis:

In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses. With this, medical technology is growing very fast and able to build 3D models
that can predict the exact position of lesions in the brain.
It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related diseases easily.
11. Automatic Language Translation:

Nowadays, if we visit a new place and we are not aware of the language then it is not a problem at all, as for this also machine learning helps us by
converting the text into our known languages. Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine Translation) provide this feature, which is a Neural Machine
Learning that translates the text into our familiar language, and it called as automatic translation.
The technology behind the automatic translation is a sequence to sequence learning algorithm, which is used with image recognition and translates
the text from one language to another language.
DAY- 4
Machine learning Life cycle
Machine learning has given the computer systems the abilities to automatically learn without being explicitly programmed. But how does a machine
learning system work? So, it can be described using the life cycle of machine learning. Machine learning life cycle is a cyclic process to build an
efficient machine learning project. The main purpose of the life cycle is to find a solution to the problem or project.
Machine learning life cycle involves seven major steps, which are given below:
o Gathering Data
o Data preparation
o Data Wrangling
o Analyse Data
o Train the model
o Test the model
o Deployment
The most important thing in the complete process is to understand the problem and to know the purpose of the problem. Therefore, before starting
the life cycle, we need to understand the problem because the good result depends on the better understanding of the problem.
In the complete life cycle process, to solve a problem, we create a machine learning system called "model", and this model is created by providing
"training". But to train a model, we need data, hence, life cycle starts by collecting data.
1. Gathering Data:
Data Gathering is the first step of the machine learning life cycle. The goal of this step is to identify and obtain all data-related problems.
In this step, we need to identify the different data sources, as data can be collected from various sources such as files, database, internet, or mobile
devices. It is one of the most important steps of the life cycle. The quantity and quality of the collected data will determine the efficiency of the
output. The more will be the data, the more accurate will be the prediction.
This step includes the below tasks:
o Identify various data sources

o Collect data
o Integrate the data obtained from different sources
By performing the above task, we get a coherent set of data, also called as a dataset. It will be used in further steps.
2. Data preparation
After collecting the data, we need to prepare it for further steps. Data preparation is a step where we put our data into a suitable place and prepare
it to use in our machine learning training.
In this step, first, we put all data together, and then randomize the ordering of data.
This step can be further divided into two processes:
o Data exploration:
It is used to understand the nature of data that we have to work with. We need to understand the characteristics, format, and quality of data.
A better understanding of data leads to an effective outcome. In this, we find Correlations, general trends, and outliers.
o Data pre-processing:
Now the next step is preprocessing of data for its analysis.
3. Data Wrangling
Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format. It is the process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable
to use, and transforming the data in a proper format to make it more suitable for analysis in the next step. It is one of the most important steps of
the complete process. Cleaning of data is required to address the quality issues.
It is not necessary that data we have collected is always of our use as some of the data may not be useful. In real-world applications, collected data
may have various issues, including:
o Missing Values
o Duplicate data
o Invalid data
o Noise
So, we use various filtering techniques to clean the data.
It is mandatory to detect and remove the above issues because it can negatively affect the quality of the outcome.
4. Data Analysis
Now the cleaned and prepared data is passed on to the analysis step. This step involves:
o Selection of analytical techniques

o Building models
o Review the result
The aim of this step is to build a machine learning model to analyze the data using various analytical techniques and review the outcome. It starts
with the determination of the type of the problems, where we select the machine learning techniques such as Classification, Regression, Cluster
analysis, Association, etc. then build the model using prepared data, and evaluate the model.
Hence, in this step, we take the data and use machine learning algorithms to build the model.
5. Train Model
Now the next step is to train the model, in this step we train our model to improve its performance for better outcome of the problem.
We use datasets to train the model using various machine learning algorithms. Training a model is required so that it can understand the various
patterns, rules, and, features.
6. Test Model
Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we test the model. In this step, we check for the accuracy of our model
by providing a test dataset to it.
Testing the model determines the percentage accuracy of the model as per the requirement of project or problem.
7. Deployment
The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model in the real-world system.
If the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our requirement with acceptable speed, then we deploy the model in the real
system. But before deploying the project, we will check whether it is improving its performance using available data or not. The deployment phase
is similar to making the final report for a project.
Difference between Artificial intelligence and Machine learning

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are the part of computer science that are correlated with each other. These two technologies are the
most trending technologies which are used for creating intelligent systems.
Although these are two related technologies and sometimes people use them as a synonym for each other, but still both are the two different
terms in various cases.
On a broad level, we can differentiate both AI and ML as:
AI is a bigger concept to create intelligent machines that can simulate human thinking capability and behavior, whereas, machine learning is an application
or subset of AI that allows machines to learn from data without being programmed explicitly.
Below are some main differences between AI and machine learning along with the overview of Artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science which makes a computer system that can mimic human intelligence. It is comprised of two words
"Artificial" and "intelligence", which means "a human-made thinking power." Hence we can define it as,
Artificial intelligence is a technology using which we can create intelligent systems that can simulate human intelligence.
The Artificial intelligence system does not require to be pre-programmed, instead of that, they use such algorithms which can work with their own
intelligence. It involves machine learning algorithms such as Reinforcement learning algorithm and deep learning neural networks. AI is being used
in multiple places such as Siri, Google?s AlphaGo, AI in Chess playing, etc.
Based on capabilities, AI can be classified into three types:
o Weak AI
o General AI
o Strong AI
Currently, we are working with weak AI and general AI. The future of AI is Strong AI for which it is said that it will be intelligent than humans.
Machine learning
Machine learning is about extracting knowledge from the data. It can be defined as,
Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which enables machines to learn from past data or experiences without being explicitly programmed.
Machine learning enables a computer system to make predictions or take some decisions using historical data without being explicitly programmed.
Machine learning uses a massive amount of structured and semi-structured data so that a machine learning model can generate accurate result or
give predictions based on that data.
Machine learning works on algorithm which learn by it?s own using historical data. It works only for specific domains such as if we are creating a
machine learning model to detect pictures of dogs, it will only give result for dog images, but if we provide a new data like cat image then it will
become unresponsive. Machine learning is being used in various places such as for online recommender system, for Google search algorithms,
Email spam filter, Facebook Auto friend tagging suggestion, etc.
It can be divided into three types:

o Supervised learning
o Reinforcement learning
o Unsupervised learning
Key differences between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine learning (ML):
Artificial Intelligence Machine learning
Artificial intelligence is a technology which enables Machine learning is a subset of AI which allows a machine to
a machine to simulate human behavior. automatically learn from past data without programming
explicitly.
The goal of AI is to make a smart computer system The goal of ML is to allow machines to learn from data so that
like humans to solve complex problems. they can give accurate output.
In AI, we make intelligent systems to perform any In ML, we teach machines with data to perform a particular task
task like a human. and give an accurate result.
Machine learning and deep learning are the two Deep learning is a main subset of machine learning.
main subsets of AI.
AI has a very wide range of scope. Machine learning has a limited scope.
AI is working to create an intelligent system which Machine learning is working to create machines that can perform
can perform various complex tasks. only those specific tasks for which they are trained.
AI system is concerned about maximizing the Machine learning is mainly concerned about accuracy and
chances of success. patterns.
The main applications of AI are Siri, customer The main applications of machine learning are Online
support using catboats, Expert System, Online recommender system, Google search algorithms, Facebook
game playing, intelligent humanoid robot, etc. auto friend tagging suggestions, etc.
On the basis of capabilities, AI can be divided into Machine learning can also be divided into mainly three types that
three types, which are, Weak AI, General AI, are Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning,
and Strong AI. and Reinforcement learning.
It includes learning, reasoning, and self-correction. It includes learning and self-correction when introduced with
new data.
AI completely deals with Structured, semi- Machine learning deals with Structured and semi-structured
structured, and unstructured data. data.
DAY- 5
Buffer Day / Doubt Session
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INTRODUCTORY BOOTCAMP TO - ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tutorial

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

So, we can define AI as:

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Replicate human intelligence

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

7. AI in Travel & Transport

History of Artificial Intelligence

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

Types of Artificial Intelligence:

AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

o Simple Reflex Agent

1. Simple Reflex agent:

o They have very limited intelligence

2. Model-based reflex agent

o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept history.

Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

o Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

Note: Rational agents in AI are very similar to intelligent agents.

o Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

1. Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

PEAS for self-driving cars:

Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort

Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian

Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn

Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.

Example of Agents with their PEAS representation

Agent Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors

o Security o Carpet Extractor o Cliff sensor

o Various obstacles o Bump Sensor

What is artificial intelligence? Case study artificial intelligence

 Netflix uses AI to determine streaming suggestions based on your viewing history

Human Brain Chips, Elon Musk’s NeuroLink – An AI case study

What is Machine Learning

Introduction to Machine Learning

How does Machine Learning work

Features of Machine Learning:

o It can learn from past data and improve automatically.

Need for Machine Learning

o Rapid increment in the production of data

Classification of Machine Learning

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

History of Machine Learning

The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):

The era of stored program computers:

Computer machinery and intelligence:

Machine intelligence in Games:

The first "AI" winter: