ALANYA HEP UNIVERSITY

2021-2022 ACADEMIC YEAR

FALL TERM
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

USE OF ENGLISH – B1
(GRAMMAR PACK)

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 WEEK 11 (B1 Unit 1)

PART 1 - WORD ORDER IN QUESTIONS

VERB TO BE
WH VERB TO BE SUBJECT …
Q Am I with you?
U
Is your name Ellen?
ES
YES /
TI NO
X
Is Kate a nurse?
O
N Are the boys home?
S

Who is she?
What is her name?
WH
When is your birthday?
Where are you from?

I. Read the answers and complete the questions.

1. Waiter: _________ with him, madam? 2. A: _________ the man next to your
Customer: Yes, I am. mother?
B: He is my uncle.

3. A: _________ the film about? 4. A: _________ the manager available now?

B: It is about a boy without any friends. B: No he isn’t. I am sorry.

5. A: _________ with me in this? 6. A: _________ your brother Johannes?

B: Yes, I am. You can count on me! B: He is outside with the dog.

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 QUESTIONS WITH VERBS
WH SUBJECT Main verb OBJECT
Do you like soup?
QUE YES
STIO /
NO
X Does
Are
Is
she
they
Diana
work
going
coming
in a bank?
to school by car?
with us?
NS What does it mean?
is he doing?

When do you come and see me?

are getting married?

Why do you go to work every day?

are leaving right now?
WH
Where does she/he live?
is going now?

What time do we arrive home?

are signing the contract?

How often does Mark play football?

II. Complete the questions with suitable words.

Questions
1 _________ a brother or sister?
2 _____ she ____________ with us?
3 ___________ want to join us?
4 __________ we working on this project now?
5 _________________ the meeting end?
Answers
Yes, I have two sisters and one brother.
No, she isn’t.
No, she doesn’t. She has a lot of work to do.
Because it is more important than others.
I am not sure. Probably at eleven o’clock.

III. Read the answers and make questions. Use the words in bold to help you.

1. A: ______________________________ ? 2. A: ______________________________?
B: My favorite actor is Julia Roberts. B: No, it isn’t. This dog isn’t mine. It’s Tim’s.

3. A: ______________________________? 4. A: ______________________________?
B: No, I am not ready. You can go. I'll join you B: No, I live alone.
later.

5. A: ______________________________? 6. A: ______________________________?
B: I always get to school at 8.30. B: No, I am not. You can have the book.

7. A: ______________________________? 8. A: ______________________________?
B: We’re studying because we have a test B: I know you are hungry. We are almost there. It
tomorrow. is on your left

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 PART 2 - Simple Present vs. Present Continuous Tense

USE OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE USE OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(+) SUBJECT + V(s) (+) SUBJECT + AM/IS/ARE + Ving
(-) SUBJECT + DO/DOES + NOT + V (-) SUBJECT + AM/IS/ARE + NOT + Ving
(?) DO/DOES + SUBJECT + V (?) AM/IS/ARE + SUBJECT + Ving

We use the present simple tense for the following We use the present simple tense for the
situations: following situations:
1. to describe permanent or long-term facts. .
1. for things that are happening at the moment
Jane has two daughters and a son of speaking.
2. to describe habits and routines. I am studying at the moment.
I get up at 7 am every day.
2. for other kinds of temporary situations.
3. to express general preferences and opinions.
I am working in this job for now, but I am
Lions live in Africa. / Jane loves music.
planning to change it.
4. to refer to the schedule of transport or events.

Our flight leaves at 12:30

IV. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in the box.

1. Susan usually _________ (go) to school by bus, but now she _______________ (go) to school by train.

2. Mary often __________ (read) in bed, but today she is very tired and she _____________ (not / read).

3. The boys usually ________ (ride) their bikes to school. They __________________ (like / ride) their
bikes. They ______ (be) very naughty. They always ________ (go) to school late. Today their teacher ____
(be) very angry, because they are (be) late again.

4. Mary ______________ (like / eat) sweets. Every morning she ______________ (have) coffee with a lot
of sweets and chocolate. For lunch she and her friends often ______________ (eat) sweets or ice-cream.
She ______________ (not / like / eat) fruit or vegetables. She never ______________ (eat / never) eggs
or cheese. Today she ______________ (be) sick. She ______________ (sleep) in her room now.

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!Non-continuous Verbs!

Non-continuous verbs are verbs that we do not normally use with continuous tenses. These "stative"
verbs are about state, not action, and they cannot express the continuous or progressive aspect. Here are
some of the most common non-continuous verbs:

Non-continuous verbs are :

believe - hear - matter - prefer - think - care - know - mean - remember - understand - cost -
like - need - see - want - have - love - own - seem

V. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box.

never celebrate / believe / know / put up / go (x2) / think / look / love / not understand/ care / not see

1. I ___________ if she comes or not.

2. We ___________ round to her house at eight o'clock this evening.
3. Jenny ___________ her birthday, but this one is special because she's thirty!
4. After class today I ___________ into town to buy her a present.
5. I ___________ I'll get her some CDs. I ___________ she loves music more than anything in the
world.
6. Sheila ___________ going shopping.
7. Look! The boys ___________ a tent.
8. Sometimes I ___________ what she is saying.
9. My sister says they ___________ at us but I ___________ them anywhere.
10. I ___________ you because you are lying all the time.

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 PART 3 - Future Tenses
1. Be going to & Will / Won’t
USES OF ‘BE GOING TO’ HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:

SUBJECT + (am/is/are)/ GOING TO + V1 They are going to move to Manchester. (plan)

AM/IS/ARE GOING TO + SUBJECT + V1 ?
SUBJECT + (am/is/are)+ NOT + GOING TO + V1
⮚ Plans
⮚ Future arrangement
She is not going to help us because she has work to
do.
I am going to fly to İstanbul tomorrow morning.

USES OF ‘WILL’ HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:

SUBJECT + WILL + V1 I think I will go to bed 5 minutes later. (unplanned

WILL + SUBJECT + V1 ?
decision)
SUBJECT + WILL NOT (WON’T) + V1
⮚ unplanned decision I will not come to the party tomorrow.
⮚ offers and promises I will go and see her next year.

VI. Read the sentences and match them with appropriate replies.

1. I don’t understand this. ___ a) Yes, I promise I won't tell anyone.

2. Can you pick me up at 6pm please? ___ b) I’ll help you.
3. That’s a nice photo. ___ c) I’ll send it to you.
4. Will you join us? ___ d) Sorry, I can’t. I will work on my project
5. The cake looks delicious. ___ e) Of course, I’ll be there.
6. Can I tell you a secret? ___ f) I’ll share with you if you like.

VII. Complete the dialogues with “be going to” or “will”.

1. A: Have you got any plans for tomorrow?
2. A: Why is she learning Spanish?
3. A: We are thirsty.
4. A: Meat or fish?
5. A: What do you want the keys for?
B: Yes, I ________ visit my grandparents.
B: She _________ travel to Spain.
B: Wait here. I _________ get some water.
B: I _______ have some fish, please.
B: I __________ close the door.

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We use will:
To make a prediction, to say what we believe will happen in the future. We usually use it with expressions
such as I think, I believe, I bet, I am sure, I suppose, I hope or adverbs such as probably, perhaps, possibly,
certainly, etc.
I don't think she will come with us.
I’m sure she’ll pass the exam.
I’ll probably be at school early tomorrow morning.

II. Present Continuous in Future Meaning

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
We use the present continuous in the future:
- When we are talking about what we have already arranged to do.
What are you doing tomorrow evening?
I am not going anything specific. / I am going to the theatre.
Are you playing football tomorrow?
- There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some
preparation has already happened.
I'm meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.
I am leaving tomorrow. = and I've already bought my train ticket.
- The time is nearly always given and is usually in the immediate future.
He is playing in the concert tonight.
We are meeting him after the performance.

III. The Future Summary

Form Use Example

- Prediction I’m sure you’ll enjoy the film.
- Instantaneous or They’re here. I’ll open the door.
will spontaneous decision I’ll help you with your homework.

- Future plan They’re are going to get married soon.

be going to
am/is/ are + V-ing
(present continuous)
- Intention
- Events that have already I’m seeing David tomorrow.
been arranged (with future
time expressions)

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VIII. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given words.
1. Tomorrow they ___________________ to New York. (drive)
2. I hope the weather ___________________ nice. (be)
3. I offered him this job. I think he ___________________ it. (take)
4. I promise I ___________________ anyone this secret. (tell)
5. They ___________________ to Seattle for their next summer holiday. (fly)
6. I ___________________ 50 people to the party and I hope everyone will come. (invite)
7. That exercise looks difficult. I ___________ you. (help)
8. ________ he _____________ to the football match tomorrow? (go)
9. Are you sure they ___________________ the match? (win)

IX. Complete the sentences with the correct words in the box.

patient, getting, patient , harder, improving , ambitious, qualification , better , degree, taking , worse ,
university

1. Everybody should have the opportunity to do a __________ and graduate from ___________.
2. If you want to get a good ____________ in German, you need to study in Germany or Austria.
3. Micheal is such a hard-working and ______________ student that he always gets the best grades
in exams.
4. The most stressful and challenging thing about university is _______________ exams.
5. People’s diets are __________________ thanks to better education.
6. Children’s behaviour at school is getting ___________ because of ‘relaxed’ parents, a report says.
7. A recent survey shows that unfortunately it is getting ___________ for young people to find a job.
8. The chance of finding alien life is _____________ harder because of amazing new technology.
9. He has to listen to and find solutions to the problems of customers the whole day on the phone,
but he is a very ________ and calm person. He never complains about his job even after a hard
day.

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 WEEK 12 (B1 Unit 2)
PART 1 - Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS

USE ● Past Simple is used to describe
completed events and actions.
FORM + S + V2.
- S + didn’t + V1.
? (Q Words) Did + S + V1?
e.g. + I met some people at the party.
- She didn’t have breakfast today.
? Did they see Barney last night?
When did you go to Istanbul?
Time yesterday, last night/ year/ month etc., in
Expressions &
2010, two hours/ five days, etc. ago,
Linkers
when, while
● Past Continuous is used for an action or
situation in progress at or around a time in
the past.
● It is often used to give background to a
story.
● It is used with the past simple when one
action interrupts another.
S + was/ were + Ving
S + wasn’t/ weren’t + Ving
(Q Words) Was/ Were + S + Ving?
We were living in Rome when we met.
It wasn’t raining when we left.
How long were you waiting for the bus?
Was she sleeping when you arrived home?
while, when, all morning/ evening/ night etc.

I. Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.

Yesterday Alice and Oscar were sitting in the library. Alice (1) __________ (do) his homework, but

Oscar (2) __________ (not/ study). He (3) __________ (stare) out the window. Alice (4)

__________(want) to know what Oscar (5) __________ (look) at. Oscar (6) __________ (point) to the

skateboarder. He (7) __________ (say) that he was amazing. Alice (8) __________ (offer) to teach him

some skateboarding basics.

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II. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

When I started school, the other children (1) _______ at me because I was shorter than they were
and I wasn't very pretty. I (2) ________ a lot and was the second tallest girl in my whole class when school
was over.

Some years later, I (3) ________ law at the university when a friend suggested that I should take
up modeling. I was surprised, because I (4) _______ of myself as being attractive before, but she
disagreed. Like many of my university companions, she got a part-time job and (5) ________ in the
evenings as a part-time model for one of the big agencies. When I left university, I (6) ______ to join her.

Since then, I (7) ________ as a fashion model and I love it a lot. I (8) ______ all over the world for
the big fashion magazines and I have already had many great experiences.

Recently, though, I (9) ________the autobiography of a famous model. She writes about the
difficulties that older models are facing and now I (10) _______more worried about my future. Should I
change my career? I have always liked the idea of acting and at the moment I (11) ________ of having
lessons.

1. a. have always laughed b. always laugh c. were always laughing d. always laugh
2. a. grew b. have grown c. was growing d. grow
3. a. studied b. was studying c. have studied d. am studying
4. a. have never thought b. was never thinking c. am never thinking d. never thought
5. a. was working b. had been working c. has worked d. is working
6. a. have decided b. had decided c. decided d. decide
7. a. have worked b. am working c. was working d. work
8. a. travelled b. am travelling c. was travelling d. travelling
9. a. have read b. was reading c. read d. reading
10. a. be getting b. am getting c. got d. had got
11. a. thought b. was thinking c. am thinking d. have thought

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 PART 2 - Used to
If something used to happen= it happened in the past repetitively. It no longer happens.

I / you / we / they used to be

he / she / it work
have etc.

● When I was a child I used to like chocolate.

● I used to read a lot of books, but I don’t read much these days.
● They used to live in the same street as us, so we used to see them a lot. But we don’t see them
very often these days.

I
you didn’t / did not use to be
e work
they have
he / she / it play …etc.
I use to be ?
Did you work
we have
they play …etc.
he / she / it

● When I was a child, I didn’t use to like tomatoes.

● Where did you use to live before you came here?

III. Complete the sentences using the correct form of “used to” with verbs in the box.

put on / play / have (X3) / be (X2) / do / go

1. Women’s clothes in the past _______________ uncomfortable. Now, it isn’t.

2. My mum _______________ high heels whenever she went out.
3. When I was at the seaside, I _______________ swimming every morning.
4. My family was poor and we _______________ expensive clothes when I was young.
5. I _______________ slimmer when I was a kid.
6. My friends and I _______________ a lot of things that the children don’t do today.
7. We _______________ dolls and toys, we _______________ computers.
8. ___ you ________________ in the street when you were a child?
****************************

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 PART 3 - Too & Enough, So & Such….that

TOO ENOUGH

● “Too” means more than needed. ● “Enough” means sufficient.

1. SUBJECT + VERB + TOO + ADJ 1. SUBJECT + VERB ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
* The tea is too hot. I can’t drink it. OR * The place is big enough for us.
* My tea is too hot to drink. * I can’t run far. I am not fit enough.
* She is too young to drive a car. * It is not warm enough to swim.

2. SUBJECT + VERB + TOO MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE 2. SUBJECT + VERB + ENOUGH

NOUN * Let’s go. We have waited long enough.
*The cake is very sweet. It has too much sugar in it.
3. SUBJECT + VERB + ENOUGH +
3. SUBJECT + VERB + TOO MANY + COUNTABLE NOUN (COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE) NOUN
*There are too many people in the bus. There is nowhere to * I have enough money. We don’t need anymore.
sit in. * There weren’t enough chairs.

IV. Rewrite the sentences with ‘too’ or ‘enough’ without changing the meaning.

1. We couldn’t carry the boxes. They were too heavy.

___________________________________________
2. I can’t drink this coffee. It is too hot.
___________________________________________
3. I don’t watch football. It isn’t interesting enough for me.
___________________________________________
4. I can’t explain it. It is too complicated.
___________________________________________
5. We can’t climb the wall. It is too high.
___________________________________________

V. Complete the sentences with the correct words in the box.

not enough enough too much much too many too many

1. There are _______________________ cleaners in our office. They need to employ more.
2. I don’t like spending _______________________ time doing my homework.
3. _______________________ people believe in everything shown on television. They should
spend less time in front of the TV.
4. I don’t eat _______________________ fish, but I know it’s good for me. I should try to eat more.
5. I think footballers earn too _______________________ money.
6. There are _______________________ accidents on the roads lately.

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SO SUCH... THAT

SO ………… THAT SUCH ……….THAT

so + adj/ adv that + Sentence such + (a/an) + adj + noun + Sentence

* The story was so studid that I didn’t go on
reading.
* The weather was so nice that we spent the
whole day on the beach.
* The children were so naughty that everybody
complained about them.
* It was such a stupid story that I didn’t go on
reading.
* It was such nice weather that we spent the
whole day on the beach.
* They were such naughty children that
everybody complained about them.

VI. Make one sentence from two. Use ‘so….. that’ or ‘such….. that’

1. Anna worked hard. a. We could hear it from miles away.

2. It was a wonderful day. b. You would think it was her native language.
3. I was exhausted. c. We spent the whole day indoors.
4. We had a good time on summer holiday. d. She made herself ill.
5. Gözde speaks Spanish well. e. I couldn’t keep my eyes open.
6. I’ve got a lot to do. f. I didn’t eat anything else for the rest of the
7. The music was loud. day.
8. I had a big breakfast. g. We decided to go to the beach.
9. It was horrible weather. h. I didn’t know what to say.
10. I was surprised. i. I don’t know where to begin.
j. We didn’t want to come home

1. _____She worked so hard that she made herself ill.______

2. _____It was such a wonderful day that we decided to go to the beach. _____
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________
9. _______________________________________________________________
10. _______________________________________________________________

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VII. Rewrite the sentences with the given words without changing the meaning.

1. He was too old to apply for the job. (ENOUGH)

______________________________________________________________________________
2. We couldn't talk because she was so stressed. (SO)
______________________________________________________________________________
3. His holidays were quite long. He could recover from stress completely. (ENOUGH)
______________________________________________________________________________
4. He is very indifferent, so he always forgets what to do. (SUCH)
______________________________________________________________________________
5. They aren’t very cheerful to watch the live match. (ENOUGH)
______________________________________________________________________________
6. We can’t go out today because it is very cold. (TOO)
______________________________________________________________________________
7. We had to wait two hours because the queue for petrol was so long. (SUCH)
______________________________________________________________________________
8. They were very positive about earning money in the business. (ENOUGH)
______________________________________________________________________________
9. The bridge was very low, thus the bus couldn't go under it. (SO)
______________________________________________________________________________

10. It wasn't safe enough to ski on the soft melting snow. (TOO)
______________________________________________________________________________

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 PART 4 - Linking Words

EXAMPLES

RESULT So It was late, so I decided to take a taxi home.

Consequently / As a result / His wife left him. As a result/Therefore, he became

Therefore very depressed.

CAUSE AND Because / Since / As We cancelled the picnic because it was raining.
REASON
Because of / Due to As/Since we arrived late, all the best seats had been
taken.

We were unable to go by train because of the rail

strike.

CONTRAST Although / Even though / But Although the car is old, it is still reliable.

Despite / In spite of Despite / In spite of the rain, I went for a walk.

However / Nevertheless Buying a house is expensive. However/ Neverthless, it

is a good investment.

ADDITION And I don't feel like going out tonight. Besides, there is a
good film on.
In addition / Furthermore /
Moreover / Besides She writes novels. In addition, she also writes poetry.

In addition There was little chance of success; nevertheless, they

decided to perform the surgery.

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VIII. Rewrite the sentences with the given word without changing the meaning.

1. Bill lived in Spain for six years, he spoke Spanish fluently. (and)

___________________________________________________.
2. I don´t know Helen very much. Nevertheless, I like her. (although )

___________________________________________________.
3. The weather was very hot, so we all felt tired. (because)

___________________________________________________.
4. We are old but we enjoy life. (despite)

___________________________________________________.
5. He speaks Chinese and he can also read it. (furthermore)

___________________________________________________.
6. I worked hard. I didn't get the results I expected. (nevertheless)

___________________________________________________.
7. You don’t feel like doing it but you should visit your aunt. (however)

___________________________________________________.

Part 5 - Adjectives that end in ‘-ed’ & ‘-ing’

Adjectives that end in -ed Adjectives that end in -ing

generally describe emotions – they tell us how
people feel.
● I was so bored in that lesson, I almost
fell asleep.
● He was surprised to see Helen after all
those years.
● She was really tired and went to bed
early.
generally describe the thing that causes the
emotion:
● “A boring lesson makes you feel bored.”
● Have you seen that film? It's really
frightening.
● I could listen to her for hours. She's so
interesting.
● I can't sleep! That noise is really annoying!

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IX. Complete the sentences with the correct words in the box.

amused - disgusting - satisfying – annoyed - depressing - terrifying -

relaxing - bored

a) I had a very good meal. It was_______________________

b) I was very angry when they didn’t answer the phone. I was _______________________

c) The massage took away all my stress. It was _______________________

d) My room was dirty and made me feel sick. It was _______________________

e) The story was very funny and made me laugh. I was _________________________

f) The news was very bad so I felt unhappy. The news was _______________________

g) The film was very long, slow and uninteresting. We got _______________________

h) The children cried when Bambi’s mother was killed. _______________________

X. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraph.

Netspeak is the language that young people use to communicate on the Internet and through text
messages on their mobile phones. Many educators and parents are (1) ___________ that the younger
generation is corrupting English through Netspeak. Language experts, however, claim that Netspeak is not
(2) ____________, but actually helping the language. For one thing, it develops (3) ____________ with
the language, and secondly it is a/an (4) _____________ for more writing. Experts claim that all
generations believe their language is being (5) _____________ by new generations. In reality, languages
do not become bad, but only change. However, linguists say that (6) ____________ writing skills which
are the same across a country should be taught in schools, and that students should know when and
when not to use Netspeak.

1. a. concerned b. attracted c. disappointed d. enjoyed

2. a. reminding b. relaxing c. harming d. creating
3. a. create b. creativity c. creative d. creation
4. a. encouraging b. encouraged c. encourage d. encouragement
5. a. corrupted b. communicated c. created d. designed
6. a. original b. temporary c. standard d. indifferent

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 WEEK 13
(Roadmap B1 Unit 3)
Part 1 -Past Simple, Present Perfect & Present Perfect
Continuous

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE

USE ● The Present Perfect
Simple expresses an
activity that occurred at
an unspecified time (or
times) in the past.
● It is used for an action
which has recently
finished and the result is
visible in the present.
● It is used for the duration
of present situations,
using non-action verbs.
● We use the Present Perfect ● The Simple Past
Continuous to talk about how expresses an
long an activity has been in activity that
progress before now. occurred at a
● It expresses the duration specific time (or
(length of time) of an activity times) in the past.
that began in the past and is in
progress right now.
● It is used for an action which
started in the past and lasted for
some time. The action may have
finished or may still be going on.
The result is visible in the
present

FORM + S+ have/ has+ V3 S+ have/ has been+ Ving S+ V2

- S+ haven’t/ S+ haven’t/ hasn’t been+ Ving S+ didn’t+ V1
hasn’t+ V3
? (Q Words) Have/ (Q Words) Have/ Has been+ S+ (Q Words) Did+ S+
Has+ S+ V3? Ving? V1?
e.g. + She has talked to They have been talking on the I finished my work
him on the phone phone for twenty minutes. two hours ago.
many times.
- We haven’t been She hasn’t been waiting for the He didn’t have fun at
to Rio before. doctor since 9 o’clock. the party yesterday.
? Have you ever How long have you been driving? Did they move to
seen Taj Mahal? Argentina last month?
Time for, since, already, just, yet, for, since, how long, lately, recently yesterday, last night/
Expressions ever, never, how long, year/ month etc., in
& Linkers recently, lately 2010, two hours/ five
days, etc. ago, when,
while
P.S. For some (not all) verbs, duration can be expressed by either the present perfect or the present
perfect progressive. Often both tenses can be used with verbs that express the duration of
usual or habitual activities/situations e.g., live, work, teach, smoke, wear glass, play chess, go
to school, read the same newspaper every morning, etc.
● Al has been wearing glasses since he was ten. OR She has worn glasses since he was
ten.

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I. Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.

Robin: I think the waiter (1) __________ (forget) us. We (2) __________ (wait) here for over half an hour
and nobody (3) __________ (take) our order yet.
Michele: I think you're right. He (4) __________ (walk) by us at least twenty times. He probably thinks we
(5) __________ (order, already).
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (6) __________ (be) here only for five or ten minutes and they
are eating their food.
Michele: He must realize we (7) __________ (order, not) yet! We (8) __________ (sit) here for over half an
hour staring at him.
Robin: I don't know if he (9) __________ (notice) us. He (10) __________ (run) from table to table taking
orders and serving food for almost an hour.
Michele: That's true and he (11) __________ (look, not) in our direction once.
Robin: That’s enough. Let’s get out of here!

II. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning. Do NOT use more than six words.
1. She is cooking in the kitchen. She started cooking two hours ago. (FOR)
She ______________________________ two hours.
2. Iona is exhausted. She is working too much these days. (BEEN)
Iona ______________________________ recently.
3. My eyes are getting tired. I started reading a novel this morning. (SINCE)
I ______________________________ this morning.
4. She wrote her essay yesterday. (ALREADY)
She ______________________________ her essay.
5. I’m on the phone for thirty minutes. (TALKING)
I ______________________________ phone for thirty minutes.

Part 2 - Articles

A/ AN THE NO ARTICLE
USE ⮚ A is used before a The is used for: ⮚ When we refer to
consonant sound (a car, ⮚ a singular or plural noun general ideas,
a tree). when it is clear/obvious plurals or
⮚ An is used before a which person or thing that uncountable nouns
vowel sound (an idea, we are talking about. we do not use
an umbrella). ⮚ anything which we identify articles.
⮚ A/ An is used for immediately. ⮚ We use no article
singular nouns and the ⮚ something that is unique or for towns, cities,
first time we refer to a there is only one (the Sun, states and
person, animal or thing. the Earth). countries (without
⮚ A/An is used to describe ⮚ certain countries, oceans, a plural element).
something or say what rivers, or groups of islands ⮚ We use no article
job someone has. (the UK, the Alps, the Gobi). for mountains,
lakes, places of a
city, nationalities
and languages.
e.g. A dog makes a good pet. We watched the new Brad Pitt Religion is an important
I saw an interesting show on TV movie last night issue.
yesterday. He has been to the USA / the Coffee contains caffeine.
Amazon / the Bahamas. Dogs make good pets.
She travelled around the world.

19
III. Complete the sentences with a/an/the/no article (-).

1. My city experienced (1) ___ earthquake recently. I was riding my bicycle when (2) ___ earthquake
occurred. (3) ___ ground beneath me trembled so hard that it shook me off my bike.
2. (1) ___ modern people, just like their ancestors, are curious about (2) ___ universe. Where did (3)
___ moon come from? Does (4) ___ life exist on other planets? What is (5) ___ star? How large is
(6) ___ universe? How long will (7) ___ sun continue to bum?
3. Ralph was playing barefooted in (1) ___ garden. He saw (2) ___ ant. It was crawling on (3) ___
ground. He wanted to squish it with his thumb, but he thought that was (4) ___ stupid idea. So, he
splashed (5) ___ ant with (6) ___ bucket of water to drown it. What Ralph didn’t know was that
there was (7) ___ group of soldier ants behind his left foot. (8) ___ soldier ants went up his legs
and bit him. He screamed and pulled up his left pant only to see (9) ___ big red itchy spot on his
leg. Ralph didn’t play in (10) ___ garden anymore after that.

IV. Complete the sentences using “a, an, the, no article (X) ”.

Mary is from (1) England. She’s got (2) __ brother and (3) ___ two sisters. She lives with (4)___
her family in (5) ____ small, but (6) ____ very comfortable cottage near (7) ___ London. Mary has lots
of hobbies. She likes (8) ____ tennis and she plays 9) ____ piano. Mary’s family has (10) ___ big garden.
Mary always takes her dog for (11) ___ walk in (12) ____ garden. (13) __ dog’s name is (14) ___ Charlie.

Steve is from (1) ____ Manchester. He is 2) ___ manager. He works in 3)_____ office. He goes to
work in 4) ___ morning. He starts work at 8 o’clock and he goes 5) ___ home at 5.00 in 6) ____ evening.
Steve has 7) ____ flat not far from 8) _the__ office. It is on 9) ___ third floor of 10) ___ five-storey
building. It’s not big, but comfortable. Steve is quite happy.

Peter is 1) ___ new student at 2) ____ International School in London. He is 3)__ friendly and he
has 4) ____ lot of friends here. Peter is 5) ____ active person. ”I like going out with my 6) _____ friends
on 7) _____ Sundays. We often go to 8) ______ London museums and to 9) _______ theatre. Sometimes
we go 10) ____ hiking. We like to sit around

Part 3 - Vocabulary

V. Complete the text with the words in the box.

participated - held - dominated - host - eliminating - appeal - advantage - competing

In 1991, the first FIFA Women’s World Cup was (1) __________ in China. 12 teams from around the world
(2) __________, with the United States defeating Norway in the championship game. Norway got their
revenge in the 1995 World Cup, however, by (3) __________ the US team in the semi- finals before
beating Germany in the final match. Germany has (4) __________ recently, winning the last two World
Cup competitions in 2003 and 2007. Germany will also have the home field (5) __________ when they (6)
__________ the 2011 World Cup. As of yet, women’s football does not have the same (7) __________ as
men’s football, but its popularity is growing and more and more young women are (8) __________ in
football leagues around the world each year.

20
VI. Complete the paragraph with the correct words in the box.

worried / interesting/ invitation / set / excited / gift / packed / booked / chose / surprised / amazing
Two days ago, I got an (1) _______________ from my brother to a concert. He lives in the USA and we
haven't seen each other for a long time. He bought me a ticket to the Celine Dion concert as a (2)
_______________ . She is my favorite singer. I was (3) _______________ because I wasn't expecting it. As
I prepared for the journey, I was very (4) _______________ because it was my first journey to the USA. I
knew it was going to be (5) _______________ . Before going, I (6) _______________ a hotel online. It was
(7) _______________ .It was very close to the concert hall and it seemed very clean and comfortable.
Then, I (8) _______________ a place to eat before I went because I was (9) _______________ about not
finding a decent hotel and restaurant at first but I was lucky. I (10) _______________ my suitcase and (11)
_______________ my alarm clock. Next day, I learnt that all the flights to the abroad were cancelled
because of Pandemic and the concert was postponed to the next year

WEEK 14

(Roadmap B1 Unit 4)
Part 1 - Comparatives & Superlatives

THE COMPARATIVE AND THE SUPERLATIVE

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger,
smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern:

SUBJECT + VERB + COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE + THAN + NOUN (OBJECT)

My house is larger than hers.

This box is smaller than the one I lost.

Your dog is faster than Jim's dog.

The rock is higher than the roof.

Jack is as good as John at math.

Jim and Jack are both fast, but Jack is faster. ("than Jim" is understood)

Mike’s car is less efficient than Jack’s. / Jack’s car is more efficient than Mike’s.

21
 IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES

These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative forms.

Adjective Comparative
Good better
Bad worse
Little less
Far further / farther

I. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

1. My CD player is not as expensive as yours.

Your CD player ___________________________________________________

2. There were less casualties than in the other accident.

There weren't ___________________________________________________.

3. Mike is more experienced than Jo.

Jo ___________________________________________________.

4. Both Audrey and Grate are good at making speeches.

Audrey ___________________________________________________.

5. Sinem is taller than Gözde.

Gözde is ___________________________________________________.

6. Çisem is more sociable than Ceyda.

Ceyda is ___________________________________________________.

7. Aslı’s old house was smaller than her new house.

Aslı’s new house ___________________________________________________.

8. People are not as patient as they were.

People are ___________________________________________________.

22
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the
tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a
group of objects.

SUBJECT + VERB + THE + SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE + NOUN (OBJECT)

My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

Tuvalu is the least visited country in the world.

This is the smallest box I've ever seen.

We all have trees in our yard. My tree is the tallest. ("of all the trees" is understood)

Mary is the most intelligent girl in our classroom.

IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVES

These very common adjectives have completely irregular superlative forms.

Adjective Superlative

Good the best

Bad the worst

Little the least

Far the furthest / the farthest

II. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning. Use comparatives, superlatives or ‘as…...as’.

1. James is taller than any other boy in the class.

___________________________________________________.
2. Milk is more nourishing than any other food.
___________________________________________________.
3. Bombay is richer than any other city in India.
___________________________________________________.
4. Shakespeare was greater than any other English playwright.
___________________________________________________.
5. Both Siberia and Alaska are equally cold.
___________________________________________________.

23
6. Ajda Pekkan looks very young but she is older than my mother.
___________________________________________________.
7. The book was more boring than the movie.

The book wasn’t _____________________________________.

8. Other kids are more successful than Jack.

Jack is the least _____________________________________

Part 2 - Defining Relative Clauses

Defining Relative Clauses

USE & ● We use a defining relative clause to give information about something.
EXAMPLES ● It can be for identifying, classifying or defining the thing.
● A defining relative clause begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb: who, whom,
which, that, whose, where, when.
● We use who or that for people.
A firefighter is someone who/that puts out fires.
● We use which or that for things.
A computer is something which/that we use for storing information.
● We use whose to show possession or relationship.
That’s the boy whose bike was stolen yesterday.
● We use when for a time and where for a place.
That was the year when she graduated.
The house where he was born was demolished two days ago.
● Who, which and that can be omitted when they describe the object of the sentence.
I saw a friend who I hadn’t seen for years.
● The relative pronoun cannot be omitted when it comes directly before a verb.
I met a woman who was from Japan.

III. Rewrite sentences using the correct relative pronouns without changing the meaning.

1. The bus was packed with tourists. The bus was driving around London.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. I went to the dentist. I met him at university.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. A song won the competition. It was written by a schoolboy.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. I’m married to someone. His name is Alec.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Elaine’s house is going to be pulled down. She is looking for a new flat.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. The book is a bestseller. It was written by Nathan Davis.
___________________________________________________________________________

24
 Part 3 - Vocabulary

IV. Complete the text with the correct words in the table.

inactive / high quality / popular / take / science - fiction / unreliable / directed /

well- designed / unhealthy / sensible

The Matrix is a futuristic (1) __________ thriller movie series, which has won a lot of money at the
cinemas all over the world and won four Oscars. Larry and Andy Wachowski (2) ____________ the movie,
starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss and Hugo Weaving.

The directors spent a lot of money on the production of the Matrix. The movie is a (3)
_____________ futuristic movie when compared to other virtual reality movies. Great special effects,
(4) ________ visuals and a shocking plot with the star presence of Keanu Reeves and Laurence
Fishburne have made the movie great entertainment.

Matrix is set 300 years into the future when evil computers control men and create a false reality. It is
just one of the most (5) _________ types of films reflecting a cultural anxiety over computers, and
their ability to create alternative realities. Most of these virtual reality movies seem to focus on a
dark view of the way computers affect our lives in the future. They report the future of computers
and technology as (6) ___________ and dangerous devices that destroy our future. Are computers
and technology really our enemies? Can we trust the work of a computer or can we say that they just
make our life easier?

Even today, people are getting more (7) ___________ and less sociable as they spend most of their
time in front of computers. Doctors say that spending more than four hours a day in front of a computer
or TV is (8) ___________ for your body and psychology. People even make friends on the internet, they
don’t need to see their friends. Is it (9) ___________ to put the computers at the centre of our lives? Is it
really possible that one day technology will (10) _________ the control of our lives and be our leader as in
the movie, The Matrix?

25
 WEEK 15
(Roadmap B1 Unit 5)
Part 1 - Modals of Possibility and Deduction

Modals of Possibility Modals of Deduction

USE &
EXAMPL Could/May (not)/Might (not) + infinitive= It
ES is possible/ It is likely/ perhaps to happen in
the present or future.
The roads could/ may/ might get
very busy tomorrow afternoon
because there is a demonstration.
Must= I’m sure/certain that something is true.
She didn’t sleep last night. She must be
tired.
Can’t= I’m sure that something is not true.
He can’t be at work. He doesn’t work on
Mondays.

I. Rewrite sentences using modal verbs without changing the meaning.

1. It’s possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Perhaps they are playing the match right now.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. I think she is probably lying.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. It’s not possible that it is our plane.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. I’m sure they don’t know anything about this issue.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. I’m sure that she is ill and having a rest at home.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. I’m certain he is studying at the library.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Maybe he is not working today.
___________________________________________________________________________

26
 Part 2 - Zero & First Conditionals

Zero Conditional (General Truth) First Conditional (Real Present)

USE
● We use “zero conditional” for things that ● We use “first conditional” to express real or
are always true. probable situations in the present or future.
● We can use when instead of if.

FORM If/ When + Present Simple + Present Simple If + Present Simple + will/ might/ can/ could

e.g. If/ When it rains, the roads get slippery and If we work hard, we’ll finish the project on
dangerous. time.

Unless= if not

II. Rewrite the sentences using conditional clauses without changing the meaning.
1. You shouldn’t speak to the teacher like that or you’ll get into trouble.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Whenever the sun goes down, birds start drawing circles in the sky.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. She should fix her computer, or she won’t be able to use the internet.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. When children are tired, they fall asleep easily.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Pay your debt immediately, otherwise you won’t be allowed to receive a new loan.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. When vegetables are boiled too much, they get too pert to eat.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Don’t eat pizza at night, or you’ll put on weight.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. We should stop the melting of the ice caps, otherwise it will cause a big rise in sea level.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Without saving money, it will be very difficult to travel around the world.
___________________________________________________________________________
10. Students must enroll for the university entrance exam first, otherwise they cannot take the exam.
___________________________________________________________________________

27
 Part 3 - Quantifiers

Quantifiers
We use quantifiers before nouns to describe the amount of something.
USE some, any, no much, many, a lot (a) few, (a) little, a too much, too
& ● All of them can be of/lots of, plenty of, bit of many, (not) enough
e.g. used for several ● All of them are ● We use too
countable and ● We use much used to much and too
uncountable with emphasize small many + noun to
nouns. uncountable quantities. say there is
● We use some in nouns and many ● We use a little more than the
positive with countable and a bit of right amount.
statements and nouns in (more informal) -I have too
any in negative negative with much furniture.
statements and statements and uncountable -There were too
questions. questions. nouns and a few many people in
-There are some -Did many with countable the concert.
nice views from people come to nouns. ● We use not
the hotel. the concert? -We have a little enough + noun
-He doesn’t have -I haven’t got time before the to say there is
any good music. much money show starts. less than the
● We use no in with me. -There are a few right amount.
positive ● We use a lot of, things I need -The meeting
statements to talk lots of (more from the shops. room isn’t
about zero informal) and ● We use little and enough for all of
quantity. plenty of with few to mean less us.
-There is no crime both countable than expected. ● We use enough
around here. nouns and -I have little time + noun to say
uncountable to finish this we have the
nouns in positive work. right amount.
statements. -This dish has -I have enough
-We need a lot few ingredients. coffee.
of time to finish
this work.
-We’ve got
plenty of food.

28
III. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraph.
There are (1) ________ interesting shops nearby that sell (2) _______ interesting food. (3)
_______ butchers sell meat of excellent quality, however none of them sells fish. You can buy fresh fish
from a fish van nearby, but that doesn't come every day.
We have three greengrocers and there are two large supermarkets nearby, but we don’t go to none of
them because we can’t find (4) ______ variety of fruit and vegetables in these markets. Instead, we go to
the smaller shops. There's also a market every weekend. Apart from the food shops there are (5)
________ other shops. There aren't nice clothes shops (6) ________ - only a small boutique, but that one
is very expensive. But, there are (7) ________ Indian restaurants. We've been to almost all of them.

1. a. many b. much c. little d. a little

2. a. few b. many c. any d. some
3. a. Little b. Much c. A lot of d. A little
4. a. too b. some c. enough d. little
5. a. few b. little c. a little d. very much
6. a. too b. enough c. many d. much
7. a. little b. a bit of c. much d. plenty of

Part 4 - Vocabulary

IV. Complete the text with the words in the box. There are two extra words.

complicated - acquire - pleasure - roamed - accustomed -

obvious - sudden - decrease - preserve - inherit

William "Bud" Post never believed he would (1) __________ millions of dollars by chance, but in
1988 he suddenly received $16.2 million. He didn't (2) __________ the money from a family member; he
won it. He told reporters that at that time he had only $2.46 in his bank account. Bud's sudden wealth
brought him a lot of (3) __________ because he could buy whatever he wanted. But this (4) __________
improvement did not last long. He started to change his life in significant ways. Within three months, Bud
was $500,000 in debt after buying a restaurant, a used-car lot, and an airplane.
Over the next eight years, many things started happening that Bud didn't understand. His life,
which once seemed simple, was becoming more and more (5) __________ The effects of his wealth soon
became (6) __________ as he increased his debt and damaged many of his relationships with friends and
family members. Like many people who are (7) __________ to spending a lot of money, Bud couldn't stop
even after he had lost so much of it. He continued to buy houses, cars, motorcycles and boats. The good
feeling that he got from spending money started to (8) _________ as time passed. Bud told people later
that he had been happier before he got the money.

29
 Part 5- Revision

I. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraph.

There (1) __________ a lot of wildfires since we moved to Antalya , but last summer’s fire was (2)
___________ of all because it was the biggest and it came the closest to our neighborhood. It was very
hard to put out, and it lasted the longest of all the fires in the last few years. We (3) ________ the fire begin
in the hills behind our neighborhood. At first, it was very small, but it spread so (4) ________ that most of
the people had to leave their houses in the villages near the hills. A lot of ash fell on us for days. The (5)
___________ ash fell during the first few days of the fire. It looked like thick, white snow. There was (6)
__________ smoke in the air on those days because the winds were blowing the hardest then. Those were
(7) _________ scary days and nights for the people that nobody (8) ___________ sleep well for a week.
Some people think that the hot and windy weather is the (9) __________ common cause of wildfires, but
this is not true. People (10)______ throw their plastic bottles and cigarettes in the forests, are the biggest
cause of wildfires. In fact, people camping in the woods caused the fire behind our neighborhood.

1. a. were b. have been c. are d. will be

2. a. the better b. best c. worst d. worse
3. a. watched b. were watching c. have been watching d. watch
4. a. carefully b. quick c. careful d. quickly
5. a. thick b. thicker c. thickest d. as thick
6. a. a lot of b. much c. too many d. a little
7. a. so b. such c. too d. enough
8. a. had to b. cannot c. could d. must
9. a. most b. many c. more d. much
10. a. whom b. whose c. which d. who

II. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

Kate is studying German at a community college (1) _________ she wants to get a better job. She
(2) ___________ at a pub. She (3) ________________ as a waitress at this pub for three years. She likes it,
but she wants to be a nurse one day.

Last week, Kate (4) ________ with a career counselor at school, and they developed a plan of
action. First, (45 _________ she begins a nursing program, she needs to complete all four levels of her
German program. Once she accomplishes this, Kate (6) ________ taking science classes at the community
college. If she (7) _______ well in these classes, she will apply to nursing school. If the school accepts her,
she (8) _________ a nursing degree in two or three years. If she earns her degree, she will be a nurse. Then
she (9) _________ at a pub anymore. However, she won’t be able to apply for a nursing job at a hospital
(10) __________ she completes her degree successfully.

1. a. however b. so c. that’s why d. because

2. a. currently works b. is currently working c. currently worked d. has currently worked
3. a. has been working b. had worked c. has worked d. have worked
4. a. meets b. met c. has met d. is meeting
5. a. after b. before c. then d. if
6. a. will begin b. begins c. has begun d. began
7. a. do b. will do c. does d. is going to do
8. a. won’t earn b. can earn c. earns d. doesn’t earn
9. a. has to b. mustn’t c. must d. won’t have to
10. a. if b. unless c. otherwise d. when

30
 III. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

1. Maria wants to change her job although she has a well-paid job. (in spite of)
___________________________________________________________________
2. We went to the seaside every summer when I was a child, but not any more. (used)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. There is a man at the door. Perhaps it is Adam. (may)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Jenny broke her arm during a volleyball match. (while)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. We’re revising Grammar topics for PEE 2 now. We started at 10 o’clock. (since)
______________________________________________________________________
6. The novel is fascinating. Micheal gave it to me as a birthday present last week. (which)
______________________________________________________________________
7. Unless you leave home now, you won’t catch the last bus. (If)
______________________________________________________________________
8. Our neighbour’s party was so noisy that we couldn’t sleep well last night. We didn’t complain
though. (However)
______________________________________________________________________
9. Christine swims so fast that she always wins the swimming competitions. (such)
______________________________________________________________________
10. When did you start working as a doctor? ( How long)
_______________________________________________________________________

IV. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraphs.

For the last four hundred years, newspapers (1) _____________ an important role in the social, political,
and economic life of the United States. As recently as the middle of the 1980s, there were about 1.200
daily newspapers in the country, but in the following twenty years the number (2) __________ to 900.
These numbers suggest that newspapers are (3) _____________, but this should not be the case. It is
true that American newspapers and magazines are (4) ______________. Many papers in the United States
are (5) ___________papers, people publish them in small towns and cities and read only in the area (6)
___________ they publish. These newspapers (7) __________ news about the town and their
environment, very few national or (8) _____________ news, and a lot of advertising. (9)___________, the
habit of reading newspapers has survived in the suburbs although it has lost its (10) _______________ in
cities.

1. a. have taken b. have done c. have played d. have made

2. a. dropped b. increased c. collapsed d. raised
3. a. interesting b. disappearing c. fascinating d. losing
4. a. improving b. going up c. changing d. developing
5. a. popular b. fatal c. national d. local
6. a. when b. where c. what d. which
7. a. move b. take c. bring d. carry
8. a. local b. vocational c. international d. environmental
9. a. To sum up b. However c. On the contrary d. In addition
10. a. popular b. popularity c. possible d. possibility

31
 WEEK 16
(Roadmap B1 Unit 6)
Part 1- Second Conditional

Second Conditional (Unreal Present)

USE
● We use second conditional to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in
the present and therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future.
● We use second conditional to give advice. (If I were you, I wouldn’t smoke.)
● After I, he, she and it, we can use either was or were.

FORM If + past simple/ past continuous + would/ could/ might+ infinitive

e.g.
- If I didn’t have to work such long hours, I wouldn’t be so tired.
- I would buy Tesla if I were a rich man.

I. Rewrite sentences using second conditionals without changing the meaning.

1. I don’t have any money. Thus, I will not buy this car for you.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. She has her phone number. She will phone her.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. You are only 16 years old. You cannot enter this bar.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Ali does not have any time. He will not visit his grandparents in Ankara.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Efe does not eat spinach. He will not be a strong man in the future.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. You suffer a lot. You don’t take your medicine.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. He doesn’t really love me. He doesn’t buy a diamond ring for me.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. I don’t have a magic carpet. I won’t travel around the world.
___________________________________________________________________________

32
 Part 2- Asking for / Giving Advice

Asking for/Giving Advice

USE & ● We use should to give and ask for advice.
E.G. - They should eat healthy food more.
- You shouldn’t pollute the sea.
- What should I do about my relationship?
● We use ought to give advice. (No question form)
- You ought to be more patient.
● We use really to make advice stronger.
- You really should go to Paris.
● Second conditional (If I were you, …) is used to give advice.
- If I were you, I’d leave my job.
● We use could to make suggestions and to give advice.
- He could send an application form to the human resources office.
● Had better and had better not are used to give stronger advice or to give a warning
(particular situations rather than general).
- You’d better explain to him why it is wrong.

II. Work in pairs. Think of the imaginary situations below. Say them to your partner and ask for
advice. Then, take turns. (You can work individually as well.)

Example Dialogue:
A: My boyfriend has cheated on me. What should I do?
B: You had better not talk to him again.

Situations:
1. You have got a bad toothache.
2. You’re terrible at English.
3. You have been offered my dream job. However, it is far from your family and friends.
4. You need to find a part-time job.
5. You always stay up late and wake up late in the morning.
6. You talk too much when you’re nervous.
7. You have got our bag stolen.
8. You won 100,000 dollars and you don't know how to spend it.
9. You want to quit smoking.
10. You found a wallet which had 2,000 dollars in it.
11. You want to protect the environment but you don't know how.
12. You have a red nose.
13. You want to get rich quickly.
14. You want to be a cool man.
15. Your boyfriend/girlfriend left you. You feel depressed.

33
 Part 3- Question Tags

Question Tags
USE ● We use a question tag after a statement.
& ● A question tag is formed with an auxiliary verb (be, do, have, can, will etc.) + subject
e.g. pronoun.
● We use the same subject and auxiliary verb as in the statement.
- She has been to Paris, hasn’t she?
- They can’t swim, can they?
● We use a negative question tag after a positive statement and vice versa.
- You went to Hong Kong, didn’t you?
- She wasn’t a pilot, was she?
● We use falling intonation on the tag questions for the things we think we know.
● We use rising intonation on the tag questions for the things we’re not sure about.

III. Complete the question tags.

1. You don’t drink coffee, __________?
2. It’s cold in here, __________?
3. You’ve eaten, __________?
4. It was you I saw, _________?
5. Steve’s gone to France, __________?
6. You didn’t come to class yesterday, __________?

IV. Work in pairs. Think of three things about that partner you think you know and three things that you
would like to know. Use the correct intonation and share your tag questions.

Part 4- Linkers

LINKERS
Ordering first, second, next, after that, then, in the end, finally, eventually
Giving Reasons because, because of, as, due to
Adding Information what’s more, in addition, moreover
Changing the Topic but, however, on the other hand, although, even though, despite
Adding Results so, as a result, therefore, consequently
Explaining in other words

34
V. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraph.

There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome. (1) _______, it is a city with an interesting
history. (2) ________, it was the capital of the Roman Empire. (3) _________, Rome is very beautiful, (4)
_________ its many palaces, churches and squares. (5) _________, many of the city’s classical
monuments have been preserved, (6) _________ it is possible to see how the city used to be. (7)
___________, many people travel to Rome every year. To sum up, I believe that (8) _________ a trip to
Rome may be expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city.
1. a. So b. Because c. What’s more d. Firstly
2. a. Secondly b. Finally c. Therefore d. As a result
3. a. Although b. In other words c. Moreover d. So
4. a. because b. due to c. so d. consequently
5. a. What’s more b. But c. Next d. So
6. a. because b. so c. but d. then
7. a. Because b. But c. So d. Finally
8. a. moreover b. although c. in addition d. due to

VI. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

Bad weather can have an influence on your mood, can’t it? Most people may feel depressed (1)
________ the winter, and they can’t wait for spring to come. (2) ________, for some people, those dark,
cold winter days can cause real medical problems.
Doctors have (3) __________ a disease which is (4) ________ as SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder).
According to experts, it can create a big problem in some countries in northern Europe where the winters
are long and (5) ________. Also, SAD sufferers often feel depressed or anxious and their behavior (6)
________ the people around them. The main problem is (7) ________ by a lack of sunlight. Bright light
has effects on the chemicals in the brain although scientists don’t understand (8) _________ how. There
are two main cures. The first treatment is to travel to a country that has a warm (9) ________, with bright,
sunny winters. The second one is to use (10) ______ light. As a result, if it’s raining and you’re depressed,
perhaps it’s time for you to have a holiday in the sun.

1. a. while b. during c. when d. after

2. a. However b. Because c. So d. In addition
3. a. produced b. developed c. discovered d. invented
4. a. explored b. loaded c. balanced d. known
5. a. bright b. shadowy c. light d. dull
6. a. affects b. changes c. marks d. touches
7. a. affected b. caused c. produced d. begun
8. a. closely b. accurately c. mainly d. exactly
9. a. sunshine b. season c. weather d. climate
10. a. artificial b. fake c. false d. cheat

35
 WEEK 17
(Roadmap B1 Unit 7 & 8B & 9A)
Part 1- Modals of Ability

Modals of Ability
USE can/ can’t could/ couldn’t
&
e.g. ● Can/ can’t is used to ● Could/ couldn’t is the
talk about general used to talk about
abilities or ability at a general abilities in the
particular time in the past.
present and future. - I could run fast when
- Tom can play guitar. I was young.
- I can’t fix a car. ● Do not use could/
- Barney can help us. couldn’t single past
action! (was/ were able
to is used for it.)
- Although it was dark,
he could was able to
find his way.
be able to
● Be able to is used to talk
about abilities to form all
the tenses. (will be able
to, was/ were able to,
am/ is/ are able to, have/
has been able to etc.)
- When you graduate,
you will be able to
get a job.
- I wasn’t able to
reach him on the
phone.
- She needs to be able
to get the certificate.

I. Complete the paragraph with the correct phrases from the box.

When I was a young child, I couldn’t swim – I only learnt to swim when I was about 14. I guess I thought
that I (1) _____________, because I never went to swimming pools. But one day I went for a walk on a hill
near the sea with my friends – we were about 13 at the time. Part of the path was missing in one place –
we (2) _____________ along it, so we decided to try to jump across. My friend Andy was quite big, so he
(3) _____________ across it very easily. But then it was my turn – I was a lot smaller, so I (4)
_____________ across. I fell down the hill and into the sea. My friends (5) _____________, so they
thought it was really funny to see me in the water, but I was really scared. Luckily, I (6) _____________ on
a rock under the water and then I (7) _____________ out of the water. After that, I knew I (8)
______________ , so I started going to swimming lessons every week. And now I (9) _____________
really well.

36
 Part 2- Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense

USE ● We use past perfect for an action which happened before another past
action.
● We use past perfect for an action before a stated time in the past.
● We use past perfect for the action that happened first and past simple for
the action that happened second.
FORM + S + had + past participle
- S + hadn’t + past participle
? (Question Words) Had + S + past participle?
e.g. + She had finished work when she met her friends for coffee.
- He was upset because he hadn’t signed the important contract.
? Had you seen the movie before we watched it?
Time when, before, after, by the time, by this time, already (= the action is completed), just
Expressions (= it was just a short time before)
& Linkers

II. Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

James Bond (1) __________ (need) a drink. The fight in the car park with the dwarf (2)
__________ (make) him thirsty. He walked quickly along 46th Street in search of an air-conditioned bar
where he could get out of the heat and think.

He (3) __________ (walk)for only a few minutes, when it suddenly (4) ___________ (occur) to
him that someone (5) ___________ (follow) him. There was no evidence for it except for a bit itchy feeling
on the top of his head. But he had belief in his sixth sense and it (6) __________ (never / fail) him. He (7)
___________ (stop) in front of the shop window and (8) __________ (look) casually back along the street.
He (9) __________ (look)at the Swiss watches in the window and then (10) __________ (turn) and walked
on.

After a few yards he turned into a shop doorway where a man (11) __________ (look) at Japanese
cameras. As he did so, something grabbed his right arm and a voice snarled, 'All right, Limey. Take it easy if
you don’t want a lead for lunch.’ He (12) __________ (feel) press into his back just above his kidneys.
Bond (13) __________ (try) to swing his arm to hit whoever it was that (14) __________ (hold) him, but a
strong hand (15) __________ (catch) his fist. An amused voice (16) __________ (say) “No good, James.
The angels have got you."

He turned his head to find himself looking into the grinning hawk-like face of Felix Leiter - a face
which he (17) __________ (last / see) covered in bandages in a hospital bed in Cairo nine months earlier
and the face of the American secret agent with whom he (18) __________ (share) so many adventures.

37
III. Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

This (1) _________ (happen) about five years ago. I (2) __________ (come) back home from
Scotland where I (3) __________ (be) on holiday with some friends who (4) __________ (rent) a
bungalow in the mountains not for from Edinburgh, the capital.
Anyway, we (5) __________ (sit) in the plane and (6) __________ (just / take) off when there (7)
__________ (be) a loud bang from the right hand side of the plane and I could see a lot of smoke coming
from one of the engines. Of course, everyone (8) __________ (start) looking around but the plane (9)
__________(carry) on flying normally. And then a few minutes later the pilot (10) __________ (come) on
to the PA and said there was a problem with one of the engines and we’d have to return to the airport.

I felt pretty nervous, I can tell you, but I (11) __________ (try) to concentrate on my book, and
about ten minutes later we (12) __________ (land) without any problems. We (13) ___________ (wait)
for about an hour and then we got back on the plane. Actually, it was a different plane and I was pretty
relieved that it was.

Part 3- Expressing Purpose

Expressing Purpose
(= explaining why someone does something)
USE to + infinitive in order to + so + clause (= S + V) for + V ing/ Noun
infinitive (formal)
● She went so that+ modal clause ● We use a spade
shopping to ● He did a (=S+ can/ could/ will/ for digging.
look for some postgraduate would+ V) ● He went to the
new clothes. course in order doctor’s for a
to widen his ● Emma has booked check- up.
knowledge of a first- class ticket
international so that she can
politics. travel in comfort.
● Use the machine
so you don’t get
tired.
* We can use so to
express result but so
that cannot be used in
this way.
● I was tired, so I
rested at home all
day.

38
IV. Rewrite the sentences with the given word.
1. He got the car out of the garage. He wanted to wash it. (SO THAT)
________________________________________________________________________
2. The doctor examined the patient. He wanted to find out what was wrong with him. (IN ORDER TO)
________________________________________________________________________
3. I’ve taken out a loan. I want to buy a car. (TO)
________________________________________________________________________
4. She is studying medicine. She wants to become a doctor. (SO THAT)
________________________________________________________________________
5. He put his keys in his briefcase. He wants to find them easily. (IN ORDER TO)
________________________________________________________________________
6. She set her alarm clock. She didn’t want to oversleep. (SO THAT)
________________________________________________________________________
7. We put the letters on the table. We want to remember to post them. (TO)
________________________________________________________________________
8. We use a microwave to cook food quickly. (FOR)
________________________________________________________________________

Part 4- Passive Voice (Present & Past)

Passive Voice: present and past

USE
● We use passive forms to focus on the object of the sentence instead of the subject. For
example;

Active: She wrote a letter. (subject is “she”, object is “a letter”)

Passive: A letter was written by her. (here, the object becomes the subject «a letter»)
● We use passive to focus not on who or what does the action.
● We use passive when the doer of action is unknown, obvious, or unimportant or the action is
more important than the doer.

FORM General rule: be + past participle (V3)

Present Simple: am/ is/ are (not) + past participle Past Simple: was/ were (not) + past participle
Present Continuous: am/ is/ are (not) + being + Past Continuous: was/ were (not) + being + past
past participle participle

e.g.
- The forbidden city is situated in the centre of - It was built as the Imperial Palace for the
Beijing. emperors of China.
- The parcels are being delivered. - My car was being serviced.

39
V. Rewrite the sentences in either active or passive voice. The first one is done for you.
1. The zoologists are conducting a workshop about marine life.

A workshop about marine life is being conducted by the zoologists.

2. The fireman informed my class about fire safety when he came for a visit.

________________________________________________________________________

3. Alex was buying a new Lego set for Chloe for her birthday when I saw him.

________________________________________________________________________

4. The porch swing was being built for us by my grandfather while we were on holiday.

________________________________________________________________________

5. Kenneth pays the bills as soon as they arrive in the mail.

________________________________________________________________________

6. Our managers made important decisions at yesterday’s meeting.

________________________________________________________________________

7. I wasn't invited to the barbecue party by Henry.

________________________________________________________________________

8. Are they taking the patient to the hospital?

________________________________________________________________________

9. When they made Peter president of the club, they gave him the freedom to change the club’s
rules.

________________________________________________________________________

40
 Part 5- Passive Voice (All Tenses)

Passive Voice: All tenses

USE
● We use passive forms to focus on the object of the sentence instead of the subject. For
example;

Active: She wrote a letter. (subject is «she», object is «a letter»)

Passive: A letter was written by her. (here, the object becomes the subject «a letter»)
● We use passive to focus not on who or what does the action.
● We use passive when the doer of action is unknown, obvious, or unimportant or the action is
more important than the doer.

FORM GENERAL RULE: be + past participle (V3) will/ modal verb + be + past
participle

Present Simple: am/ is/ are (not)
+ past participle
Present Continuous: am/ is/ are
(not) + being + past participle
Present Perfect: have/ has +
been + past participle
Past Simple: was/ were (not) +
past participle
Present Continuous: was/ were
(not) + being + past participle
Past Perfect: had + been + past
participle
Future simple: will + be + past
participle
Be going to: am/ is/ are going
to + be + past participle
can be + past participle
might be + past participle

e.g.
- The forbidden city is situated in
the centre of Beijing.
- The parcels are being delivered.
- A lot of mistakes have been
made.
- It was built as the Imperial
Palace for the emperors of
China.
- My car was being serviced.
- The newspaper hadn’t been
delivered by the time I left for
work.
- The new hospital will be
opened by the Queen on May
15th.
- The dinner is going to be
made by Simon.
- This report must be handed
in by Tuesday.
- The movie can be liked by
Alice.

VI. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets.
The Academy Awards Presentation (1) __________ (first/ organize) in 1929 and since then, it (2)
__________ (hold) every year. The presentation (3) __________ (attend) by those at the top of the film
industry and (4) __________ (watch) on TV by millions of viewers who want to see who (5) __________
(present) with the golden statue which (6) __________ (desire) by everyone in the motion picture world.
The voting for the Academy Awards (7) __________ (conduct) secretly and the results (8) ___________
(reveal) to anyone until the envelope (9) __________ (open) on the stage in front of the audience. The
awards, which are known as Oscars, (10) __________ (consider) to be the highest honor anyone in the
film industry (11) __________ (give).

41
VII. Choose the correct option to complete the text.
The idea of a universal language (1) ___________ people since the time of Babel. In the 1870s, a
Polish teenager, named Ludwik Zamenhof, (2) ___________to develop a language. His new language (3)
_________ Esperanto, which means “hope." At that time, he (4) _________ in a Polish town where Poles,
Russians, Germans, and Jews all were speaking their own languages. Zamenhof believed that language
differences were the major cause of difficulties among different ethnic groups. By 1890, his first book on
Esperanto (5) ___________. It was surprising that within a short time, thousands of people learnt this new
language.
Esperanto was very simple to learn and use. The grammar (6) ___________ sixteen fundamental
rules. There were no exceptions and no irregularities. So, this language is not complicated at all.
At first, Esperanto was a great success. Hundreds of thousands of people (7) ___________
Esperanto. In fact, over 10,000 books (8) _________ in Esperanto since 1900. However, after a few
decades, interest in the language declined. Today, it is still popular among thousands of people, but few
think that Esperanto has become a universal language.
1. a. interested b. has interested c. has been interested d. interest
2. a. began b. has begun c. was begun d. had begun
3. a. calls b. was calling c. was called d. is called
4. a. was living b. lived c. has lived d. had lived
5. a. published b. has been published c. has publishedd. was published
6. a. based on b. was based onc. had based on d. had been based on
7. a. were able to speak b. can speak c. could speak . d. might be spoken
8. a. have written b. have been written c. were written d. have been writing

Part 6- Vocabulary
VIII. Choose the correct option to complete the paragraph.

When he was young, Beethoven had difficulty handling the violin. He also preferred to play his
own music rather than (1) ________ his technique. (2) ________, his teacher called him hopeless.
Beethoven was (3) _______, however. Today, he has a (n) (4) _________ for being one of the greatest
composers of all time.
(5) _______, the famous dancer Fred Astaire experienced failure before success. Early in his movie
career, Astaire received a note from the studio saying “Can’t sing. Can’t act. Can dance a little.” He kept
that to (6) _________ himself to never give up. (7) ________, he became one of the most (8) __________
dancers of the 20th century.

1. a. move on b. come along c. refine d. involve

2. a. Consequently b. Consequent c. Consequence d. Consequential
3. a. reluctant b. persistent c. convinced d. willing
4. a. outcome b. reputation c. passion d. solution
5. a. Conversely b. Rather c. Contrarily d. Similarly
6. a. refine b. forget c. remind d. believe
7. a. In time b. Suddenly c. Reluctantly d. Surprisingly
8. a. success b. successful c. succeed d. unsuccessful

42
IX. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

New Year celebrations date as far back as 2000 BC in Mesopotamia. But the (1) _________ date
has changed a number of times. There was always a problem because New Year was (2) __________ by
the movements of the sun and the moon which allowed room for error. To cut a long story short, it wasn't
until 1582, when the calendar we use today was (3) ________, that January 1st became New Year's Day in
most cultures. Some cultures, however, celebrate the New Year at (4) __________ times, according to
their calendar and religious traditions. For example, the Chinese celebrate it between the 21st of January
and the 19th of February. In (5) __________ with most of the world who celebrate at the beginning of the
year, the Jewish people celebrate it in September or early October.
In any case, the New Year is a (6) _________ occasion. Some people celebrate at home with no (7)
_________ of champagne, while others party on the streets, watching the fireworks that the city council
may have provided. Others prefer night clubs, joining the long (8) ___________ of people waiting to get in
and dance the night (9) __________. In China, there are parades with dancing dragons and hundreds of
people turn up to look on. It is also common to make New Year's (10) ________, the point being that most
people regard the New Year as a chance to give up bad habits.
To sum up, New Year is a time of celebration that a (11) __________ of the people look forward to.
1. a. realistic b. actual c. very d. concrete
2. a. supposed b. assumed c. calculated d. considered
3. a. introduced b. known c. realized d. recognized
4. a. variable b. several c. numerous d. various
5. a. contrary b. difference c. contrast d. opposite
6. a. festive b. feast c. festival d. festivity
7. a. loss b. shortage c. absence d. scarce
8. a. aisles b. lines c. queues d. corridors
9. a. in b. out c. down d. away
10. a. solutions b. resolutions c. decisions d. declarations
11. a. mass b. popularity c. majority d. community

WEEK 18
43
 (Roadmap B1 Unit 8 A,C,D)
Part 1- Modals of Obligation and Necessity

Modals of Obligation and Necessity

USE must/ mustn’t + infinitive
& ● We use must to express
e.g. what we are obliged to
do.
- You must listen to
your teacher.
● We use mustn’t to express
what we are obliged not
to do.
- You mustn’t be late
for your job interview.
don’t have to + infinitive
● We use don’t have to/
didn’t have to (past form)
to express it isn’t
necessary to do
something.
- You don’t have to
work tonight.
- She didn’t have to
wake up early.
have to/ have got to + infinitive
● We use have to to express it
is necessary to do
something.
- We have to be at the
airport at 9 a.m.
● We use have got to in more
informal contexts.
- I’ve got to phone mum
tonight.
need to + infinitive/ need + noun
● We use need / needed (past
form) to express it is
necessary to do something.
- Do I need to talk to the
boss?
● We use don’t need/ didn’t
need (past form) to express
it is not necessary to do
something.
- You don’t need to take
a taxi.
- We didn’t need to
discuss the subject
yesterday, it was silly.
had to + infinitive
● We use had to for
obligations and necessity in
the past.
- They had to cook
dinner because their
parents visited them.
be (not) allowed to + infinitive
● We use be (not) allowed to
to express permission or
prohibition.
- All citizens over the age
of 18 are allowed to
vote.
- You aren’t allowed to
enter the construction
area.
- Are we allowed to use
the office phone?

I. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

1. It's not necessary to go to school on Saturdays.
________________________________________________________________________
2. It's obligatory for all drivers to have a driving license.
________________________________________________________________________
3. It's compulsory for Peter to learn Spanish.
________________________________________________________________________
4. It was obligatory for you to arrive home before midnight.
________________________________________________________________________
5. It's not obligatory for customers to go on the trips organized by the hotel.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Passengers aren't allowed to smoke in this compartment.
________________________________________________________________________
7. It's necessary to book in advance.
________________________________________________________________________
8. It wasn’t necessary for her to call the police. We could deal with it.
________________________________________________________________________

9. It's essential to have a visa to travel to India.

________________________________________________________________________

44
 10. It's not necessary for you to shout. I can hear you perfectly well.
________________________________________________________________________

Part 2- Non-defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining Relative Clauses

USE ● A non- defining relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of
the main sentence.
- Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey, has an arid climate.
● It is put between commas.
● We cannot omit relative pronouns or adverbs in non-defining relative clauses.
● We cannot use that in non-defining relative clauses.
● We can use non-defining relative clauses to comment on the whole of the previous clause.
- I saw that the police shot a murderer yesterday, which was really terrifying.
● We use who for people, which for things, and whose for possession as relative pronouns.
- Shakespeare, who wrote many famous English poems, was born in Stratford- upon- Avon.
- His flat, which he bought two years ago, is modern and spacious.
- The bride, whose wedding dress was designed by Valentino, looked stunning.
● We use where for places and when for times as relative adverbs.
- The best time to visit Antalya is in October, when it isn’t too crowded.
- Buckingham Palace, where the Queen and King live, is visited by millions of tourists every
year.

II. Rewrite the sentences using a relative pronoun, add commas where necessary. The first one is done
for you.
1. The film had already started when we arrived. It was very romantic.
The film, which was very romantic, had already started when we arrived.
2. My grandfather is a very optimistic man. His third wife died three years ago.
________________________________________________________________________
3. I bought all the ingredients. I needed them to prepare a cake.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The Natural History Museum in London is full of dinosaur skeletons. It is my favorite museum.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Alice went to the police station yesterday. Her handbag was stolen in Oxford Street.
________________________________________________________________________
6. My classmates went to the Natural History Museum last Friday. They love nature.
________________________________________________________________________
7. My grandfather has lived in Oxford all his childhood. He was born in Italy.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Alice is sad because she has lost her handbag. It was new.
________________________________________________________________________
9. Tom and Sara went to the cinema last weekend. They usually come to the pub.
________________________________________________________________________

Part 3- Vocabulary
45
III. Choose the correct option to complete the text.
Many legends (stories passed down from (1) __________ involve volcanoes. According to The
Legend of Popo, the two volcanoes of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl tell the story of a princess and a
soldier named Popocatepetl, who fell in love, but with (2) __________ consequences. In one version,
Iztaccihuatl dies of grief after she is told by her father that Popocatepetl has been killed in battle. When
Popocatepetl returns from the war to find her dead, he carries her body to the top of a nearby volcano.
He refuses to (3) ___________ her body and he waits to die. (4) __________ snow covers them both and
they become two mountains.
It is said that the gods were touched by Popocatepetl’s (5) __________ of refusing to leave
Iztaccihuatl’s body until he died. Today, smoke can often still be seen at (6) __________ rising from the
summit of the volcano, which many people regard as a mysterious and (7) __________ place. According to
legend, this is the torch of Popocatepetl, who still stands guard over his beloved’s body.
1. a. descendants b. ancestors c. generations d. relatives
2. a. disastrous b. marvelous c. well- known d. amazing
3. a. catch b. rescue c. abandon d. develop
4. a. Firstly b. Thankfully c. Eventually d. Unfortunately
5. a. sacrifice b. beauty c. paradise d. adventure
6. a. valley b. sunrise c. dawn d. top
7. a. disastrous b. wonderful c. cursed d. holy

46
 WEEK 19
(Roadmap B1 Unit 9 B,C,D)
Part 1- Third Conditional

Third Conditional (Unreal Past)

USE
● We use “third conditional” to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in
the past.
● It is often used to express regrets, criticism or complaints.

Unreal past: If I had studied for the exam before, I would/could have passed.

Fact/Reality: I didn’t study for the exam before, so I couldn’t pass.

FORM If + past perfect + would/ could/ might+ have + past participle (V3)

e.g.
- If I had been more careful, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.

- You wouldn’t have had nightmares if you hadn’t watched that film.

I. Complete the following sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. Use third
conditional sentences.
1. You __________ (pass) the test if you __________ (study) for it. You didn’t study enough and
you failed.
2. If you __________ (ask) me, I __________ (help) you. You didn’t ask for help, so I didn’t help
you.
3. We __________ (see) my friend Jacob if we __________ (go) to the cinema. I didn’t see Jacob
because we didn’t go to the cinema.
4. If you __________ (speak) English, she __________ (understand). She couldn’t understand
you because you didn’t speak English.
5. If you __________ (listen) to me, we __________ (be) home earlier. You didn’t listen to me,
and we came home very late.

II. Rewrite the sentences and use the third conditional without changing the meaning.
1. She did not give me her phone number. I could not call her.
________________________________________________________________________
2. He was at work. He could not go with us.
________________________________________________________________________
3. My dad did not buy any sugar. My mum did not make any cake.
________________________________________________________________________
4. I travelled round the world because I had won the lottery.
________________________________________________________________________
5. You were not prepared. You could not pass the exam.
________________________________________________________________________

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 6. I didn’t know your address, so I couldn’t write you a postcard.
________________________________________________________________________
7. I couldn’t take part in the contest because I broke my leg
________________________________________________________________________
8. We had to take a taxi because it was raining heavily.
________________________________________________________________________
9. We were really afraid of the sharks in the sea, and that’s why we didn’t swim.
________________________________________________________________________
10. She walked to the theatre and she was late for the play.
________________________________________________________________________

Part 2- Short Responses with so, neither, too, either

SHORT RESPONSES WITH so, neither, too/either

Short responses can be used to express agreement and disagreement in a number of ways.

so do I, neither do I me too, me neither I do too, I don’t either, etc. I do, I don’t, etc.

so + auxiliary verb + S = Me too is used for S + auxiliary verb + too = S + auxiliary verb is used
agreement with a agreement with a agreement with a positive for disagreement with a
positive statement positive statement. statement statement.

● She can play the ● I love horses. – Me ● I have been to Italy. – I ● I haven’t seen New
violin. – So can I. too. have too. York. – I have.
● He did many things ● I’ll go to Paris next
for you. – So did I. Me neither is used for S + auxiliary verb + either year. – I won’t.
agreement with a = agreement with a ● I can speak Italian. – I
neither + auxiliary verb negative statement. negative statement can’t.
+ S = agreement with a
negative statement ● I can’t bear ● I didn’t like cats before.
untidiness. – Me – I didn’t either.
● I don’t have PS7. – neither.
Neither do I.
● My sister can’t
speak English. –
Neither can mine.

III. In- class activity: Work in groups of 3 or 4. Say five things about yourself and learn whether your
group mates agree or disagree with you. Then ask for an explanation about the reason. Use the ways
above! Take turns.
Example:
Student A: I’m going to the concert at a pub tonight.
Student B: I am not.
Student A: Why not?
Student B: I need to work tonight.

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 Part 3- Vocabulary

IV. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

One of the most important higher order skills we can develop is the use of (1) ________. We do
this with mirror neurons. If we want to imagine what we think will happen in the future, we create a (2)
________ in our mirror neurons and run the model forward to see what happens. This can happen when
we imagine ourselves (3) _______ doing something and thus seeing what happens without really doing.
The faculty of imagining is a (4) _______ ability as well as an (5) ________ act; therefore, it can be
improved noticeably. Reading is one of the most (6) ________ ways of becoming a more (7) ________
person. Especially (8) _________ books can (9) _________ increase one’s (10) _________ to imagine.

1. a. imagine b. imagination c. imaginative d. imaginatively

2. a. simulation b. simulate c. simulative d. simulated
3. a. physical b. physic c. physically d. physicality
4. a. creative b. create c. creation d. created
5. a. individually b. individualism c. individual d. individualize
6. a. affect b. effective c. effect d. affected
7. a. imagine b. imagination c. imaginative d. imaginatively
8. a. fiction b. nonfiction c. nonfictional d. fictional
9. a. dramatic b. drama c. dramatically d. dramatist
10. a. able b. ability c. unable d. inability

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 PART C

V. Complete the text with the correct forms of the words at the end of each line.

Language experts say it is impossible to make a very reliable (1) rely – predict
_________ of how many words a language has. Historically, English has
had a lot of contact with and been (2) I _________ by speakers of many influent
other languages. Therefore, it’s larger in (3) _________ to other compare
languages. The Oxford English Dictionary includes over 170.000 words
that are (4) _________ used. If slang and daily (5) _________ are current - express
added, the number would be much higher. However, according to (6) suggest
_________ of language experts, a learner of English needs only around
10.000 words to become advanced speaker, and even a strong
knowledge of the most common 2.000 – 3.000 words can be enough
for basic, but
(7) __________ communication and effect
(8) ___________ comprehend

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 WEEK 20
(Roadmap B1 Unit 10)
Part 1- Reported Speech

REPORTED SPEECH
USE Reported Statements
● Direct Speech is the exact words someone used and we use quotation marks (‘’) in direct
speech.
- He told me, ‘I’m cold.’
● Reported or indirect speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact
words and we do not use quotation marks in reported speech.
- He told me (that) he was cold.
FORM ● We can use say or tell to report what someone says.
● We use an object (me, us, her etc.) after tell.
- She said that she was tired.
- She told me that she was tired.
● That can be used after say or tell in reported speech or we can omit it.
- Danny said (that) the film was boring.
● Verb tenses and time expressions change in reported speech when we report with the past
tense. (Do not change tenses when tell or say in the present tense!)
Present Simple 🡪 Past Simple Present Continuous 🡪 Past Continuous
Present Perfect 🡪 Past Perfect Past Simple 🡪 Past Perfect
will 🡪 would can 🡪 could
may 🡪 might must/ has to 🡪 had to
- ‘I need a new car,’ Greg said. 🡪 Greg said (that) he needed a new car.
- ‘I got up late,’ Tony said. 🡪 Tony said (that) he had got up late.
● We change pronouns and possessive adjectives according to the meaning of the sentence in
reported speech
- Rea said, ‘I’ll call you tomorrow.’ 🡪 Rea said (that) she would call me the following day.
● Also, we change time expressions in reported speech.
now 🡪 then, at that time
today, tonight 🡪 that day, that night
yesterday 🡪 the day before, the previous day
tomorrow 🡪 the next day, the following day
this week 🡪 that week
last week 🡪 the week before, the previous week
next week 🡪 the week after, the following week
two days ago 🡪 two days before
here 🡪 there
- He said, ‘We can meet tomorrow.’ 🡪 He said (that) we could meet the next day.

Reported Questions
● Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask (+ object), want to know or
wonder.
● We change the verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions as in statements.

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 - ‘What did you make for dinner yesterday?’ Bob asked me. 🡪 Bob asked me what I had
made for dinner the day before.
● The word order is different from in a direct question. The word order is the same as in a
statement (S + V + O). Change the word order!
- Ben asked me why I wanted to leave my job.
● When the direct question is a yes no/ question, the reported question begins with if or
whether.
- ‘Do you like rock music?’ he asked us. 🡪 He asked us if/ whether we liked rock music.
● When the direct question is a WH- question, the reported question begins with the same
question word.
- ‘What did you do last night?’ Pam asked me. 🡪 Pam asked me what I had done the previous
night.
Reported Requests, Imperatives and Orders
● ask or want + object + to infinitive= reported requests
- ‘Will you please hold this bag for me?’ Laura said Helen. 🡪 Laura asked Helen to hold the
bag for her.
● ask or tell + object + to infinitive= reported imperatives, commands or orders
- ‘Stop the car.’ The policeman said to him. 🡪 The policeman asked him to stop the car.

I. Change the following sentences from direct to indirect / reported speech. First is done for you.
1. He said, “I will be here at noon.”
He said that he would be there at noon.
2. John said, “I have finished studying my lesson.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. William said to me, “I am leaving in the morning.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. The teacher said, “Everyone has to write a response paragraph.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. John said, “I saw this movie last Wednesday.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movie with you now.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Susan said, “John speaks English well.”
__________________________________________________________________________________

II. Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner. First question is done for you.

1. What’s your name?

The police officer asked him what his name was.
2. Did you see the robbers?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do you think they got in?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. What did they take?
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Has this ever happened before?
__________________________________________________________________________________

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III. Report the “Yes / No” questions below. First question is done for you.
1. “Are you busy,” she asked me.
She asked me whether / if I was busy (or not).
2. She asked, “Do you live with your family, Helen?”
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. He asked, “Can I borrow your pen, Linda?”
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. He asked me, “Does your uncle live in England?”
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Mary asked Lucy, “Will you come to my party tomorrow?”

__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mark asked, “Did you phone me last night, John?”
__________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Report the imperative sentences below.

1. The teacher always says to us, “Study very hard.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Woman to the porter: “Carry my suitcases.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Policeman to a man: “Describe your car.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Mother to the boy: “Don’t hurt yourself.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. The robber to the man: “Don’t speak.”
__________________________________________________________________________________

V. Rewrite the following sentences using reported speech. Note the clues in parentheses and at the
beginning. The first one is done for you.
1. What did my mother cook for dinner? She didn’t tell it. (tell)
My mother didn’t tell me what she had cooked for dinner.
2. Mary: When are we going to have our midterm exam? (want to know)
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Teacher to class: Bring your Reading Explorer books tomorrow. (tell)
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. How old is our new teacher? She didn’t let us know it. (let us know)
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you have a good recipe for chocolate cake? (ask)
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Jerry: I spent a marvelous summer vacation with my girlfriend. (say)
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Peter to teacher: Do we have to keep a portfolio this course? (ask)
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Police officer to tourist: Don’t cross the police line! (tell)
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Passenger to hostess: Why hasn’t our plane taken off yet? (ask)
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Where can we have a nice dinner? Could you tell us that please? (tell)
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Part 2- Gerund & Infinitive

VERB PATTERNS (Gerund & Infinitives)

USE Gerund (V + ing/ not V+ ing) is used: to/ not to + infinitive is used:

● after certain verbs: admit, avoid, consider, ● to express purpose.

continue, deny, delay, discuss, enjoy, finish,
forgive, involve, keep (=continue), mind,
miss, save, stand, suggest etc.
- They considered moving abroad.
● as a noun.
- Cycling is a popular form of exercise.
● after prepositions.
- He was guilty of lying in court.
- Sam went to the bank to get some
money.
● after certain verbs: agree, appear, decide,
expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc.
- He promised to help us with the
decorations.
● after adjectives.
- I was annoyed to hear that he had left.
- He was clever not to believe them.
● after too/ enough.
- She is too young to stay out so late.
- It is enough to sit here.

VI. Complete the text with infinitive or verb-ing form of the verbs in brackets.

Paul and Simon decided (1) _______ (go) on an expedition in the mountains. They thought about
(2) _______ (tour) Scotland, but then agreed (3) _______ (go) to Wales instead. Although Paul is used
to (4) _______ (walk) in the hills and mountains, Simon had never been before. He normally refuses to (5)
_______ do) anything dangerous, but he agreed (6) _______ (take) part this time. They remembered (7)
_______ (take) a lot of equipment with them to avoid (8) _______ (get) into trouble, but unfortunately,
during their trip there was a terrible storm. On their journey a professional mountaineer spotted them
and they were made to stop their journey temporarily. They agreed that it was no use (9) _______ (try) to
continue in such bad weather conditions so they ended up (10) _______ (set) up camp in the mountains.
Eventually the storm stopped and although they were cold, wet and starving they couldn't resist (11)
_______ (finish) their climb. They thought it would make a good story (12) _______ (tell) their friends.

VII. Complete the text with infinitive or verb-ing form of the words in brackets.

Studies show that a huge majority of people want commercial TV (1) _______ (produce) more
educational and informational programs. More than 75 % believe in limiting the number of hours of TV
that children watch. And the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends (2) _______ (not permit)
children (3) _______ (watch) more than one to two hours per day.
It’s hard (4) _______ (understand) why the entertainment industry resists (5) _______ (not make)
changes. Parents, teachers and doctors are urging the industry (6) _______ (develop) clearer ratings and
get rid of violence in children’s shows. In addition, violence seems (7) _______ (not make) money for
advertisers. Even artists are warning the industry (8) _______ (not continue) like this.
The industry may choose (9) _______ (pay) attention to the public, but it will not be able to ignore
Congress. Lawmakers want (10) _______ (inquire) the way which networks market violent shows to
teenagers. They are also asking the industry (11) _______ (offer) violence-free hours, when no violent
content is allowed.

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 Part 3- Vocabulary

VIII. Complete the text with correct forms of the words given at the end of each line.

George Lucas‘s Star Wars changed 20th century (1) __________ and raised audience entertain
(2) __________ to alarming heights for film producers. Special effects have become expect
(3) __________ important in selling a film since Star Wars was made in 1977. increase

The script of Jurassic Park, for example, was (4) __________ but the film was a box disappoint
office success because the dinosaurs were (5) __________ realistic. However, special amazing
effects do not always guarantee (6) __________. (7) __________, when Lost World succeed- interest
came out, the technology was far superior, but people had become tired of dinosaurs
and were simply not (8) __________ enough to want to go and see them anymore. motivate
The film was not nearly as successful as its predecessor.

But who is not impressed when they see Jar Jar Binks in The Phantom Menace, the
first ever 3D interactive (9) __________ character seen on film? Computer-generated
actors are certainly the way ahead, but you may be (10) __________ to discover that digit
the most expensive special effect was filmed in 1956. The (11) __________ of the Red surprise
Sea in Cecille DeMille’s The Ten Commandments cost an (12) __________ £ 2 million. separate
But what does the future hold? It is (13) __________ to think that with astonish
computer-generated (14) __________ filmmakers may be able to recreate dead movie fascinate
stars, such as James Dean and Marylyn Monroe. image

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