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    Load Flow Solution incorporating Q Limits at PV Buses

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    14 views6 pages

    Load Flow Solution Incorporating Q Limits at PV Buses

    Uploaded by

    陆华林

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. MADRAS 600036 DEC.27-30 2s Load Flow Solution incorporating Q Limits at PV Buses P. S. Nagendra Rao and Bijuna Kunju K Abstract—This paper presents a new approach for handling ‘one of the important adjustments required in practical load flow solutions, namely- the Q limit violation at the generator (PV) bbuses.The proposed scheme is based on a new representation for the reactive power injection-voltage (Q-V) characteristics at the PV buses.The scheme involves two stages. In the first stage the et of PV nodes that violate their limits and also the particular Timit they violate are determined.Using this as the input, in the second stage the adjusted load flow solution of the system is ‘obtained considering all these buses to be of PQ type with known Injections. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme has been demonstrated by considering several standard test systems. Index Terms—Load flow, Power flow, Adjusted load flow, Q limits. L. Inrropuction ‘The Load Flow calculation is the most commonly used tool for power system analysis,The Newton's Method [1] is one of the first methods that gained widespread popularity and con. tinues to be in use for system studies. The other popular load flow method is the Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method [4], Adjustment schemes are required in load flow solutions for simulating the behavior of equipments with automatic control devices. The methods of incorporating such adjustments in load flow solutions have a major impact on the speed of the solution Some of the common adjustments required are for the On load tap changing transformer taps, area interchange controls, generator bus Q violations,switched capacitors ete ‘The area-interchange is treated in {2} as an additional control variable:The implementation of standard adjustments of trans- former tap and phase-shift control is considered in [3],The transformer tap ratio and phase shift are treated as additional control variables and automatic adjustments are made in the load flow equations in [3] ‘There has been some results which attempt to incorporate adjustments in the FDLF framework. The FDLF is modified in (6] using proper starting criteria and independent auxiliary solutions for different adjustments in a specific sequence.tn [6] once the load flow is moderately converged, an auxiliary solution is found based on sensitivity calculations to identify new Q-limit violations and/or limit back-offs and to correct bus. voltages for any new adjustment.After the adjustment of bus voltages are identified the main Toad flow solution is carried ‘out with the Q-limits enforced.The auxiliary solution cannot solve the problem of bus-type switching satisfactorily in some extreme cases with tight limits on several controlled quant ties.The FDLF is modified in [7] with additional full solutions. ‘Dep. of Electrical Engg, Indian Instiate OF Science, Banglore 560012, India Ema nagendraeesise ereLinbiuna@ eeiiceretin instead of auxiliary Solutions Here again, the bus-type switeh- ing is adopted for the Q-V eyele-Typically a few additional iterations are required for the adjustmentindependent of the number of PV buses .The adjustments have been included by applying the linear programming approach to find the adjustment required onthe control variables in [8]-This method though sophisticated introduces significant complexities into the problem of handling PV buses violating their Q limits In spite ofthese results [2]-3], [51-18] the bus type switch- ing scheme is still the most common approach for handling PY bus Q limit violations [4]. this scheme the Q limits are ignored till a reasonable convergence is reached. After this point, in each iteration the sot of violating buses are identified and treated as PQ buses. The set of equations tobe solved keep changing at each iteration -This require partial refactorization ‘and factor updating of the B” matrix in the FDLF . With the full Newton's method, this implies change in size and structure ‘of the Jacobian across the iteration The present work is based on the premise thatthe limitations of the existing schemes could be overcome if one could a priori identify the PV nodes that violate their Q limits and also the particular limit that they violate-In that ease one could easily obtain the solution using any of the powerful (unadjusted) load flow solution techniques treating these buses 48 PQ buses with known Q injections:The proposed work is therefore a two stage scheme.The first stage is aimed at identifying the PV buses and the corresponding Q injection fat these nodes. We show that the Newton's load flow solution cean be used for this initial identification stage making use ‘of a new model for Q injection at the PY buses.The second stage involves the use of any standard unadjusted load flow technique, Here we use the Newton Raphson (NR) method itself ‘This paper is organized as follows.In section 2 we introduce ‘a new model to represent the Q-V characteristics of PV buses. The proposed load flow scheme is presented in section Results of system studies are presented in section 4 and the paper is concluded in section 5. TL. GENERATOR BUS Q-V CHARACTERISTICS ‘The basic difference in the representation of a PV bus. and a PQ bus in a Toad flow method is in the model of the reactive power injection at those buses.For a PQ bus Q is a constant- specified quantity. The traditional model used. {to represent a PV bus seeks t0 mimic the behavior of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR).The voltage at a generator ‘bus (PV) is maintained atthe specified value by the AVR. When 2 Oma c : Bos z in : : i i t Fig. 1. Conventional Qincction model at PV bus the voltage tends to fall, the regulator injects reactive power into the bus and when the voltage tends to rise, the reactive power is absorbed by the generator However, beyond the Q- capabilities of the generator, the AVR is ineffective and the voltage will be determined by the system conditions and the AVR will be at one of its limits. This relation of reactive power injection and voltage at any generator bus is represented by a characteristic as shown in Fig. referred as the traditional ‘model ‘The nonlinearity and the discontinuity of the curve is the reason for the complexity inthe inclusion of PV buses into the load flow equations.From the point of view of the load flow ‘equations this characteristics implies the use of one of the three ‘equations given below depending on where the operating point lies on the characteristics. Qinj =Qmac: in region DC Vey =V spec in region AC Qinj =Qmin in region AB ‘The central difficulty in Q adjustment arises because every time we use a different equation, the complete system of ‘equations itself changes. ‘The expectation here is that if we can combine these three equations above and replace it by a single equation then, we may be able to overcome this difficulty.A good candidate for approximating the characteristies in Fig.l by @ continuous function is a tanh function shown in Fig.2. A family of curves with variable slopes at the origin can bbe defined by the tanh 2z function, The function for different values of is shown in Fig.3, We see from Fig3, that for a value of # = 200 the function tanh 200: could represent a very good approximation to the function shown in Fig.l (with appropriate scaling). By choosing a proper value of 9, scaling and shifting the characteristics in Fig.2, we get a good approximation for the characteristic in Fig.1 as follows. Fig. 2. Tanhx fection oa etas200 os etan20 dul a telet 3 & Fig. 3. Tanhix function ‘The tanh(x) is symmetric about both the axes and the limits on the y-axis are +1 and —1

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