Tutorial 1 Solutions

MTL101::Linear Algebra and Differential Equations
Tutorial 1
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 1 / 55

Question 1
Suppose we have a system of three linear equations in real coefficients and
in two unknowns:
a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
a3 x + b3 y = c3
Interpret geometrically the following statements:

(a) the system has no solutions.
(b) the system has a unique solution.
(c) the system has an infinitely many solutions.
Further, provide values to ai , bi , ci ∈ R, (i = 1, 2, 3), so that the above
statements hold.

Question 1(a)
Solution: (a) The system has no solutions
All three lines are parallel.
L1 : x + y = −2
L2 : x + y = 0
L3 : x + y = 2
Two lines coincide and other line is parallel to them.
L1 : x + y = 0
L2 : x + y = 0
L3 : x + y = 2

Question 1(a) Contd.
Two lines are parallel and the third line intersects the other two lines.
L1 : x − 2y = 1
L2 : x + y = 0
L3 : x + y = 2
Three lines intersect at three different points.
L1 : x − 2y = 1
L2 : 2x − y = −4
L3 : x + y = 2

Question 1(b), 1(c)
(b) The system has a unique solution

All the three lines have only one common point of intersection.
L1 : x + y = 4
L2 : 3x + y = 7
L3 : x − y = −1
(c) The system has an infinitely many solutions.
All three lines coincide.
L1 : x + y = 1
L2 : x + y = 1
L3 : x + y = 1

Question 2
Suppose we have a system of three linear equations in real coefficients and
in three unknowns:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

(b) the system has a unique solution.
Further, provide values to ai , bi , ci , di ∈ R, (i = 1, 2, 3), so that the above
statements hold.

Question 2(a)
Solution: (a) The system has no solutions.
All three planes are parallel.
P1 : x − 2y + z = −2
P2 : x − 2y + z = 1
P3 : x − 2y + z = 5
Two planes coincide and other plane is parallel.
P1 : x − 2y + z = −2
P2 : x − 2y + z = 5
P3 : x − 2y + z = 5

Question 2(a) Contd.
Two planes are parallel and the third plane intersects the other two
planes.
P1 : x + y − z = 1
P2 : x − 2y + z = 1
P3 : x − 2y + z = 5
Line of intersection of two planes is parallel to the third plane.
P1 : z = 0
P2 : y = 0
P3 : y + z = 2

Question 2(b), 2(c)
(b) The system has a unique solution.
Line of intersection of two planes intersects the third plane.
P1 : x = 0
P2 : y = 0
P3 : z = 0
(c) The system has an infinitely many solutions.

Line of intersection of two planes completely lie on the third plane.
P1 : y + z = 0
P2 : y = 0
P3 : z = 0
Question 2(c) Contd.
All three planes coincide.
P1 : x − 2y + z = 5
P2 : x − 2y + z = 5
P3 : x − 2y + z = 5
Two planes coincide and the third plane intersects these planes.
P1 : x + y − z = 1
P2 : x − 2y + z = 5
P3 : x − 2y + z = 5

Question 3
Suppose we have a system of two linear equations in real coefficients and
three unknowns:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Further, provide values to ai , bi , ci , di ∈ R, (i = 1, 2, 3), so that the above
statements hold. Can you have unique solution ?

Question 3(a)
Solution: (a) The system has no solution
Two planes are parallel.
P1 : x − 2y + z = −2
P2 : x − 2y + z = 5
(c) The system has an infinitely many solutions

Two planes coincide.
P1 : x − 2y + z = 5
P2 : x − 2y + z = 5

Two planes intersects each other.
P1 : x + y − z = 1
P2 : x − 2y + z = 5
As the number of unknown variables are greater than the number of

equations, the system cannot have a unique solution.

Question 4
Let ~y = A~x and ~x = B w ~ with A and B being 2 × 2 matrices and
~ ∈ R2 . If ~y = C w
~x , ~y , w ~ , then find the relation between A, B and C .
h x i h y i h w i
1 1 1
Solution: Let ~x = , ~y = ,w~ = .
x2 y2 w2
The y1 y2 -coordinate system is related to the x1 x2 -coordinate system
by the formula ~y = A~x .
The x1 x2 -coordinate system is related to the w1 w2 -coordinate system
by the formula ~x = B w~.
The y1 y2 -coordinate system is related to the w1 w2 -coordinate system
by the formula ~y = C w ~ ∈ R2 ,
~ . Therefore for every w
~ = ~y = A~x = A(B w
Cw ~ ) = (AB)~
w.
Consequently, we have C = AB.

Question 5
Let L1 , L2 are lower triangular and U1 , U2 are upper triangular, then which
of the following matrices are lower triangular and upper triangular ?
(a) L1 + L2 (b) U1 + L2 (c) U12 (d) L1 U1 (e) U1 L2
Recall: A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are n × n real matrices.

A is lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for i < j.
B is upper triangular matrix if bij = 0 for i > j.
If C = A + B and C = [cij ], then cij = aij + bij.
If D = AB and D = [dij ], then
n
X
dij = aik bkj .
k=1

Question 5(a), 5(b)
Solution: (a) L1 + L2
Let L1 = [pij ], L2 = [qij ] and L1 + L2 = [lij ].
As L1 , L2 are lower triangular matrices, pij = 0 and qij = 0 for i < j.
lij = pij + qij = 0 for i < j.
Hence, L1 + L2 is a lower triangular matrix.
Solution: (b) U1 + L2
U1 + L2 may neither be a lower triangular nor upper triangular matrix.
Consider
1 2 1 0
U1 = , L2 = .
0 2 1 1

Question 5(c)
Solution: (c) U12

Let U1 = [uij ] and U12 = [vij ].
As U1 is upper triangular, uij = 0 for i > j.
For i > j
n
X
vij = uik ukj
k=1
Xj n
X
= uik ukj + uik ukj
k=1 k=j+1
= 0.
Hence, U12 is an upper triangular matrix.

Question 5(d), 5(e)
Solution: (d) L1 U1 , (e) U1 L2

Both L1 U1 and U1 L2 may neither be an upper triangular matrix nor a
lower triangular matrix.
Consider
1 2 1 0
U1 = , L1 = L2 = .
0 2 1 1
Then

1 2
L1 U1 = ,
1 4

3 2
U1 L2 = .
2 2

Question 6
Let ~x , ~y ∈ R2 and

cos α − sin α cos β − sin β
A= and B = .
sin α cos α sin β cos β
Show that ~y = A~x is the rotation of vector ~x counter clockwise by angle α.

Also compute ~y = An ~x and ~y = AB~x . Interpret the results geometrically.
Solution:
Let θ be the angle between

x 1
1
~x = and e~1 = .
x2 0
Then x1 = |~x | cos θ and
x2 = |~x | sin θ.

Question 6 Contd.
y
1
~y = is a new position of ~x after rotating counter clockwise by
y2
an angle α.
Angle between ~y and e~1 is θ + α.
Therefore,
y1 = |~y | cos(θ + α) y2 = |~y | sin(θ + α)

= |~x | cos θ cos α − |~x | sin θ sin α = |~x | sin θ cos α + |~x | cos θ sin α
= x1 cos α − x2 sin α = x1 sin α + x2 cos α
Hence,
y cos α − sin α x
1 1
~y = = = A~x
y2 sin α cos α x2
Therefore, A rotates vector ~x by angle α.

Question 6 Contd.
To understand the behavior of ~y = AB~x on ~x , note that

The product,
cos α − sin α cos β − sin β
AB =
sin α cos α sin β cos β
cos(α + β) − sin(α + β)

=
sin(α + β) cos(α + β)
Hence, AB rotates the vector ~x counter clockwise by angle α + β.

To understand the behavior of ~y = An ~x on ~x , note that
cos 2α − sin 2α
A2 = and using induction
sin 2α cos 2α
cos nα − sin nα

An = .
sin nα cos nα
Hence, An rotates the vector ~x counter clockwise by angle nα.

Question 7
Which of the following matrices are row echelon and row reduced echelon
matrix. Give a reason when the matrix is not row reduced echelon.
       
1 0 5 1 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 0
 0 2 3 ,  0 1 3 ,  0 0 0 ,  0 0 1 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Recall: Row echelon matrix

All zero-rows are at the bottom.
The leading coefficient of a non-zero row is always strictly left to the
leading coefficient of the next row.
Row reduced echelon matrix
It is a row echelon matrix.
The leading entry in each non-zero row is equal to 1.
Each column containing a leading 1 has zeros in all its other entries.

Question 7
Solution:
 
1 0 5
 0 2 3  is a row echelon matrix. It is not a row reduced echelon
0 0 0
matrix as the leading coefficient of the second row is not equal to 1.
 
1 0 5
 0 1 3  is a row reduced echelon matrix.
0 0 0
 
0 1 0
 0 0 0  is not a row echelon matrix as a zero row is lying
0 0 1
above
 a non-zero
 row.
0 1 0
 0 0 1  is a row reduced echelon matrix.
0 0 0

Question 8
Find row reduced echelon matrix which is row equivalent to the matrices
in the previous question and their transposes.
Recall: A is row equivalent to the matrix B if A can be obtained from B

by finitely many row operations.
Solution:
   
1 0 5 1
R → R2
1 0 5
 0 2 3  −−2−−2−→  0 1 3 
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
   
0 1 0 0 1 0
R2 ↔R3
 0 0 0 − −−−→  0 0 1 
0 0 1 0 0 0

Question 8
Row reduced echelon matrix of transpose matrix

 T    
1 0 5 1 0 0 1
R → R2
1 0 0
 0 2 3  =  0 2 0  −−2−−2−→  0 1 0 
0 0 0 5 3 0 5 3 0
   
1 0 0 1 0 0
R →R −5R1 R3 →R3 −3R2
−−3−−−3−−−→  0 1 0 − −−−−−−− → 0 1 0 
0 3 0 0 0 0
 T  
1 0 5 1 0 0
 0 1 3  =  0 1 0 , then proceed as above.
0 0 0 5 3 0

Question 8 Contd.
 T    
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
R1 ↔R2
 0 0 0  =  1 0 0  −− −−→  0 0 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 0 0
R2 ↔R3
−−−−→  0 0 1 
0 0 0
 T    
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
R1 ↔R2
 0 0 1  =  1 0 0  −− −−→  0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
 
1 0 0
R2 ↔R3
−− −−→  0 1 0 
0 0 0

Question 9
Show that every elementary matrix is invertible and inverse is an elementary matrix
Recall:
1 A square matrix E of size n is called an elementary matrix if there is an elementary
row operation q such that E = q(In ).
2 Let q be an elementary row operation, then, for A ∈ Mm×n (R)
q(A) = q(Im )A
3 If matrix A is obtained from identity matrix I by a certain row operation q then

A−1 is obtained from I by its inverse operation q −1 , i.e.,
If q is swapping operation then q −1 = q.
If q is multiplication of a row by x (where x 6= 0) then q −1 is
multiplication of a row by x −1 .
If q is an adding operation i.e RI → RI + xRj , then q −1 will be
RI → RI − xRj .

Question 9
Solution:
Let E be an elementary matrix. Therefore, E = q(I ) for some
elemenatry operation q.
Define F = q −1 (I ), where q −1 is the reverse operation of q.
Then,
I = (q −1 ◦ q)(I ) = q −1 ◦ (q(I ))
= q −1 (E )
= q −1 (I )E (see ’Recall, point-2’)
= FE
Similarly,
I = (q ◦ q −1 )(I ) = q ◦ (q −1 (I ))
= q(F )
= q(I )F (see ’Recall, point-2’)
= EF
Question 9 Contd.
Thus I = FE = EF , i.e., E is invertible and the inverse is given by F .

As, by definition, F is obtained by a single row operation applied on I ,
therefore F is an elementary matrix.

Question 10
Compute the rank of the following matrices. Using the rank determine
which of these matrices are invertible.
     
1 1 2 1 2 −4 1 3 −4
 2 3 8  ,  −1 −1 5  ,  1 5 −1  .
−3 −1 2 2 7 −3 3 13 −6
Recall:
The rank of a matrix A is the number of non-zero rows in the Row
Echelon form of A.
A matrix An×n is invertible ⇐⇒ Rank(A) = n.
Row-equivalent matrices have the same rank.

Question 10
Solution: Using elementary row operations we have,

1 1 2 ! 1 1 2 !
R →R −2R1 R3 →R3 −2R2
2 3 8 −−2−−−2−−−→ 0 1 4 −−−−−−−−→
R3 →R3 +3R1
−3 −1 2 0 2 8
1 1 2 !
0 1 4
0 0 0
As the rank A = 2, the above matrix is not invertible.

Question 10 Contd.
1 2 −4 ! 1 2 −4 !
R2 →R2 +R1 R →R −3R2
−1 −1 5 −−− −−−−− → 0 1 1 −−3−−−3−−−→
R3 →R3 −2R1
2 7 −3 0 3 5
1 2 −4 !
0 1 1
0 0 2
As the rank A = 3, the above matrix is invertible.

1 3 −4 ! 1 3 −4 !
R2 →R2 −R1 R3 →R3 −2R2
1 5 −1 −−−−−−−− → 0 2 3 −−−−−−−−→
R3 →R3 −3R1
3 13 −6 0 4 6
1 3 −4 !
0 2 3
0 0 0
As the rank A = 2, the above matrix is not invertible.

Question 11
Find the inverse of the invertible matrices in the previous question by
reducing the matrix to row reduced echelon form (identity matrix).
Solution:
Consider [A|I ], where A is the matrix considered in Question 10(b)
and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
" 1 2 −4 1 0 0 # " 1 2 −4 1 0 0 #
R2 →R2 +R1
−1 −1 5 0 1 0 − −−−−−−− → 0 1 1 1 1 0
R3 →R3 −2R1
2 7 −3 0 0 1 0 3 5 −2 0 1
" 1 0 −6 −1 −2 0 #
R1 →R1 −2R2 R1 →R1 +3R3
−−−−−−−− → 0 1 1 1 1 0 − −−−−−−−→
R3 →R3 −3R2 R3 → 21 R3
0 0 2 −5 −3 1

Question 11
" 1 0 0 −16 −11 3 # " 1 0 0 −16 −11 3 #

R2 →R2 −R3 7 5
0 1 1 1 1 0 −−−−−−−→ 0 1 0 2 2 − 12
0 0 1 − 25 − 32 12 0 0 1 − 52 − 32 1
2
 
−16 −11 3
Therefore, A−1 =  7
2
5
2 − 21 
− 52 − 32 1
2

Question 12
Write down the following matrices as the product of elementary matrices
(whenever possible).
   
1 2 3 1 1 2
 0 1 4 ,  2 3 8 .
0 0 1 −3 −1 2
Recall:
A is row equivalent to I if and only if I is row equivalent to A. If
I = (qs ◦ ... ◦ q2 ◦ q1 )(A), then A = (q1−1 ◦ ... ◦ qs−1
−1
◦ qs−1 )(I ).
That is, A = E1−1 E2−1 . . . Es−1 , where Ek = qk (I ).

Question 12
Solution:
1 2 3 ! 1 2 3 !
q1 :R2 →R2 −4R3 q2 :R1 →R1 −2R2
0 1 4 −−−−−−−−−→ 0 1 0 −−−−−−−−−→
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 3 ! 1 0 0 !
q3 :R1 →R1 −3R3
0 1 0 −−−−−−−−−→ 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
Hence, A is row equivalent to I , and A = E1−1 E2−1 E3−1 , where
1 0 0 ! 1 −2 0 ! 1 0 −3 !
E1 = q1 (I ) = 0 1 −4 , E2 = 0 1 0 , E3 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 1 2
 2 3 8  is not invertible since rank is 2, see Question 10.
−3 −1 2

Question 13
Solve the following systems of equations by reducing the augmented
matrix to the row reduced echelon form:
a) x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 1, 2x1 + 2x3 = 1, x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 2,
b) x1 + 7x2 + x3 = 4, x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 0, −4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 = −9,
c) x2 + 5x3 = −4, x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 = −2, 2x1 + 7x2 + x3 = −1,
d) −2x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 5, x2 − x3 = 4, x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 2.
Solution: a) x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 1, 2x1 + 2x3 = 1, x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 2

Above system of equations can be written as Ax = b, i.e.,
1 −1 2 ! x1 ! 1 !
2 0 2 x2 = 1
1 −3 4 x3 2

Question 13(a)
Using elementary row transformations on augmented matrix (A|B) we
have,
1 −1 2 1 ! 1 −1 2 1 !
R2 →R2 −2R1
2 0 2 1 −−−−−−−− → 0 2 −2 −1
R3 →R3 −R1
1 −3 4 2 0 −2 2 1
1 −1 2 1 !
R →R +R2
−−3−−−3−−→ 0 1 −1 − 12
R2 →R2 /2
0 0 0 0
Since, rank A = 2 and rank (A|b) = 2. Also, rank A = rank
(A|b) < 3, above system of equations have infinite solutions.
Here x3 is the free variable. Let x3 = a. We have,
1
x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 1, x2 − x3 = −
2
T
1 1
Therefore, (x1 x2 x3 )T = 2 −a a− 2 a
Question 13(b)
(b) x1 + 7x2 + x3 = 4, x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 0, −4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 = −9

1 7 1 ! x1 ! 4 !
1 −2 1 x2 = 0
−4 5 9 x3 −9
Using elementary row operations on augmented matrix (A|B) we

have,
1 7 1 4 ! 1 7 1 4 !
R2 →R2 −R1
1 −2 1 0 −
−−−−−−− → 0 −9 0 −4
R3 →R3 +4R1
−4 5 9 −9 0 33 13 7
1 7 1 4 !
R2 →R2 /9 R3 →R3 +33R2
−−−−−−→ 0 −1 0 − 94 −− −−−−−−→
0 33 13 7

Question 13(b) Contd.
1 7 1 4 ! 1 7 1 4 !
R3 →R3 /13
0 −1 0 − 49 −−−−−−→ 0 −1 0 − 94
0 0 13 −23/39 0 0 1 −23/39
As rank A = rank (A|b) = 3, above system of equations has a unique
solution. Hence, we have
4 23
x1 + 7x2 + x3 = 4, − x2 = − , x3 = − .
9 39
So, by backward substitution we get,
173 4 23 T
(x1 x2 x3 )T = −
117 9 39

Question 13 (c)
(c) x2 + 5x3 = −4, x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 = −2, 2x1 + 7x2 + x3 = −1

0 1 5 ! x1 ! −4 !
1 4 3 x2 = −2 .
2 7 1 x3 −1
Using elementary row operations on augmented matrix (A|b) we have,
0 1 5 −4 ! 1 4 3 −2 !
R1 ↔R2
1 4 3 −2 −− −−→ 0 1 5 −4
2 7 1 −1 2 7 1 −1

1 4 3 −2 ! 1 4 3 −2 !
R3 →R3 −2R1
0 1 5 −4 −− −−−−−→ 0 1 5 −4
2 7 1 −1 0 −1 −5 3
1 4 3 −2 !
R →R +R
−3−−−3−−
− →2
0 1 5 −4
0 0 0 −1
Hence, rank A = 2 and rank (A|b) = 3. As, rank A 6= rank (A|b), above system of
equation has no solution.

Question 13(d)
(d) −2x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 5, x2 − x3 = 4, x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 2

−2 −3 4 ! x1 ! 5 !
0 1 −1 x2 = 4
1 3 −1 x3 2
Using elementary row operations on augmented matrix (A|B) we

have,
−2 −3 4 5 ! 1 3 −1 2 !
R1 ↔R3
0 1 −1 4 −−−−→ 0 1 −1 4
1 3 −1 2 −2 −3 4 5
1 3 −1 2 !
R3 →R3 +2R1 R3 →R3 −3R2
−−−−−−−−→ 0 1 −1 4 −
−−−−−−− →
0 3 2 9

Question 13(d) Contd.
1 3 −1 2 ! 1 3 −1 2 !
R3 →R3 /5
0 1 −1 4 −−−−−−→ 0 1 −1 4
0 0 5 −3 0 0 1 − 35
As rank A = rank (A|B) = 3, above system of equations have a
unique solution. Hence, we have
x3 = −3/5, x2 − x3 = 4, x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 2.
So, by backward substitution we get,

44 17 3 T
(x1 x2 x3 )T = − −
5 5 5

Question 14
Consider the following system of equations:
x + 2y + z = 3, ay + 5z = 10, 2x + 7y + az = b.
a) Find all values of a for which the following system of equations has a
unique solution. b) Find all pairs (a, b) for which the system has more
than one solution.
Solution:
1 2 1 ! x1 ! 3 !
0 a 5 x2 = 10
2 7 a x3 b
The system of equations will have a unique solution iff |A| =

6 0.
Since, |A| = a2 − 2a − 15 = (a − 5)(a + 3). Therefore, the above
system of equation has a unique solution iff a 6= 5, −3.
Question 14 Contd.
Case 1 : When a=-3

Using elementary row operations on augmented matrix we have,
1 2 1 3 ! 1 2 1 3 !
R3 →R3 −2R1
0 −3 5 10 −−−−−−−− → 0 −3 5 10
2 7 −3 b 0 3 −5 b − 6
1 2 1 3 !
R →R +R2
−−3−−−3−−→ 0 −3 5 10
0 0 0 b+4
rank A = 2. Above system of equation will have infinite solutions iff
rank A =rank (A|B) < 3. This implies that rank (A|B) = 2.
This gives, b + 4 = 0, i.e., b = −4.
Hence, for (a, b) = (−3, −4) the system has more than one solution.

Question 14 Contd.
Case 2 : When a = 5
Using elementary row transformations on augmented matrix (A|B) we
1 2 1 3 ! 1 2 1 3 !
R3 →R3 −2R1
have, 0 5 5 10 −−−−−−−− → 0 5 5 10
2 7 5 b 0 3 3 b−6
1 2 1 3 ! 1 2 1 3 !
R2 →R2 /5 R3 →R3 −R2
−−−−−−→ 0 1 1 2 −−−−−−−→ 0 1 1 2
R3 →R3 /3
0 1 1 b−6 3 0 0 0 b−12
3
rank A = 2. Above system of equation will have infinite solutions ifF
rank A =rank (A|B) < 3. This implies that rank (A|B) = 2.
b−12
Therefore, 3 = 0, i.e., b = 12.
Hence, for (a, b) = (5, 12) the system has more than one solution.

Question 15
Find a, b, c, p, q ∈ R such that the following system has a solution:
    
1 2 3 x a
 0 1 p   y  =  b .
0 0 q z c
Solution: The system of equation written in the form of Ax = b has a

solution if
rank A =rank (A|b) = 3. In this case it will have a unique solution.
rank A = rank (A|b) < 3. In this case it will have infinite solutions.
Case 1: Unique Solution
The system will have a unique solution iff A is invertible, equivalently
|A| =
6 0.
|A| = q, therefore the system of equation has a unique solution iff
q 6= 0 and p, a, b, c ∈ R.

Question 15
Case 2 : Infinite Solutions

For this case, we must have rank A = rank (A|b) < 3.
Now, rank A < 3 iff q = 0, and in that case rank A = 2 because A
has two non zero pivot columns.
Consider (A|b) when q = 0
 
1 2 3 a
 0 1 p b 
0 0 0 c
Now, rank (A|b) = 2 when c = 0.

Hence, the system of equations have infinite solutions if c = q = 0
and p, a, b ∈ R.

Question 16
Assume A, B are square matrices os same size, then,
(a) trace(A + B) = trace(A) + trace(B) and trace(AB) = trace(BA).
(b) Let A, B are 2 × 2 matrices, then det(AB) = det(A)det(B).
(c) Find A, B such that det(A + B) 6= det(A) + det(B)
Solution: (a) trace(A + B) = trace(A) + trace(B)

Let A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] be n × n matrix.
Then
n
X n
X
trace(A) + trace(B) = aii + bii
i=1 i=1
Xn
= (aii + bii )
i=1
= trace(A + B)

Question 16 (a)
trace(AB) = trace(BA)
n
(i, j)th entry of matrix AB is given by (AB)ij =
P
aik bkj .
k=1
Consider
n
X
trace(AB) = (AB)ii
i=1
n X
X n
= aik bki
i=1 k=1
Xn X n
= bki aik
i=1 k=1
= trace(BA)

Question 16 (b)
(b) Let A, B are 2 × 2 matrices, then det(AB) = det(A)det(B).

Solution:
Let
a11 a12 b11 b12
A= and B =
a21 a22 b21 b22
As det(A) = a11 a22 − a21 a12 and det(B) = b11 b22 − b21 b12 .
Now,
det(AB) = (a11 b11 + a12 b21 )(a21 b12 + a22 b22 )

− (a21 b11 + a22 b21 )(a11 b12 + a12 b22 )
= a11 a22 (b11 b22 − b21 b12 ) − a12 a21 (b11 b22 − b21 b12 )
= (a11 a22 − a21 a12 )(b11 b22 − b21 b12 )
= det(A)det(B).

Question 16 (c)
(c) Find A, B such that det(A + B) 6= det(A) + det(B)

1 0 −1 0 0 0
Let A = , B= A+B =
0 1 0 −1 0 0
Then det(A) = 1, det(B) = 1 and det(A + B) = 0.

Question 17
Show that computation of nth order determinant using expansion needs
atleast n! multiplication. If a multiplication takes 10−9 sec on a computer,
compute the time needed for computing determinant of a 25 × 25 matrix.
Solution:
Let f (n) be the numbers of multiplications required to find the
determinant of a n × n matrix using cofactor expansion.
n−1
P n!
We claim that f (n) = k! , for n > 1
k=1
Cofactor expansion of determinant of n × n matrix A along j th row is
n
X
det(A) = ajk (−1)j+k detAjk
k=1
where Ajk is the matrix formed by removing j th row and k th column.

Question 17
Since each minor Ajk is of size n − 1 × n − 1, it requires f (n − 1)

multiplications.
There are total of n minors.
Also there are n more multiplications of each element of j th row with
the corresponding minor.
By the above reasoning and absorbing multiplications of (−1)i+j in
the addition, we have the following recursive formulae,
f (n) = nf (n − 1) + n
Now, using mathematical induction on f (n).

Hence, we obtain that f (n) ≥ n!.
As 25! ≈ 1025 . Therefore, time needed to compute the determinant
of a 25 × 25 matrix will be 1016 seconds ≈ 3 × 109 years.

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MTL101::Linear Algebra and Differential Equations

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 1 / 55

Interpret geometrically the following statements:

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 2 / 55

Two lines coincide and other line is parallel to them.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 3 / 55

Three lines intersect at three different points.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 4 / 55

(b) The system has a unique solution

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 5 / 55

Interpret geometrically the following statements:

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 6 / 55

Two planes coincide and other plane is parallel.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 7 / 55

Line of intersection of two planes is parallel to the third plane.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 8 / 55

(c) The system has an infinitely many solutions.

All three planes coincide.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 10 / 55

Interpret geometrically the following statements:

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 11 / 55

(c) The system has an infinitely many solutions

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 12 / 55

Two planes intersects each other.

As the number of unknown variables are greater than the number of

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 13 / 55

Consequently, we have C = AB.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 14 / 55

Recall: A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are n × n real matrices.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 15 / 55

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 16 / 55

Solution: (c) U12

Hence, U12 is an upper triangular matrix.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 17 / 55

Solution: (d) L1 U1 , (e) U1 L2

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 18 / 55

Show that ~y = A~x is the rotation of vector ~x counter clockwise by angle α.

Let θ be the angle between

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 19 / 55

y1 = |~y | cos(θ + α) y2 = |~y | sin(θ + α)

Therefore, A rotates vector ~x by angle α.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 20 / 55

To understand the behavior of ~y = AB~x on ~x , note that

Hence, AB rotates the vector ~x counter clockwise by angle α + β.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 21 / 55

Recall: Row echelon matrix

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 22 / 55

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 23 / 55

Recall: A is row equivalent to the matrix B if A can be obtained from B

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 24 / 55

Row reduced echelon matrix of transpose matrix

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 25 / 55

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 26 / 55

3 If matrix A is obtained from identity matrix I by a certain row operation q then

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 27 / 55

Thus I = FE = EF , i.e., E is invertible and the inverse is given by F .

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 29 / 55

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 30 / 55

Solution: Using elementary row operations we have,

As the rank A = 2, the above matrix is not invertible.

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL101, Tutorial-1 Semester-II, 2020-21 31 / 55

As the rank A = 3, the above matrix is invertible.

As the rank A = 2, the above matrix is not invertible.