2020 Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC)
Investigation and Application of Smart Door Locks
based on Bluetooth Control Technology
Zhaonan Mu Wenting Li*
Guizhou University of Guizhou University of
Commerce Commerce
Guiyan, China Guiyan, China
54762999@qq.com wendyworkmail@163.com
Abstract—Recent studies show the design of smart door
locks is mainly based on CPU card technology. However, this
design is costly with poor confidentiality. In this paper, a new
method of smart door locks which can be controlled through
Bluetooth is proposed. The first process of the method is an
overall design of smart door locks based on Bluetooth control,
including central controller, door locks controller, Bluetooth
communication module and system keyboard. The second
process is hardware design of smart door locks, which mainly
adopts Bluetooth serial port module, drive motor, limit switch
and current detection module of smart door locks system and
STC15F2K32S2 single chip microcomputer. The last process is
software design. The software consists of the control software
of smart door locks and client Bluetooth software for mobile
intelligent terminal. Experiments show that this new method of
smart door locks based on Bluetooth control is more
economical, safer, more flexible, and more efficient.
Keywords—Bluetooth Control, Smart Door Locks, Bluetooth
Communication Module, Bluetooth Serial Port Module,
STC15F2K32S2 Single Chip Microcomputer
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of door locks can traceback to 5000
years ago, they evolve with the development of human
civilization as people’s security guard [1]. From earliest
mechanical locks to nowadays smart locks, various smart
door locks with functions become more and more popular
[2]. The smart door locks balance workload for traditional
managers considerably [3-4]. However, most of the existing
door locks have poor security management performance
which contributes safety risk, designing a more reliable and
convenient anti-theft door locks becomes one of the hottest
studies for lock engineers and related researchers [5-6].
Based on the design of GPRS wireless network smart door
locks [7]. Researchers propose to use MSP430F149 Single
Chip Microcomputer works as the main control unit of
smart door locks, Siemens GPRS wireless unit MC39i
works as the communication unit, and the AES encrypted
electronic intelligent device works as control unit. However,
some security problems are still left in this design. Luan
(2016) put forward an intelligent door locks design method
based on GPRS and laser virtual keyboard [8]. The method
utilizes Single Chip Microcomputer as the core processor of
the lock which stores, matches password of smart door locks,
and controls the whole lock device. The buzzer of smart
door locks works as a reminder device and notices the users
to input correct password. Moreover, the password uses an
electromagnetic relay to control the automatic switching of
intelligent door locks. However, there are risks of being
978-1-7281-6067-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
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Chao Lou Mengzhu Liu
Guizhou University of Guizhou University of
Commerce Commerce
Guiyan, China Guiyan, China
420518971@qq.com m.z.liu@foxmail.com
cracked. Adopting RF card reading module MFRC530 and
GPRS communication module SIM900A of smart door
locks, a design method of CPU card-based intelligent door
lock has provided by Hesong Huang et al. [9]. This method
uses CPU card as users’ verification card and lock device
based on FM1208-10 CPU card and New hualong
c8051f340 microprocessor. However, the method has its
disadvantages, such as high cost and poor safety. Zhenya
Chen and Tai Jiang have conduct their design which based
on STM32 Single Chip Microcomputer and adopt embedded
technology, image recognition technology and RFID,
realizing network monitoring and personnel organization
[10]. The design lock system adopts STM32F407 as the
main control chip and hasμC/OS-II real-time operating
system. By connecting Ethernet and routers, it achieves real-
time communication between smart door locks and
administration servers. But this design has problem with
poor security performance and complicated operation.
Based on previous researches and methods, a new design
method of Bluetooth control-based intelligent door lock is
proposed, which considers the requirements of economic
cost, safety performance and unlocking efficiency, sensitivity
etc., realizing identify authentication and smart lock
controlling through Bluetooth [11-12]. Therefore, a wide
range of applications of this technology may come into
reality in the future.
II. DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT DOOR LOCKS DEVICE BASED ON
BLUETOOTH CONTROL
A. The Overall Design of Intelligent Door Locks Device
The overall design of the device mainly includes the
central controller, the access controller, the Bluetooth
communication module and the system keyboard of the
device. The central controller completes the authentication
operation of the device and receives signals from peripheral
devices of the lock and controls the peripheral devices
accordingly.
The device controls its Bluetooth communication module
switch and controls communication with other Bluetooth
devices through the central controller and utilizes its
encryption operation to realize the authentication of mobile
terminals. The functions of the Bluetooth communication
module of the device mainly focus on two aspects: actively
search accessible mobile Bluetooth devices nearby and
support the communication between the locks’ central
controller and mobile intelligent terminals. The main
functions of the access controller are open or close the door
68 Dalian, China
April 14-16, 2020
lock and feedback the present state of the door lock to the
central controller through the Bluetooth device. The states
are generated by the central controller and then the central
controller creates the corresponding access control record
sheet. The keyboard controls and manipulates the reception
and transmission of the locks’ signal. The structure is shown
in figure1.
Figure 1 Structure of intelligent door lock device based on Bluetooth control
B. The Control Process of Bluetooth Control-Based
Intelligent Door Locks
The peripheral device of the smart door lock controls and
manipulates by the central controller. When the door lock is
turned on, the Bluetooth communication module of the
device actively searches for a mobile intelligent terminal that
can perform Bluetooth connection nearby. After the
connectable mobile terminal is connected, the Bluetooth
communication module of the device sends request for
information verification to the door lock and then obtains a
verification code from it. If the verification code which
processed by the mobile terminal conforms the
authentication operation requirement of the device, the
central controller sends an unlock signal to the controller. On
the contrast, if the verification of the code fails, the device
actively disconnects from the connected mobile terminal and
add this terminal to the blacklist of the Bluetooth connection
of the device very quickly. Figure2 shows verification
information interaction structure of the door lock device.
Figure 2 Verification information interaction structure of door lock device
C. Identity Authentication of Intelligent Door Locks Device
based on Bluetooth Control
The authentication process of the intelligent door lock:
Firstly, the controller of the door lock device matches and
connects with a user’s mobile terminal. Then, the controller
sends verification code to the user and the user needs to
feedback the verification code to the controller. Thirdly, the
identity of the user is verified. Finally, the controller
controls the respond of the door lock. To guarantee the
security of the device, the transmission data is encrypted
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during the identity authentication. The specific process is as
follow:
(1)The authentication mode of intelligent door lock
device based on Bluetooth control. When a user approaches
the smart door lock device, the user’s mobile terminal
automatically establishes a connection with the device, and
then the device repeatedly sends the verification request to
the terminal several times. After the calculation conducted by
this terminal, the calculated result is fed back to the lock
device and this device verifies the user’s identity and soon
give response. If the verification successes, the door lock
will be open but the connection between the device and
mobile terminal will be interrupted as soon as the mobile
terminal is away with the lock device. While if the
verification fails, the device records the MAC address of the
terminal and disconnects fast. If a user has failed verification
multiple times, the devices will add his MAC address to the
blacklist of Bluetooth connection and this MAC address will
be forbidden to connect with the device again.
(2) Authentication method of intelligent door lock device
based on Bluetooth control: The door lock device sends the
user a signal encrypted by the data encryption method to
repeatedly verify the identity of the user. The encryption
adopts the modern cryptography principle. Moreover, this
lock device uses the finite field closed calculation on the GF
(28) to provide a higher security guarantee level for the
device.
In the modern cryptography stream cipher system, there
are two main ways in which a door lock generates a key, one
is a door lock TRNG that uses physical information; the
other is a door lock pseudo-random number generator uses
mathematical functions. Door lock pseudo-random number
generator can generate non-user subjective key which has
superiority in efficient storage. This method can realize
information synchronization between different devices and
occupy less space. According to door lock pseudo-random
number generator, different device seeds generate different
random sequence of the door locks. The mobile terminal
saves the same range > x, y @ and seed s as the device. If
Ci is the item i of the random sequence of the door locks,
Ci is a fixed value when the seed is fixed and the range is
generated. The device transmits the value of i to the user's
mobile terminal multiple times, and the mobile terminal
calculates and returns the result to the device which then
accomplishes the identity verification of the users.
III. HARDWARE DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT DOOR LOCKS
DEVICE
The hardware of the door lock device adopts
STC15F2K32S2 single chip, the Bluetooth serial port
module, drive motor, limit switch and current monitoring
module of door lock to realize the hardware design of
intelligent door lock device.
The operating voltage of the hardware such as
STC15F2K32S2 single clip, electronic relay, and
ACS712ELC clip is 5v. This requires large power.
Therefore, the device utilizes efficient and powerful DC-DC
converter LM2576-5.0. LM2576-5.0 is produced by an
American company. This company specializes in
semiconductor production and has the integrated voltage
regulator circuit of 3A current output buck switch type. The
oscillator frequency of LM2576-5.0 is relatively fixed. The
frequency of LM2576-5.0 reference regulator is also
relatively fixed and can protect overall power supply circuit
of the smart lock by limiting the current of the device, by
controlling the thermal-shutdown circuit of the device and so
on. Besides, the LM2576-5.0 semiconductor converter only
needs a high-efficiency voltage regulator circuit which can
form a door lock device.
The normal operating voltage of the motor of the door
lock is 12v, and powered by the power transformer and the
backup battery of the device through J2. When the output
voltage of the device exceeds 5.3v due to sudden causes, the
D2 is automatically breakover and the self-recovering fuse
F1 of the lock is quickly disconnected to protect the lock
device in time. D4, D5 is the LED status indicator of the
device. The power circuit design of the intelligent door lock
device is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Power circuit design of smart door lock device system
Considering the economic cost and performance of the
door lock device, the main control chip of the door lock
adopts the SOP28 single chip microcomputer produced by
Hongjing Technology Company. This control chip has the
characteristics of high information processing efficiency,
strong reliability, low power consumption and strong anti-
interference. The device instruction code is fully compatible
with the traditional 8051. The internal EEPROM of the
single clip of the lock device can realize the door lock
password storage, the door lock pairing address storage, the
related parameters storage of the door lock, and so on, and
the memory of the device does not need to be expanded.
The Bluetooth serial port module is FBT-06 which has
small size. The module has a PCB antenna, which has the
advantages of low cost and high sensitivity of signal
transmit-receiving. The EN Bluetooth module of the door
lock device basing on Bluetooth control connects the power
terminal with the P3.4 of the single chip to achieve active
high. The working voltage of the Bluetooth serial port
module of the device is 3.3v-6v and 5v power supply can be
realized by Normal operation. The AT command is sent to
the Bluetooth module of the Bluetooth control-based door
lock device through the serial port of the STC15 single-chip.
Bluetooth serial data wireless transparent transmission of the
device is realized. The STATE port of the Bluetooth serial
port module of the device and the P3 .2 port of the device
single-chip device is connected. And the single-chip
microcomputer of the door lock device can obtain the current
working state of the Bluetooth module of the door lock from
its detecting result of the STATE port in time. The P3.2 port
of the device is high level, indicating that the Bluetooth
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device of the mobile terminal is successful connected.
The STC15 single chip microcomputer has its own A/D
converter, which can realize the functions of collecting the
signal VOUT of the door lock current sensor and timely
switching. Comparing the safety of the door lock and door
lock motor by setting the current threshold. By pressing the
buttons K1 and K2, the user can not only manually unlock or
lock, but also selectively shield the Bluetooth client. The
limit switch of the door lock is used to detect whether the
door lock latch is in the correct position. If the STC15 single
chip microcomputer detects the P2.4 port or the P2.5 port of
the door lock is low, the latch of the device should be in
place. Then the door lock motor is immediately stopped
rotating, thereby securing the door lock. If the user's door
lock is not locked, the device's Hall switch sensor U7 will
output a high-level signal to the door lock microcontroller
and then it will control the buzzer of the door lock to alarm.
The main control circuit design of the door lock is shown in
Figure 4.
Figure 4 Intelligent door lock device main control circuit design
IV. SOFTWARE DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT DOOR LOCKS DEVICE
The software design of the intelligent door lock device
based on Bluetooth control is mainly composed of two parts:
the door lock control software and the Bluetooth client
software design, which can be accomplished by JAVA and C
language respectively.
When the door lock device is powered on, the STC15
SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER of the door lock firstly
conducts the initialization, and then sends related parameter
information of the lock to the Bluetooth serial port module,
such as sending the user Bluetooth pairing address and the
user authentication password. The limit switch of the door
lock can detect the current operating state of the door lock
while STC15 single-chip microcomputer detects the state of
the door lock’s switch K1, K2, and implement unlocking and
blocking action accordingly. What’s more, according to the
information about whether the operation of the buttons K1
and K2 are shielded by the users’ Bluetooth device, it can be
judged whether the unlocking and blocking actions are
shielded by the user equipment.
In general, the Bluetooth device of the door lock is
regarded as the master device and after the user's identity
verification, the Bluetooth device and the door lock device
start to communicate and transmit the door lock signal
through special encryption methods. The data packet of the
device is composed of a door lock command word, a door
lock data length, a door lock data and a door lock verification
code. Only when the serial port interrupts the service
subroutine and receives the verification information that
meet the user’s requirement, does the decryption work start.
Then the door lock command code is generated and the door
performs unlocking/blocking action. And the door lock
parameter is set. The software flow of the intelligent door
lock device based on Bluetooth control is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Software flow of intelligent door lock device based on Bluetooth
control
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The experiment uses OPPOR9S, Android system, 4 GB
running memory, 64GB body memory, Snapdragon chip,
eight-core processor, 2.0GHz frequency. In the experimental
section, the Bluetooth module of the intelligent door lock
device is firstly tested. The test process is as follows:
(1) Test the communication situation. Send: AT (return
OK, send it once every second in average) Return: OK.
(2) Modify baud rate of the Bluetooth serial
communication of the smart door lock device. Send:
AT+BAUD4, return: OK9600.
(3) Modify the Bluetooth name of the smart door lock
device. Send AT+NAMEname, return: Oksetname.
(4) Change the pairing password of the smart door lock
device. Send AT+PINXXXX and return: OKset-pin. Among
them, the parameter XXXX: the pairing password of the
smart door lock device that can be set, usually 4 bytes in
length, this command can be used for host operation or slave
operation.
The above are general setting methods of the Bluetooth
slave module of the smart door lock device. Except adding
the paired device name, other settings for the Bluetooth host
module are same with the setting for the Bluetooth slave
module of the smart door lock device.
In the experiment, to facilitate the observation of the door
lock opening and closing effect, an LED light is used to
simulate the switch state of the intelligent door lock device.
That is, turning on the LED light to simulate opening of the
lock while turning off the light to simulate the closing.
The unlocking efficiency is one of the important
indicators to assess intelligent door lock device. The
calculation expression is:
number of fixed time unlocks
unlocking efficiency
fixed time
The experiment randomly selected 100 intelligent door
lock devices from Alibaba, comparing unlocking efficiency
(%) of the method of this paper, the method of reference [8]
and method of reference [9]. The experimental results are
shown in Figure 6.
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Figure 6 Comparison of unlocking efficiency of different methods
It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the unlocking efficiency of
the method [9] is gradually reducing as the number of
unlocking increasing. The unlocking efficiency of the
method [8] is more efficient when the number of unlocking
is small, and efficiency tend to decrease when the number of
unlocking starts to increase. It has been shown by Fig.6 that
the door lock designed in this project have the highest
unlocking efficiency (80% in average). Besides, the
unlocking efficiency is not reduced with the increasing
number of unlocking. This proves the effectivity of design of
the intelligent door lock device based on Bluetooth control.
Therefore, for the aspect of unlocking efficiency, Bluetooth
control-based intelligent door lock device is significantly
better than the GPRS and laser virtual keyboard control-
based method of reference [8], and the CPU card control-
based method of reference [9].
The success rate of identity authentication is another
assessment measure of the smart door lock device, which is
related to the decryption speed of the smart door lock device
(i.e. the unlocking efficiency). The authentication methods of
different methods are different, and the success rates of
authentication also have difference. This experiment
compares our design method with the design of literature 9
and the design of literature 10 from the aspect of success rate
of identity authentication of the smart locks. The analysis
results are as follows. Figure 7 shows.
(1)
Figure 7 Comparison of success rate of identity authentication of different
methods
It can be analyzed from Figure7 that success rate of the
identity authentication using the method of literature [9] is
always low. This method utilizes CPU card to control the
intelligent door lock. The method adopting STM32 single
71
chip which conducted in literature [10] has a better success
rate than the method given by literature [9]. The method
proposed in this project have the highest success rate and
compared with the other two comparison methods, it has
obvious advantages.
To prove the validity and rationality of the proposed
method, the safety, sensitivity, anti-interference and stability
of the intelligent door lock device were used to do
comparative analysis. The method of literature [8], literature
[9], literature [10] were selected to be compare with the
method proposed in this paper. The results of the analysis
are shown in Table I.
TABLE I. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF INTELLIGENT DOOR LOCK
DEVICE
security sensitivity anti- stability
interference
Literature[8] general low general good
Literature[9] Good general Bad General
Literature[10] Good Good general General
This Literature good Good good Good
It can be summarized from table 1 that the design method
of smart door lock provided by literature [8] has general
security level and anti-interference performance and poor
sensitivity. These factors have bad effect on the unlocking
efficiency. The safety and sensitivity of the intelligent door
lock device of the method 9 are both good. But the anti-
interference performance is general, which tends to lead to
relatively poor stability. With the increase of the number of
unlocking, the unlocking efficiency is likely to be slower and
slower; the security and sensitivity of the intelligent door
lock device of the method 10 is better than method 9 and 8.
The device put forward in this paper has superiority on
security, sensitivity, anti-interference and stability and can
improve unlocking efficiency significantly.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Due to the problem that the intelligent door lock devices
have poor security and low unlocking efficiency, a new
design method of intelligent door lock devices based on
Bluetooth control technology is proposed. Experiment results
show that this method is capable to unlock intelligent doors
by remote control. Moreover, it is possible to realize the
human-computer interaction operations through Bluetooth
device without touching the intelligent doors, such as
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unlocking, locking, alarm reminding and setting changes. It
enhances the convenience and the efficiency of unlocking the
intelligent door. Therefore, a wide range of applications of
this technology could be prospected in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work supported by Guizhou University Science and
Technology Talent Support Program (No.KY [2016] 086)
and Engineering Research Center of Guizhou University,
China (No.KY [2016] 061).
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