SHAHADA

● La ilaha illa’Llah Muhammadun rasul Allah (There is no god but Allah and
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.)These are the words called the Shahada, or
Declaration of Faith , that a person says to enter the fold of Islam . This declaration is a
pledge made with Allah, which sums up a person’s religion and defines an individual as a
Muslim.
● There is no god but Allah is the first part of Shahada , it deals with the unity of Allah. We
confess with our heart that Allah is the Lord ,the Master and Creator of all things ;the
heaven ,the earth and everything therein. By acknowledging tauheed, Muslims also
confirm their belief that Allah is all-powerful, and to achieve success in this world and
the hereafter, a Muslim must abide by the rules set by Him. It is He who gives life and
takes the life away. He is Eternal; Ever-Living without beginning or end, he is the first
and the last. He is independent, while others are dependent on Him for their survival.
● Allah is the only One worthy of worship “Your Lord has decreed that you worship
none but Him.” (Al-Isra 17:1) We also testify that all the attributes of Allah belong to
Him alone without changing their meaning of linking them to others. He is Omniscient;
He knows everything; the hidden and the manifest. He is Omnipotent; all powerful and
nothing is like Him, Allah says, “There is nothing whatever like unto Him and He is
the One that hears and sees (all things).” (Ash-Shura 42:11)
● The second part of Shahada testifies that Muhammad (s)is the messenger of Allah and
none has the right to be followed after Allah except Prophet Muhammad(s). No Prophet
will come after him. Allah says, “Muhammad is not the father of any of your men but
(he is)the Apostle of Allah and the Seal of Prophets ” (Al-Ahzab 33:40)
● The second part of Shahada affirm the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad(pbuh),
and thus stepsus from disbelief and ignorance to knowledge, light and guidance.Muslims,
whether they are born into the faith or accept Islam later in life, by reciting Shahada ,
become a part of the Ummah , bonded together by their common faith , irrespective of
race or background.
● The significance of the Shahada is highlighted by the fact that it is repeated in every
prayer. When the believers say ‘I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah” it
means that they reject obedience to anyone or anything except Allah , that they fear no
one except Him and seek only His pleasure. This belief makes a Muslim strong and
independent as well as courageous, knowing that everything is from Allah.
● With the second part of the Shahada, ’Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah’, believers
acknowledge the Prophet’s status and hence his right to be respected and obeyed.
 ● Muslims need to understand its different aspects and believe them in them with all
sincerity. Some features of the Shahada are:
● i) Knowledge of Shahada is to testify or bear witness to something, one must know what
it is that he/she is witness to.
ii) Certainty in Islam is that Muslims must, therefore, in their hearts be absolutely certain
of the truth of the Shahada.
iii) Acceptance of the Shahada means believing completely in what is stated in the
Qur’an or stated by the Prophet(pbuh) .
iv) Submission to Shahada implies submission to Allah’s will and commands.
v) Sincerity to Shahada means to testify solely for faith in Allah and a believer does
whatever Allah asks .
vi) Loving the Shahada means that the true believer puts no one whatsoever as equal to
Allah .
vii) Adherence: is being true to Islam and its belief and fulfilling all its obligations till
death.
PRAYER
a) Give a detail account of the importance and benefits of Salat. (10).
● Prayer is the second pillar of Islam. Allah says ‘’ Establish prayer and pay
zakat’’(al-Baqarah110) And ,’’ And who pay heed to their prayers . These are
the heirs who will inherit Paradise . There they will abide’’..(al –Mu’minun 1-29-
11)
● Prayer was the first act of worship that was made obligatory for the Muslims. It was
made obligatory during M’iraj in the 10th year of prophet hood. Anas (RA) reported,’’
The prayers were made obligatory on the Prophet (saw) on the night of his
ascension to heaven . At first, they were fifty in number, but were reduced
several times until they were five. Then it was proclaimed ,’’ O Muhammad! The
order is not changed . These five are (equivalent ) to the fifty.’’ (Ahmed)
● The word Salat occurs 67 times in the Qur’an .

● Salah is the first act that a person will be held accountable for on the Day of
Judgement . It is the last thing that the Prophet (saw) said to the Muslims before
hedied,saying, ‘’prayer ,prayer and what your right hand possesses.’’(Ahmad).
2nd Para:

● Importance and Benefits of Salat are that when a Muslim prayers five times a day at fixed
times he learns to be punctual and regular at every prayer , otherwise he will be late and
 miss congregation . This is repeated five times a day which instils the habit of regularity
and punctuality . Allah says,’’ Prayer at fixed hours has been enjoined upon the
believers.’’ (An-Nisa 4: 103)
● Prayer makes a person clean and pure both physically and spiritually . A person keeps his
body pure from every kind of major impurity by taking a bath and he makes ablution
before every prayer. Prayer itself keeps him spiritually clean. Spiritually clean means that
a person is free from evil thoughts and corrupt ideas are dismissed from one’s mind , as a
Muslim makes intention of worshipping his Creator. Prophet(saw) also stressed upon the
need for purification and is reported to have said ,’Purification is the key to prayer.’
● A Muslim completely submits himself to Allah as he stands in humility in the presence of
Allah . The recitations from the Qur’an and the sequence of movements: standing,
bowing , prostrating and sitting express submission and humility and homage to Allah.
● Prayers instill self-discipline and self-control in a person. Prayers are obligatory on every
adult , sane Muslim under all circumstances , if a person is sick then he can offer his
prayers while sitting . If he cannot sit , he can pray while lying down . If water is not
available ,he can perform dry ablution .
● Prayers develops piety and fear of Allah in a person and restrains him from evil deeds.
Allah says,’’ Establish regular prayers, for it restrains from shameful and unjust deeds.’’
(al-Ankabut 29:45).
● Prayer develops patience,endurance, contentment and perseverance in a person.

3rd Para

● The prayer also reminds one of belief in the Day of Judgement and of the fact that one
has to appear before his Creator and give an account of their entire life.
● This is how a Muslim starts his day and during the daily salat, dissociate themselves from
their worldly engagements for a while to stand before their Creator and be aware of the
real purpose of life.
● Prayer strengthens faith and dependence on Allah and puts daily life within the
perspective of the hereafter and the final judgement.

Congregational Prayers:

● Congregational prayer has a great reward, the Prophet(saw) said,’’ Prayer in congregation
is better than the prayer of a man by himself by twenty-seven times.’’ (Agreed0
 ● Muslims are commanded to pray congregation prayers in mosque. Only Fard are said to
be in congregation. The other prayers are said individually.
● Men are excused from congregational prayer only in case of rain, extreme weather, or
illness.

2nd para
● One person with Imam constitute congregation. The Man who leads congregation is
called imam.
● In case the congregation consists of two people, the follower will be on the right side of
imam.
● If a third person joins the prayer, the Imam moves forward or the follower (Muqdadi)
moves backwards.
● If females join congregation, they form back row , and they should leave the
congregation before men leave .
● The best person fit for Imamat is the one who has good understanding of the Qur’an and
Hadith.
● Before the congregation starts , rows are straightened , and gaps are filled. Worshippers
stand shoulder to shoulder, someone standing close to Imam says Iqamah in a low voice.
● All make intention say Takbir Tahrima, the imam and the congregation recite Sana ,
ta’awuz and tasmiah. When the imam reads loudly, the followers listen to him .

● But if Imam recites Fatihah within himself, the followers too read Fatihah in silence and
when imam says ‘’wa-laddalin’’ at the end of the Surah al-Fatiha, the followers says
Ameen. The Prophet(saw) says,’’ If this corresponds to when the angels say it, he will
have all of his previous sins forgiven.’’(Sahih Bukhari)

● The congregation follow Imam in all actions. They do not go ahead of him in standing,
bowing, prostrating.

3rd para
 ● If anyone joins the congregation after prayer has begun, he must follow imam in the stage
in which the Imam is at that time, and will complete his prayers after Imam closes
prayers with tasleem.
● He who gets the last Rakka’ah, and he shall have to pray from the following Ra’kkah
(bowing).
● The imam recites loudly in Fajr, Magreb and Isha prayers, while he recites silently in
Dhuhr and Asr prayers.
● Besides the five daily prayers, the other congregational prayers include salat-al –Ju’ma
(Friday prayers), the two ‘Eid prayers, and the funeral prayers of a Muslim.

FRIDAY PRAYER:
1st Para:

● Friday is the best day of the week and has special importance for Muslims. Prophet(pbuh)
said,’’ The best day on which the sun rises is Friday. [On Friday] Adam was
created , and on that day he entered paradise, and on that day he was expelled from
paradise .And hour will come to pass on Friday.’’ (Sahih Muslim). There is an hour
in Friday in which supplications are accepted.
● Muslims are commanded to perform Friday prayers in a mosque behind an imam.

● Great rewards have been promised for the Friday congregational prayers.

● The worshippers should prepare themselves especially for this prayer by

bathing ,trimming their nails ,wearing fresh clean clothes etc before arriving in the
mosque.
● Prophet(pbuh) himself set the example of how a believer should prepare and appear for
congregational prayers.
● The Prophet(pbuh) said.’’ Whoever misses three Friday prayers in a row out of
negligence will have a seal put over his heart by Allah.’’ (Ahmed and Ibn Majah)
2nd para:
 ● The Friday prayer is marked by the following features; It is prayed at the same time as
the Zuhr, which it replaces.
● It must be performed in a congregation led by a imam . It cannot be performed
individually.
● Friday is a day of devotion and extra worship . They may proceed with their usual
activities , but they must break for the Friday prayer.
● When the first Adhan is proclaimed Muslims are required to leave every kind of business
and hurry to mosque .
● The sermon (Khutbah) of Friday is obligatory and listening to it is mandatory (wajib).
Second adhan is delivered when the imam ascends the pulpit . After adhan, Imam
delivers sermon facing the congregation . The sermon is divided into two parts with a
brief interval between the two parts.
● The sermon includes praises of Allah, the Exalted; blessings upon the Prophet (pbuh) ,
and Quranic recitations. The imam reminds congregation about their duties towards Allah
and towards their fellow beings, the consequences of doing evil , accountability and ends
the sermon with prayers for the community and Ummah at large.
3rd Para:

● While sermon is being delivered , it is prohibited to make conversation or even recite the
Qur’an .
● Prophet(pbuh) said,’’ When the Imam is delivering the sermon ,and you ask your
Companion to keep quiet and listen, then no doubt you have done an evil act.’’ (Sahih
Bukhari)
● After the sermon is over , Iqamah is proclaimed , rows are straightened , and worshippers
stand shoulder to shoulder.
● The Friday prayers is led by the imam who recites the Fatihah and other Quranic
passages. Only the Fard rak’aat are prayed in this congregation.
● The congregation follows the Imam in all actions. When the imam makes tasleem all
make tasleem. Prophet(pbuh) said,’’ Two or more constitute a congregation.’’ (Ibn
Majah).
● There is no Qada for Friday prayer.
Eid Prayers:

● The two main festivals of Islam are Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha . Eid –ul-Fitr is
celebrated on the first day of Shawwal to mark the end of fasting during the month of
Ramadan.
● Eid –ul-Adha is celebrated on the tenth of Dhul Hijja to commemorate Hazrat Ibrahim’s
readiness to sacrifice his son in obedience to Allah’s wish , and to mark the completion of
annual pilgrimage, Hajj.

2nd Para:
● Both the Eids are days of thanksgiving , and Muslims all over the world before starting
the festivities , attend special congregational prayers. ‘Eid prayers are incumbent
(compulsory) on all those on whom Friday prayer is obligatory.’
● Eid prayers do not substitute Fajr prayers and can only be offered in congregation.

● Like Friday prayers , there is no qada for Eid prayers and the time for it begins from
sunrise until noon.
● There is no azaan or iqamat for Eid prayers which consists of two rakkaat during which it
is recommended to pronounce six takbirs.
● Three takbirs are pronounced after the opening takbir and before the Quranic recital in
the first rakaat ,while during the second rakaat ,the believer pronounces the other three
takbirs after the Qur’anic recital. Worshippers raise their hands during each
pronouncement of the extra takbir.
● The sermon for the two Eid prayers is always given after the prayers is complete;
listening to the sermon is recommended.
3rd Para:

● No Sunnah or nafl prayers are said before Eid prayers if they are taking place in an open
field as per the Sunnah of the Prophet(pbuh). However, if the Eid prayers is performed in
a mosque ,one should only pray two rak’aat (Tahiyyat –ul-Masjid) before sitting.
● It is highly recommended to proclaim takbir on Eid from the time a believer sets off from
home for the Eid prayers until reaching the destination where the prayers are performed.
● The words of takbir are: Allah is Most Great,Allah is Most Great ,there is no god except
Allah , Allah is Most Great , Allah is Most Great , and all praise be to Allah.
Delayed (Qada ) Prayers:

● Prophet (pbuh) said,’’ There is no expiation (for prayer) except the prayer itself.’’
(Sahih al-Bukhari).
● Missing one’s salat intentionally is a sin , and the person who does so should turn to
Allah and repent , and seek His forgiveness . However , if fard salat could not be offered
at a prescribed time due to some valid reason , it is said to be qada or missed, and has to
be offered later in a prescribed way.
● The missed prayer should be offered at the earliest possible opportunity , in case several
prayers are missed , the Qada of these should be offered in the prescribed order; the
Qada of Fajr, Zuhr and so on.
● Qada can be offered only for Fard prayer,however Qada of two pre Fard Sunnah of Fajr
prayer may be prayed.
● The prayer missed during the journey have to be shortened , as prescribed. If Zuhr, Asr
and Isha prayers have become qada while travelling ,one should ,upon returning
home ,offer qada as if he is still a traveler ;two rakaat each.
● The Friday (Juma ) prayer ,if missed, cannot be offered later . One may pray four rakaat
of Zuhr prayer later, instead of the Friday prayer that one has missed.

Mosque:

● Mosque means a place of prayer.

● Prayer establishes the connection between the believer and Allah and prostration
symbolizes complete submission.
● A person should observe certain etiquettes when he goes to a mosque , he should not
make noise; he should not come to mosque with bad odor and should not eat garlic and
onions as they have bad smell. The Prophet(saw) said,’’ Who so eats this plant of bad
smell(raw garlic and onion) must not come near our mosque because angels feels
annoyed at what man feels annoyed.
● Two rakkats of prayer (Tahiya-tul- Masjid) should also be performed on entering
mosque.
 ● The Prophet(saw) declared that mosque is the best place in the world as it is a center of
worship and remembrance of Allah.
● Merit of praying in a mosque is the best place in the world as it is center of worship and
remembrance of Allah.
● Merit of praying in a mosque with congregation exceeds the reward of praying at home.

● The Prophet(saw) said, ’The reward of the prayer offered by a person in congregation is
twenty five times greater than that of the prayer offered in one’s house. (Bhukari)

Fasting – Sawm

● Ramadan is the month (month) in which was sent down the Qur’an as a guide to
mankind… So every one of you who is present (at his home) during that month
should spend it in fasting.’ (al-Baqarah 2:185)
● Fasting means to abstain completely from food , drink ,intimate relations , smoking .

● Fasting is from just before the Fajr prayer till the time of Maghrib during the entire month
of Ramadan .
● The significance of the month of Ramadan is such that it is regarded as the holiest month
in the Islamic calendar.
● It is the month in which Qur’an was revealed and prophethood was bestowed on Prophet
(saw).
● The fasting lasts for a whole month and is observed every year. It is also the only form of
worship that does not interrupt one’s daily routine as one can fast and carry on day –to-
day life.
Benefits of Fasting:

● Fasting is an obligation , not an option. Its benefits are countless as they are personal,
social, economic , health-related and most importantly spiritual.
● Allah has made fasting obligatory is so that His creation can observe self-restraint, as
stated in the Qur’an’ O you who believe ! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was
prescribed to those before you , that you may learn self-restraint .’’(al-Baqarah,
2:183)
● Moral benefits: A believer gives up food, drink and marital relationship and abstains from
all other enjoyments willingly in obedience to the command of Allah and seeking His
pleasure. Fasting helps in building up man’s moral character as it teaches him self-control
and self-restrain. Prophet said.’ Whoever does not give –up forged speech and evil
actions; Allah is not in need of his leaving his food and drink.’’ (Sahih Bukhari)
● When Muslims fast and experience hunger and thirst, they become aware of conditions of
the poor and they become generous . Fasting brings the rich closer to the poor and
awakens sympathy in their hearts for the poor. This highlights the social benefits.
● There are physical benefits as well. Not having food and drink during the day for a whole
month is beneficial for a person’s health as it gives rest to stomach, the whole system is
cleansed of undesirable material and the body gets rid of fat, cholesterol and other toxic
matters.
● There are Spiritual benefits as well. Fasting brings man closer to Allah. Allah says,
’Fasting is Mine and I give reward for it’ (Hadith Qudsi)
● Fasting strengthens spiritual powers of a believer and protects him from ll kind of
temptations. The reward of good deeds are multiplied by ten to seven hundred times , sins
of a person are forgiven. Prophet(saw) said, ’Whoever fasts in the month of Ramadan
out of sincere faith , and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all his previous will
be forgiven.’’( Bukhari)
● Fasting brings economic benefits for Muslim community. During the month of
Ramadan , the rich spend generously on the poor to seek blessings of Allah. This helps
the poor to fulfill their needs. The old and permanently sick people give fidiya generously
to feed the poor and the needy. Prophet said,’’ During Ramadan , the provisions of
believers are increased.’’(Mishkat)

● The real purpose of fasting is for Muslims to learn taqwa . A Muslim is spiritually
uplifted by its observance.
● When Muslims fast together in the month of Ramadan , it builds an atmosphere of virtue
and brotherhood and we come closer to our Creator.
● Unity , peace and harmony are the fruits of taqwa. The Prophet(saw) said,’’ There is a
special entrance to Paradise called al-Rayyan ; none will enter through that gate
save those who fast.’ (Bukhari, Muslim).
 ● Another ibadah of Ramadan is Iti’kaf. It is the practice of spending last ten days and
nights in mosque in remembrance of Allah and giving up all worldly occupation.
Minimum duration is one day and one night. If even one person performs this religious
duty then it shall be considered to have been performed by all.

Method of Fasting:

● Fasting starts with sighting of the moon of Ramadan and it ends with sighting of the moon of
Shawaal. Prophet(pbuh) said, ’Do not fast unless you see the crescent (of Ramadan) , and do
not give up fasting till you see the crescent (of Shawaal).’’(Agreed)
● There are some important things that a Muslim should do to take full advantage of this month in
order to achieve its real purpose, taqwa.
● Make niyyat in your heart for observing the fast and remind yourself throughout the day that you
are fasting in obedience to Allah, and be sincere in your intention for the fast. Intention can be
made during any part of the night . It need not be spoken aloud as it is in reality an act of heart.
The words of intention for the fasts are: ‘’I intend to keep tomorrow’s fast of Ramadan.’’
● Observe the Prophet’s Sunnah in fasting by taking a small meal (sahur/ sehri) before dawn and
end your fast at sunset , with azaan for Maghrib prayers.
● The Qur’an has specified the time for fasting; And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn
appears to you distinct from its black thread , then complete your fast till night prayers. (al-
Baqarah ,2: 187).
● Regarding Iftar , the breaking of the fast the Prophet (pbuh) said,’’ ‘ The Almighty Allah said,
‘The dearest of my servants , in my sight are quickest in breaking their fast .(Tirmidhi). It is
Sunnah to break one’s fast with dates but if they are unavailable , then one can use water to break
the fast. One can recite the following supplication at the breaking at the time of breaking of fast:
The thirst has gone, the veins are moist , and rewards is certain if Allah wills. ( Abu Dawood
(Hasaan).
● Fasting is obligatory on every adult, sane and healthy Muslim. If someone does not fast during
Ramadan without any genuine reason , he will be sinful, the Prophet(pbuh) said,’’ A person who
abandons one fast of Ramadan without genuine reason or illness cannot recompense it even if he
fasts throughout the rest of his life.’’ (Musnad Ahmed).
● There are rules of fasting which must be observed. One has to be conscious of keeping mind and
body clean, by avoiding wasting time in useless pursuits , by being conscious of eating only halal
foods at sehri and iftari and to keep one’s tongue free of all verbal sins like gossiping , lying,
cheating and swearing.
 ● Display of anger and aggression and violence is forbidden during the month of Ramadan.One
should show patience and forbearance towards others and control one’s temper and tongue.
● More time should be spent in recitation of the Qur’an , trying to complete the whole Qur’an at
least once during this month. Prophet(pbuh) said,’’ Everything has a best season and the best
season of the Qur’an is Ramadan.’
● Being punctual regarding salat, making an effort to attend tarawih prayers, and spending as much
time as possible in worship is recommended. One should also while fasting , keep busy in the
dhikr of Allah , and seek Allah’s forgiveness.
● One should be engaged in giving zakat, charity . Should be generous and help the needy and the
poor , participate in social and community welfare projects,etc.
● One should maintain cordial relations with all and not engage in backbiting or anything that is
wrong.
● It is month of reflection, reflect and plan to improve one’s moral and spiritual conduct. This can
help contribute to the betterment of the Ummah and world at large.

Exemptions from fasting:

● Those people who are exempted from fasting are children under the age of puberty discretion.
(freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation)
● Insane people who are unaccountable for their actions: no compensation is enjoined on these two
categories of people.
● Men and women who are too old or feeble to undertake the obligations of fasting are exempted.
However, they have to give fidya, which is feeding a poor person twice a day or to give grain or
its equivalent in cash to the needy.
● Sick people whose health is likely to deteriorate by fasting , they may postpone the fast as long as
they are ill and then make up for it at a later date , a day for a day.
● Travelers may be exempted during their travel but should make up for the missed fasts later on.

● Pregnant women/ breastfeeding mothers may also not fast if their health or infant’s health would
be at risk by doing so . They need to make up for the missed fasts later on.
● Women at the time of mensuration or due to childbirth may postpone the fasts and make up for
them by fasting afterwards.

Things which make Fast Void

● Eating, drinking, smoking taking or injecting medicine make the fasts void,however, if one eats
or drinks out of forgetfulness his fast will not be broken.
 ● Marital relations

● If a person deliberately vomits at least a mouthful.

● Minor involuntary vomiting, vaccination do not break the fast.

Eid-ul-Fitr: is celebrated on the first day of Shawwal and marks the completion of fasting during the
month of Ramadan. Before Eid salat commences , the head of the family is supposed to pay sadaqa –tul-
fitr to the needy for all family members. This sadaqa expiates any errors that may have been made during
a believers fast and also helps the poor in the community to meet their needs and enjoy this festival. It is
recommended that the sadaqa should be paid before going for the Eid-salat as was the practice of
Prophet(saw).

ZAKAT:

● The pillar of zakat is considered as compulsory charity which was made mandatory in 2 nd year of
Hijra..
● The term zakat means purification because zakat is means by which a Muslim purifies his wealth
and his heart from the love of money and greed.
● In Islam , wealth is considered a gift from Allah, from which He set aside a certain portion for
poor and needy, to be given to them as their right.
● Wealth is a trust from Allah and zakat is intended to free people from the love of wealth.

● Allah in his limitless mercy, promises rewards for helping those in need with one basic condition
–that zakat be paid in His name , without any expectation of receiving something back or gain
recognition from the society.
● It is an act of worship which benefits other people. Allah says,’’ Take sadaqah (charity)from
their property in order to purify and sanctify the.’’ (Al-Taubah 9: 103)
● Zakat helps to set up social and economic stability in a society as the funds enable the needy and
deserving people to strive for economic independence by using this support wisely.

2nd para
● The primary benefit of giving zakat if the fulfilment on an obligation imposed on a believer by
Allah and, by doing so ,earning His pleasure.
● It indicates a person’s sincerity of faith since it shows his commitment to sacrifice his material
wealth for the sake of Allah.
 ● It cleanses a person’s character of greed, miserliness and selfishness and fills the heart of a
believer with gladness. Allah says,’’ Pay zakat out of your property ,for truly it is a purifier
which purifies you’’.(Ahmed)
● It is a blessing for a giver as well as the receiver. It leads to equal distribution of wealth in
society and prevents its accumulation in few hands, rich do not get richer , while poor do get
poorer and it establishes a balance between the two extremes.
● Zakat discourages hoarding . Allah may increase the believer’s provisions because of his giving
charity . Importantly it expatiates one’s sins . The Prophet(saw) said: ‘Charity extinguishes
sins as water extinguishes fire.’’(Tirmidhi)
● There are humanitarian and socio-economic benefits as well. Wealth is redistributed and social
responsibility is encouraged.
● When zakat is collected and distributed properly ,it minimizes the needs of citizens to an extent
that there may be no needy and poor within the Muslim community.
● It makes the society like a single family in which those, who have the means ,show compassion to
those who do not, and rich show empathy to those who are in hardship.
● It prevents extreme financial disparity and associated social evils and crimes.
3rd para.
● Zakat leads a man to learn about the laws of Allah because he can never pay his zakat until he
has learned the rulings on zakat , the kind of wealth that are subject to zakat and those who are
entitled to receive it ,and other information that he needs.

Recipients of Zakat:

● The Qur’an specifies clearly the recipients of zakat,’’ Alms are for the poor and the needy and
those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been recently
reconciled (to truth) ;for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah ;and for the
wayfarer.( at –Taubah( 9:60)
● The poor and the needy : in this category are those people who may have some funds but not
enough to meet the threshold for nisab;
● The destitute : these are people who have no funds and are living on the very basic necessities of
life;
● Zakat collectors :people who are appointed by the government to collect and distribute zakat;

● Muslim converts : in this category are the new converts to Islam ;who are genuinely poor and are
given zakat to help themget on their feet;
 ● Prisoners of war or slaves: so that they may be able to use the zakat funds to buy their freedom.

● People in debt: those who may have incurred debts , to meet their needs but cannot pay them back
are eligible for zakat.
● Travelers : Muslims , who in the middle of their journey are out of funds ,are eligible for zakat
donations
● And zakat funds can also be spent on people and organizations that are engaged in services to
Islam.

Zakat cannot be paid to:

● Non-Muslims

● Cannot be paid to the descendants of the Prophet . Abu Hurairah reported that Hasan ibn Ali took
date from the dates given in charity and put it in his mouth , the Prophet(pbuh) said,’’ Expel it
from your mouth .Don’t you know that we do not eat thing which is given in charity?’’(Sahih
Bukhari)
● To one’s husband/ wife , parents ,children , grandparents, grandchildren , the descendants of the
Prophet(pbuh), and those who meet the threshold of nisab i.e.the minimum amount that a Muslim
must have before being obliged to pay zakat.
● To workers, servants etc as wages for their services.

● Zakat funds also cannot be used for burial expenses or to pay off the debt of the deceased.

Who is liable to pay zakat.

● The payment of zakat is applicable to those whose wealth must amount to more than nisab, the
threshold figure.
● Zakat is payable on wealth which remains in possession of a believer, for a period of one year
without interruption , and whose value reaches a certain level, known as Nisab . It is calculated at
the rate of two and half percent.
● The nisab was set by Prophet(pbuh) at a rate equivalent to 87.48grams of gold and 612.36 grams
of silver .
 ● The Quran gives severe warning for those who do not pay zakat and charity. Allah says,’’ And
there are those who bury gold and silver and spent it not in the way of Allah , announce
unto them a grievous penalty. On the day when heat will be produced out of that (wealth) in
fire of hell and with it will be branded their foreheads their flanks and their backs!’’( Al-
Taubah 9: 34-35)
● The amount payable is calculated as 2.5 per cent of the total value of one’s earnings and assets ,in
terms of cash, investments, and gold and silver possessions. For example on possession valued as
worth US$ 100,000, the zakat payable will be $2500, which is 2.5 per cent of their value.
● For 40 to 120 goat or sheep on anything above that for every hundred one goat.

● Produce of land : For naturally irrigated land is one tenth of the produce and for artificially
irrigated land is one twentieth of the produce. The Prophet (pbuh) said,’’ On a land irrigated by
rain water or by natural water channels or if the land is wet due to a nearby water channels
one-tenth is compulsory (as zakat) and on the land irrigated by well then one twentieth is
compulsory ( as zakat on the yield of land).’’ ( Sahih Bukhari)
● Zakat is additionally payable on precious metals ,minerals ,and livestock at a varying rate
between 2.5 per cent and 20 per cent , depending on the type of goods.
● Zakat is applicable only on the rightful ,i.e, halal earnings . Zakat cannot be used to purify wealth
that is wrongly and illegally earned, through haram means.
● Sadaqah –tul-Fitr is a duty , which is wajib /compulsory on every Muslim whether male, female,
minor or adult as long as he has the means to do so. The head of the family must pay sadaqah on
behalf of other members .
● In present day it is about 1.63 kilos of wheat or its price at the market rate. It should be paid
before the Eid prayer.

HAJJ
a)Give an account of the importance and significance of Hajj. (10)
a) How do Muslim individuals and the Muslim community benefit from the annual
pilgrimage. (10)

● Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam .

 ● It became an obligatory in the ninth year of hijra.

● It is an act of Ibadah which is obligatory on every Muslim who can afford it once in his
lifetime and which covers all aspects of human life. In it a Muslim sacrifices his wealth,
his time as well as his physical and mental energies.
● It is an all –embracing act of worship , in which a Muslim visits Kaabah in prescribed
days of the month of Dhul-Hajj and performs the prescribed rites.
● Allah says, ’Pilgrimage there to is a duty men owe to Allah, those who can afford the
journey.’’
● Allah forgives sins of those who perform pilgrimage and their supplications are accepted.
The Prophet (saw) said,’’ Those who perform the pilgrimage and those who perform
the Umrah are people who come to visit God. If they supplicate Him, He will
respond to them , if they ask Him for forgiveness , He will be forgiving them .’’ (Ibn-
Majah).
Second paragraph:

● One of the most important social benefits of Hajj is that it demonstrates equality and
brotherhood amongst Muslims .
● People of all nationalities , all colors , races and ranks assemble at one place from all over
the world and interact with each other.
● They come before their Creator in extreme humility , wearing two white sheets without
any distinction between high and low , king or servant , gather at the same place and utter
the same words,’’ Labbaik Allahumma labbaik , Labbaiak la shari Laka labbaik ,
Innal –hamda wan –ni’mata Laka walmulk , La sharika Laka.’’
● Hajj is a great spiritual experience . It brings pilgrim closer to Allah , and he feels that all
the barriers between him and his Creator are removed.
● In the plain of Arafat on this great occasion hundred and thousands of people assemble
and proclaim together(Here I am O Lord! Here I am) and they feel nothing stands
between them and Allah.
● All sins are washed away , the Prophet(saw) said,’’ An accepted pilgrimage has got no
reward except Paradise.’’(Agreed)
● Pilgrimage also brings economic benefits. Trading is allowed during pilgrimage .
 ● Allah says,’’ It is no crime in you, if you seek of the bounty of your Lord(during
Pilgrimage). (Al-Baqarah 2:198).
● People also have opportunity to discuss their economic problems, and they get the chance
to devise plans , and evolve common economic strategies that may benefit the entire
Muslim world.
● The Muslims assemble every year in Makkah ; this annual meeting provides the Muslim
leaders an opportunity to discuss their problems and formulate common policies that can
be pursued by all Muslim countries in United Nation Organization , the Security Council
or other such world forums. Thus bringing in political benefits.
● It also provides them with opportunity to discuss and agree on many topics of common
interest.

b) How does the talbiya sum up the relationship between God and the pilgrims? (4)
● Allah’s supremacy and His Oneness is being reaffirmed by the pilgrims repeatedly and
their pledge of obedience to Him is being promised.
● The talbiya is not just the recitation, but sincere commitment by the pilgrim to respond to
Allah’s call to be in His service and to do good deeds.
● Talbiya is proclamation of the following words:’Labbaik Allahumma labbail, Labbaik
la sharika Laka labbaik, Innal-hamda wan-ni’mata Lakal walmulk , La sharika
Laka.’’
● The pilgrim affirms that there is no God but Allah and that He has no partners and He is
the only sovereign and all power lies with Him and that the pilgrims are His obedient
servants.
a) For whom Pilgrimage is Compulsory?

● Pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime is obligatory on every adult, sane, free Muslim ,
who can afford to undertake a journey.
● Allah says,’’ Pilgrimage thereto is a duty , men owe to Allah those who can afford
the journey.’’(AL-Imran 3:97)
● It is obligatory on those who have sufficient money to pay for their return journey to
Makkah and meet expenses of their stay and also have ample funds to provide for their
dependents back at home until their return.
 ● Allah says.’’ And take a provision (with you) for the journey.’’ (Al-Baqarah 2: 197) .

● Pilgrimage is only obligatory on those who are physically fit to undertake journey.

● Hajj is not binding on people who are sick or very old , and cannot endure the hardship of
long journeys.
● The Journey must be safe ; danger to life or possession due to war, epidemic or highway
robberies free a person from a person from obligation of pilgrimage.
● Prophet(saw) said.’’ A Hajj which is free from sins and defects is rewarded with
Paradise.’(Muslim, Bukhari)

Rites of Pilgrimage:
Ihram:

● Ihram consist of two sheets of white un-stitched cloth, one for the upper covering
shoulder and the other round the waist for the lower part of the body.
● For woman Ihram is her ordinary clothes, she should be all covered except her face and
hands .
● Men should not cove their head, while women are not allowed to cover their faces.

● The pilgrim cuts his hair , takes bath , puts on Ihram at the appointed Miqat and makes
the intention of pilgrimage or umrah, whichever he wishes to perform.
● He offers two rakat prayers before starting journey to Makkah.

● There are certain restrictions which a pilgrim must observe while he is in a state of Ihram.

● He should not shave hair or remove them or cut them .

● He should not use abusive language or harsh words.

● He is also forbidden to indulge in marital relationship .

● He should not hunt or kill animal , however harmful and dangerous animals can be killed

● He cannot punt on stitched clothes , women are exempted from this.

 ● A pilgrim should not cover head or face , or wash head or beard with soap or use
perfumes or oils etc.
● He should not cut a plant or tree .

● In case he violates any of the forbidden acts he shall have to offer expiation (kaffara) for
the act by sacrificing an animal.
● There are three kinds of Ihram: Qiran(combining both ‘Umrah and Hajj)

Tamatt’u (combining both Hajj and Umrah with a break in betweenIfrad:Hajj only.

● Hazrat Aisha reported,’’ We left (Madinah) with Allah’s Messenger(saw) to perform

the Farewell Hajj. Some of us declared ihram to perform ‘Umrah , while others
declared their intentions to perform both Hajj and Umarah. Yet others declared
ihram to perform Hajj only. The Prophet(saw) declared ihram for Hajj only. As for
those who intended to perform ‘Umrah , they terminated their Ihram as soon as
they finished the rituals of ‘Umrah . Those who intended to combine Hajj with
Umrah or those who intended to perform Hajj only , they did not terminate their
Ihram until the Slaughtering Day, 10th of Dhul-Hijjah.’’ (Agreed)

Talbiyah:

● Talbiyah is the proclamation of the following words,

● ‘’Labbaik Allahumma labbail, Labbaik la sharika Laka labbaik, Innal-hamda wan-

ni’mata Lakal walmulk , La sharika Laka.’’
● As soon as pilgrim enters the state of ihram , he proclaims Talbiya in loud voice.

● He should proclaim Talbiya throughout his journey ; when he rides his conveyance and
sets out for his journey; meets a group or a person , early in the morning and after every
prescribed prayer.
 ● Prophet(saw) said,’’ Whosoever makes intention to perform Hajj and pronounces
Talbiyah all day until sunset , Allah the Almighty will forgive his sin, and he will be free
of sin as he was the day his mother gave birth to him.’’ (Ibn Majah)
● Those who are performing Hajj, must proclaim Talbiyah till Rammi , Ibn Abbas
reported,’’ The Prophet made AL-Fadl ride behind him , and AL-Fadl informed that he
(the Prophet) kept on reciting Talbiyah till he did the Rami of the Jamra(Jamarat-al-
Aqaba)’’ (Sahih Bukhari)
● As for those performing ‘Umrah , they discontinue Talbiyah after kissing the Black Stone
at the start their Tawaf. Ibn Abbas reported that the Prophet (saw) used to discontinue
Talbiyah after kissing the Black Stone (at the start of his Tawaf)’’. (Tirmidhi)
● It is desirable to pronounce Talbiyah in a loud voice , the Prophet(saw) said,’’ Gabriel
came to me to convey Allah’s message that I should command my followers to
pronounce Talbiyah in a loud voice.’’ (Tirmidhi)
● A woman should proclaim talbiyah in a low voice which she can only hear.

Sa’i:

● Pilgrims go to Safa and Marwa to perform Sayi.

● It is running seven times between these two hills.

● Sayi begins from Safa and ends at Marwa.

● The pilgrim ascends Safa, face the Ka’abah, and raise hands for supplications, and they
walk down towards Marwa.
● They ascend Marwa,and raise their hands facing towards k’abah in thanks giving and
supplication.
● After completion of seven rounds , they pray to God for forgiveness , and ask for His
blessings.
● It is reformed in the memory of Prophet Ibrahim’s wife Hajera and their son Isma’il
(RA).
● Ibrahim (AS) left his wife and son in a barren valley of Faran in Makkah by the
command of Allah , when the baby cried of thirst, Hajera ran seven times between these
two hills in search of water, while doing so she left the baby on the ground.
 ● After seven rounds , she went back to her baby and found the miraculous well of
Zamzam gushing under his feet, where he was kicking the earth with his heels.
● The Holy Qur’an mentions Safa and Marwa in the following verse,’’ Behold ! Safa and
Marwa are among the Symbols of Allah . So if those who visit the house in the season or
at other times should compass them round it is no sin in them.’’ (2: 158)
● It is one of the important rites of Hajj , and is performed after the Tawaf-e- Ka’aba.

● During each round, men should run the distance between the two green pillars following
the practice of Prophet(saw).
● Dhikr of Allah should be continued during the seven rounds of Safa and Marwa.

● The performance of Hajj is the integral part of Hajj , emphasizing respect of women in
Islam.
● Even though Hazrat Hajera was a women from humble origins , she is highly honored in
Islam , which is yet another important lesson to be drawn from this practice.

Tawaf:

● Pilgrims proceed to kaa’bah to perform Tawaf.

● Tawaf means going around the ka’abah anti-clockwise , seven times.

● The tawaf starts and ends at the corner with the Black Stonei.e. Hajr-e-Aswad.

● Commanding tawaf Allah says,’’ Then let them complete the rites prescribed for
them perform their vows and (again) circumambulate the Ancient House.’’ (Al-Hajj
22:29)
● The pilgrim must perform Tawaf with his right shoulder uncovered, and Ka’abah on his
left side.
● He should face the Black Stone(Hajr-e-Aswad),kiss it if possible or touch it with his right
hand or point in its direction.
● Walking briskly through the first three rounds around Ka’abah is Sunnah (it is known as
Ramal).
● In the next four rounds the pilgrim should walk at normal pace.
 ● The recitation of third kalima is recommended.

● Upon reaching the Yamani Gate (Rukn al-Yamani) , the pilgrim should recite : ‘Our
Lord! Grant us good in this world and good in the hereafter, and save usfrom the
chastisement of fire’.(al-Baqarah, 2:201).
● Each time the pilgrim passes the Hajr-e- Aswad , he/she should raise his/her right hand
towards it , if it cannot be touched due to the crowds , say ‘Bismillah Allahu Akbar’. This
is called estalam.
● After Tawaf he must offer two rak’ahs of prayer at the Station of Ibrahim (Maqam-e-
Ibrahim) in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet(saw) and command of Allah .
Allah says,’’ Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of
safety , and take you the station of Abraham as a place of prayer.’’(al-Baqarah 2: 125)
● Pilgrim must be in a state of wudu during Tawaf, he is allowed to speak, however he
should not speak of wordly matters, the Prophet (saw) said,’’ Tawaf of the House , is like
prayer , except that you speak while performing it , but he who speaks must speak only
what is good.’’ (Tirmidhi)
● There are several kinds of Tawaf:
1. Tawaf-al-Qudoom: it is performed on entering Masjid al-Haram , the Scared Mosque.
2. Tawaf-e-Umrah: this is obligatory for those who perform ‘Umrah.
3. Tawaf-e- Nafila: this tawaf can be performed at any time.
4. Tawaf –al-Wida: this is wajib(compulsory) and should be performed before the
pilgrim leaves for home.

a) Whatactsdopilgrims(hajjis)performonthe10ofDhual- t
HijjaandhowdoestherestoftheMuslimcommunity(umma)celebratethis day? ( 10 )
● After fajr prayers, pilgrims wait until brightness of the morning is widespread
and following the Sunnah of the Prophet(saw)supplicate facing qibla.
t
● Upon arrival at Mina , they throw seven pebbles at the Jamaraat-ul-
Aqaba, calling ‘BismillahAllahu Akbar’ every time they throw a pebble.
● The 10ofDhual-Hijjaisknown asYawm-al-Nahr(TheDay of Sacrifice), as
it ison this day thatMuslims all over theworld offer an animalsacrifice
toremember the great sacrifice Ibrahim was willing to make for the
almighty and his son , Hazrat Ismail was also ready to submit to the will
 of Allah.
● Allah was pleased by them and at the time when Hazrat Ibrahim was about to
sacrifice his son , Allah in his infinite mercy replaced Hazrat Ismai’l with a
sheep.
● Muslim all over the world also offer an animal sacrifice in the name of Allah
to show their obedience to Him.
● It is not the blood or flesh of the sacrificed animal that reaches Allah but the
taqwa of the believers that reaches Him.
● Muslims celebrate thefestival ofEidal-Adha with joy and festivity.

● Muslims noton hajjstarttheirdaywithEidprayers. Eid prayers are compulsory

on all those on whom Friday prayer is obligatory.
● There is no azaan or iqamat for Eid prayer which consist of two rak’aat
during which six taqbeers are pronounced.
● Thedayisspentinmaking the sacrifice, distributing the meat and could
giveproportions that it is distributed inbetween theneedy andthepoor
andfamily andfriendsetc.
● Muslims spend thedayinmeetingfamilyandfriendsandhostingpartiesetc.

● Thisday also marksthe completion ofhajj.Those on pilgrimagewill on this t

dayfirstly performrammi.
● HavingspentthepreviousnightinMuzdalifatheyreachMinaonthe10and go to
Jamaratul Aqaba and throw seven pebbles at it.
● The throwing of the stones is symbolicand isdoneto showrejectionofthe
devilandobedience toGod.
● Hazrat Ibrahimstoned thedevilthree timeswhen hetriedto misguidehim
andremained steadfast in his decision.
● Immediately after rammi the talbiya is stopped. Thepilgrims then offer sacrifice
and then go on to shaving/cutting their hair after which they
cancomeoutofihram.
● ThepilgrimsthengoontoMakkatoperformTawafal-
Ifada(TawafZiara).Afterthetawafthey perform two rakkahat the station of
Ibrahim,and then run between SafaandMarwahills.
 ● TawafIfadaisanindispensablepart ofhajjand performing it the pilgrims perform
the Sa’i and return to normal life.
● If possible, they pray Zuhr in Makkah , and return to spend the remaining
nights in Mina.

a) Give a detailed account on the sequence of Hajj. (10)

● Hajj is performed in Dhul Hajj and became compulsory in the ninth year of Hijra.

● The pilgrims put on ihram on 8th Dhul Hijja and reciting the talbiyah , make their way
to Mina , where they will pray their Zuhr ,Asr , Magrib and Isha prayers , shortening
the prayers of four rak’aat to two rak’aat each. These prayers are not combined.
Pilgrims spend all their time in worship and supplication.
● When the sun has risen on 9th of Dhul Hijja , pilgrims proceed to ‘Arafat . Here they
pray Zuhr and Asr prayers , shortened and combined during the time of Zuhr , with
one azaan and two iqamas , and stay within the boundaries of ‘Arafat. Standing at
‘Arafat is one of the greatest of worship. The Prophet(saw) has said: ‘Hajj is halting
at Arafat.’
● The day at Arafat is the day of forgiveness of sins. The Prophet(saw) said ,’’ When
the day of Arafat comes Allah descends to the lowest heaven , and praise them to
 the angels, saying, Look at my servants who have come to me disheveled , dirty
and crying from every valley , I call you to witness that I have forgiven them.’’
(Tirmidhi) Pilgrims remain at Arafat till sunset and then proceed towards Muzdalifa ,
once again reciting the talbiyah. At Muadalifa , the pilgrims pray combined Magrib
and Isha prayers , shortening Isha to two rak’aat and spend the night there where they
collect pebbles for stoning the Jamaraat. However, it is permissible for women, old
and weak individuals to proceed to Mina at any time after midnight.
● The 10th day is called Yawm-an-Nahar . After fajr prayer, pilgrims wait until the
brightness of the morning is widespread and following the Sunnah of the
Prophet(saw) supplicate facing the qibla. Upon arrival at Mina , they throw seven
pebbles at the Jamaraat-ul-Aqaba , calling ‘Bismillah Allahu Akbar ‘ every time they
throw a pebble.
● Yawn-an –Nahr means the day of sacrifice . To slaughter a sacrificial animal is
obligatory on pilgrims performing Hajj-al-Qiran and al-Tamattu. After this , pilgrims
shave or trim their hair , as for women , they shorten their hair by the length of a
fingertip.
● Pilgrims now proceed to Makkah to perform the Tawaf-al-Ifada after which they
perform Sa’I and return to normal life. Allah says,’’ Then let them complete the
rites prescribed for them, perform their vows and (again) circumambulate the
Ancient House.’’ (Al-Hajj 22: 29) If possible, they pray zuhr in Makkah and return
to spend the remaining nights in Mina.
● On the 11th day the pilgrims after spending the night at Mina, pilgrims are advised to
pray five prayers in congregation. rami , stoning of Jamaraat , after Zuhr prayers is
also Sunnah . After completing the stoning , pilgrims offer duas facing the qibla.
● The 12th day should be spent in the remembrance of Allah and after Zuhr prayers the
stoning at the three Jamaraat should be done. Some pilgrims stay another day at Mina
until 13th of Dhul Hijja.
● With the completion of Hajj and before leaving for their homes, pilgrims are required
to perform the farewell (wida) tawaf of the ka’aba. They circumambulate the Ka’aba
seven times and offer two rakkat prayers behind the Maqam –e-Ibrahim.

b) Explain the significance of prophet Ibrahim the observances of the

pilgrimage. (4)

● Hazrat Ibrahim ‘s family lived in Makkah and that he was guided by Allah to rebuild
the Kaabah.
 ● The practice of sacrifice is commemorated annually as a rite of Hajj on the 10 th of
dhu-Hajj in memory of the great sacrifice of Ibrahim and Ismail (AS).
● When Ibrahim (AS) narrated his dream to Ismael (AS) ,he immediately offered to
comply with the command of Allah. Allah says,’’ And when (his son) was old
enough to work with him,(Ibrahim) said: O my dear son, I have seen in a dream
that I must sacrifice you. So look, what do you think ? , He said,O my father ! Do
that what you are commanded .Allah willing , you shall find me steadfast.’’ (AS-
Saffat 37:102)
● Sayee is performed in memory of Prophet Ibrahim’s wife Hajar who ran seven times
between Safa and Marwa in search of water, while doing so she left the baby on the
ground . It was here that the water gushed out in form of a spring.
● The Qur’an mentions Safa and Marwa in the following verse,’’ Behold ! Safa and
Marwa are among the Symbols of Allah. So if those who visit the house in the
season or at other times should compass them round it is no sin in them.’’
(2:158)

a) Give an account on the difference between Hajj and Umrah. (10)

a) What observances does a pilgrim complete in the performance of umra and how is umra
different from hajj? (10)

● The word Umrah is usually translated as minor pilgrimage . Reference to Umrah occurs
twice in the Qur’an ,’’ And complete the Hajj or Umrah in the service of Allah.’’ (al-
Baqarah2: 196).
● Umrah is an act of worship. Prophet (saw) said, ’From one Umrah to the next is an
atonement for any sins committed in between’’. ( Agreed)
● Umrah does not free a person from obligation of Hajj.

● In umra the pilgrim puts on the ihram at meeqat , recites the talbiya ,then goes for tawaf
of the Ka’abah ,then performs two rakaat at the station of Ibrahim ,then performs
sayi ,after which men shave their head or cut their hair while the women cut a lock of
their hair.
● Great reward is promised for performing Umrah during the month of Ramadan .
Prophet(saw) said, ‘’ An Umrah in the month of Ramadan is equal (in reward) to
performing Hajj.’’ (Musnad Ahmad)
● Many acts are similar to Hajj, but there are some fundamental differences. Hajj is
obligatory while Umrah is not.
● Hajj can only be performed during prescribed month and dates, while Umrah can be
performed any time of the year.
● Wuquf Arafah is one of the most important component of Hajj without which Hajj is
void, there is no Wuquf Arafah in Umrah.
● There is no Wuquf Muzdalifah (spending night in Muzdalifah ) or combining the prayers
of Maghrib and Isha for Umrah.
● Talbiyah is stopped on arriving the Haram in Umrah , while in Hajj Talbiyah is said till
the Rammi of Jamaraat –tu-Aqabah on 10thof Dhul-Hajj.
● Pilgrims stay in Mina in Hajj, perform Rammi at Jamarat , while no stay is required at
Mina or Rammi ,in Umrah.
● Pilgrims gives sacrifice in Hajj , while sacrifice is not required in Umrah.

b) Explain how the outward actions performed during umra improve a pilgrim’s inner
spirituality. (4)
● Upon donning the ihram a pilgrim is reminded of the equality of all men before Allah
and this makes him feel humbled.
● The recitation of the talbiya focusses the mind of the pilgrims on the fact that they
have come in response to the call of their Creator , that they are obedient to Him and
have acknowledge that there is no one worthy of worship but Him.
● With tawaf , each pilgrim is glorifying Allah , praising Him and seeking forgiveness
and acknowledging his greatness and superiority.
● Just to look at the Kaabah is a spiritual experience of immense magnitude for every
Muslim.