ARBAMICHUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR PROJECT ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (G+4)

June 2023
Arba Minch, Ethiopia
 GROUP MEMBERS

NAME ID
1. DENU KIDANE………………………………………………………………………………3/11
2. HEAVEN NEHA……………………………………..……………………..…………..987/11
3. MESERETEMARIAM ZINABU………………………………….……..…T/0024/12
4. MILLION BALGUDA…………………………………………....…………….....1318/11
5. TSEGAYE TESHOME……………………………………………..……………… 1852/11
 APPROVAL OF ADVISOR AND EXAMINERS
This project has been submitted for examination with our approval as a project ADVISOR.
Advisor’s Name: Mr Yohannis K (MSc.) & Abadit T(Msc).

Signature: ___________________ Date: ___________________

Signature: ___________________ Date: ___________________

This project has been examined with our approval as project examiners.
Examiner’s Name:

1.___________________________________ Signature: ______________

Date: __________________

2.___________________________________ Signature: _______________

Date: ___________________
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all we would like to thank almighty GOD for his everlasting love and protection. Successful
completion of this analysis and design project is last chapter in five years study and hard work, which
has been made possible today because of assistance and support of our families, instructors, and
friends Next For our general concern we would like to thanks AMU for facilitating & preparing this
academic programme for our successive upgrading and institute of technology for their continuous
follow up with appreciable comments.We would like to appreciate and thank our advisr Mr.Yohannis
K (MSc.) & Abadit T(Msc).With accountability manner follow and gives us corrective instructions
during our work.

I
 ABSTRACT
Now a day’s construction industry plays a great role for the development of a nation in all aspects. As
we all agree, behind every construction activity there must have a structural analysis and design, from
this consideration directly or indirectly structural analysis and design have a huge application in the
development of a nation. Our group has planned to work on structural analysis and design for G+4
building by using Ethiopian Building Code of Standard (EBCS) for senior project. The thesis will
have an objective to develop new skill, strength our capacity on structural analysis and design. Beside
this, it will create awareness for others to develop this project idea for civil engineering profession.

II
 Table of Content
ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................................................ I
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... II
Table of Content .................................................................................................................................. III
List of Tables......................................................................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ VI
CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. General .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Method of design and design codes .............................................................................................. 2
1.3. Design aids .................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Basic Assumption ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Modeling ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6. Design data and material properties .............................................................................................. 3
1.6.1. Materials ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.6.2. Design data ............................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................... 5
2. ROOF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .................................................................................................. 5
2.1. Wind Pressure ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1. External Pressure .................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2. Internal Pressure ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3. Net Pressure ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2. Flat Roof Load Combination ...................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THEER ............................................................................................................................ 12
3. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB .................................................................................................... 12
3.1. Depth Determination from First Floor Up To Fourth Floor ....................................................... 12
3.2. DESIGN LOAD CALCULATIONS .......................................................................................... 16
3.3. MOMENT CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................... 19
3.5. Reinforcement calculation for the slab ....................................................................................... 28
3.5.1. Characteristic strength of material ........................................................................................ 28
3.6. Check Depth for Flexure............................................................................................................. 29
III
 3.7. Design of ground slab ................................................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................... 34
4. STAIRCASE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 34
4.1. Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement ...................................................... 35
4.2 STAIR DETALING ..................................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................. 44
5. LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER SIX .................................................................................................................................... 56
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATION .......................................................................... 56
CHAPTER SEVEN ............................................................................................................................. 62
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 62
7.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 62
7.2. Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 62
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 63

IV
 List of Tables
Table 1 : External pressure coefficients for flat roofs .......................................................................9
Table 2 : Area for those Zone .........................................................................................................10
Table 3 : Internal and External pressure coefficient for Flat roof ..................................................10
Table 4 : Material and Recommended value ...................................................................................14
Table 5 : Depth determination .........................................................................................................16
Table 6 : live load ............................................................................................................................17
Table 7 : Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular Panels ....................................................20
Table 8 : unadjusted moment .........................................................................................................23
Table 9 : Cantilever moment ...........................................................................................................24
Table 10 : used for support moment adjustment by using stiffness method ...................................26
Table 11 : Factors for Adjusting Span Moments, Myt & Mvt ........................................................27
Table 12 : longer and shorter direction ............................................................................................27
Table 13 : discontinuities for longer span .......................................................................................28
Table 14 : Discontinuities for shorter span ......................................................................................28
Table 15 : Adjusted support and span moment ...............................................................................32
Table 16 : Dead load calculation .....................................................................................................41
Table 17 : Calculated Base shear .....................................................................................................45
Table 18 : Base shear .......................................................................................................................47
Table 19 : Etab output combination for serviceable limit state ......................................................57
Table 20 : Ultimate limit state ETABS OUT PUT ........................................................................58
Table 21 : serviceable limit state .....................................................................................................58
Table 22 : Serviceability limit state .................................................................................................59
Table 23 : Punching shear from excel .............................................................................................61
Table 24 : Rebars from excel...........................................................................................................61
Table 25 : Footing detailing ............................................................................................................61

V
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : For Flat Roofs ..................................................................................................................8
Figure 2 : Normal Plan ....................................................................................................................13
Figure 3 : Slab section .....................................................................................................................16
Figure 4 : Boundary condition .........................................................................................................19
Figure 5 : Slab detail drawing .........................................................................................................33
Figure 6 : Riser and Thread dimension ...........................................................................................34
Figure 7 : Dead load calculation ......................................................................................................37
Figure 8 : Live load transfer ............................................................................................................38
Figure 9 : Stair detailing .................................................................................................................43

VI
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General

This project is about the analysis & designing of a structure for all parameters and all necessary
conditions. The drawing of the structure at hand is given in an AutoCAD representation and we are
supposed to design the slab system based on the dimensions and parameters clearly provided. There
are a lot of steps involved in designing of a whole structure, starting from analysis of wind load and
other parameters, slab design including the determination of design constants and all the necessary
data and moment adjustments, determination of the design safe depth, designating material used, shear
live and dead load, panel support designation according to the provided diagram, dead and live load
calculations, reinforcement bar diameter determination, stair design, and several other necessary
calculations. The dire consequences that would follow the faults have been avoided and the
calculations have been done with high accuracy and precision. Though there may still be some faults.
The report shows the whole steps that were taken and also includes additional information’s needed
and also figurative sketches that can further elaborate the work at hand. Sample calculations have
been provided wherever they were necessary and additional information’s about the calculations,
figures, and designation of symbols have also been provided for the sake of better understanding for
the examiner. Some of the designations have been generated by ourselves for the reason of easy
understanding and time saving criteria. Tables provided have been done by the help of Microsoft
excel and ETABs analysis has been carried out. And you can find the steps and some diagrammatic
representations inside the report. The objective and the acknowledgments, with reference and other
necessary information’s can be found in their respective places.

This project work consists of a structural analysis and designs of guest house G +4 reinforced
concrete building to be constructed in Addis Ababa with a site altitude of 2000m.The area is
seismic zone 4.

The structural system consists of a solid reinforced concrete slab supported on a frame of beams and
columns supported by footings.

1
1.2. Method of design and design codes

Serviceability limit state design was used for member size determination and the limit state design
was used in the design of reinforcement .The codes used are:
 Ethiopian building Code standard 1(EBCS – 1, 1995), Basis of Design and Actions on structures.
 Ethiopian building Code standard 2(EBCS – 2, 1995), Structural use of Concrete
 Ethiopian building code standard (EBCS - 3 ,1995), Design of Steel Structures
 Ethiopian building Code standard 7(EBCS – 7, 1995), Foundations
 Ethiopian building Code standard 8(EBCS – 8, 1995),Design of structures for Earthquake
Resistance
 Euro code 3
 Lecture notes and other relevant book
We are using Excel spreadsheet program to facilitate the routine computation in the analysis of lateral
load & design of column and foundation.
1.3. Design aids

 Sap 2000 -V14 for modeling and analysis of solid slab G+4 building as 2D frame
 Ms-Word, Ms-Excel are also used to facilitate computation and edition of this booklet
 AutoCAD 2007 for modeling, working dawning, and bar schedule
Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to convey that we have tried to the best of our
knowledge to make the building safe and economical.
1.4. Basic Assumption

The assumptions here under are considered in order to provide necessary safety acceptable degree of
reliability as well as economy of the building.
1.5. Modeling

Reinforced concrete beam column framed structures with isolated footing foundation were used as the
structural system of the building to resist all actions.

2
1.6. Design data and material properties

1.6.1. Materials

The materials used are concrete grade of C-25(the compressive 150mm cube strength at 28 days is
25MPa).The reinforcement to be used shall be deformed and the minimum yield strength shall be
300MPa.

1.6.2. Design data

Concrete
Class I workmanship and ordinary loading condition is used.
Sub Structure
Concrete grade C-25 Class I
Partial safety factor, c

c = 1.5 (Ordinary loading) …………………………… EBCS – 2, 1995 Table 3.1

Characteristic compressive strength, fck

f ck = 0.8×25 = 20Mpa

Fcd= =11.33Mpa[Tension]
Fck=1.5Mpa
Ecm=30Gpa

Fctd= = =1.0Mpa…………………………………………[EBCS-,1995 table2.4&2.5]

Super Structure
Concret grade C-25
Ýc=1.5 (Ordinary loading)……………………………………….[EBCS-2,1995 table 3.1]
Fck=0.8*25=20Mpa

Fcd= =11.33Mpa
Fck=1.5Mpa
Ecm=30Gpa

Fctd= = =1.0Mpa………………………………………………[EBCS-,1995
table2.4&2.5]
Reinforcement Steel
3
Fyk=400Mpa
Ys=1.15

Fyd= = =347.87Mpa
Es=200Gpa
Foundations
Ground,stiff clay which is taken from EBCS7/1995 table 6.3. During foundation construction
designer will check it and further investigation must be carried out.

4
 CHAPTER TWO
2. ROOF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
In the design of roof, the major loads which are applied on roof are wind load and live load. The
action of wind can be of the type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally or internally.
However, these effects are more magnified for structures with more openings and large surface areas.
Therefore, our focus is on the most sensitive part of the building that is the roof.
2.1. Wind Pressure

The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the pressures on each surface
taking due account of their signs. (Pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as positive, and
suction, directed away from the surface as negative.

2.1.1. External Pressure

The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be obtained from
We=qref. Ce (Ze) Cpe-------------EBCS1,1995…….(3.1)
Where: qref = Reference mean wind velocity pressure.
Ce (Ze) = exposure coefficient accounts for the terrain and height above ground,
Ze = reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure coefficient.
Cpe is the external pressure coefficient derived from Appendix A
i. The reference mean wind velocity pressure qre shall be determined from:
qref= ρ/2 * Vref
Where:- Vre is the reference wind velocity as defined in Section 3.7.2
ρ is the air density.
The air density is affected by altitude and depends on the temperature and pressure to be expected in
the region during wind storms. A temperature of 20C has been selected as appropriate for Ethiopia
and the variation of mean atmospheric pressure with altitude is given in EBCS 1995 Table 3.1.
ii. Reference Mean wind velocity,Vref
Vref=CDIRCTemCAltVref,o
ρair=0.94 Kg Where:
Vref, 0 = is the basic value of the reference wind velocity to be taken as 22m/s.
CDIR = is the directional factor to be taken as 1.0.
5
CTem= is the temporary seasonal factor to be taken as 1.0.
CAlt= is the altitude factor to be taken as 1.0.
Vref=1.0*1.0*1.0*22m/s =22m/s
qref=ρ/2 * Vref²
Where:
/m3 at 2000 AMSL for Addsi Abeba from (EBCS 1 1995) Table 3.1

qref=
iii. Terrain category
We take terriain category IV since the site location is Addis Abeba which is urban area.
parameters are:
Kt=0.24, Z0(m)=1,Zmin(m)=16 ------(EBCS1 1995) …..Table 3.2
iv. Roughness coefficient Cr(z)
Cr(Z) = kt In(z/zo)…………..EBCS 1 1995
for Zmin < Z <200m Eqn (3.10)
Cr(Z) = Cr(Zmin) forZ < Zmin Eqn (3.11)
where kT is the terrain factor
Zo is the roughness length
Zmin is the minimum height
Z is elevation hegiht which is 18.9
These parameters depend on the terrain category as given in Table 3.2.
Cr(Z) = 0.24 ln(18.9/1)=0.71
v. Topography coefficient, Ct
By assuming the zone is not affected due to topographic condition. Hence, it has to be taken as unity.
i.t Ct=1.0 for Ø<0.05
vi. Exposure Coefficient

Ce(z)=Cr(z)²Ct(z)² ………………….EBCS 1 1995 Eqn 3.15

where Kt is the terrain factor as defined in Section 3.8.2
cr(z) is the roughness coefficient as defined in Section 3.8.3
Ct(z) is the topography coefficient as defined in Section 3.8.4
The exposure coefficient Ce(z) given in Table 3.5 for each 'terrain category defined in
6
Section 3.8.2,

Ce(z)=0.49² =1.68.
Therefore the External wind pressure We is
We=qref. Ce (Ze) Cpe
227.48*1.68*Cpe
We=382.17CpeN/m²
The exposure coefficient is taken on the basis of the area considered
Cpe = Cpe, 1. When A <1 m²
Cpe = Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1) logA When 1<A<10 m²
Cpe = Cpe, 10 When A>10 m²
The external wind pressure for different zones is tabulated as below
or different cases of θ

2.1.2. Internal Pressure

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure Wi shall be obtained from:
Wi=qrefCe(Zi)Cp…………………………EBCS 1, 1995)…………… (3.2)
where Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient obtained from Appendix A.
For closed buildings with internal partitions and opening windows, the extreme values of internal
pressure coefficient, Cpi are 0.8 or -0.5.

2.1.3. Net Pressure

The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the pressures on each surface
taking due account of their signs. (Pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as positive, and
suction, directed away from the surface as negative).
The Net wind pressure is, therefore, given by:
Wnet= We - Wi
Roof category Flat
(1) Flat roofs are defined within a slope of ±4°.
(2) The roof should be divided into zones as shown
(3 ) The reference height z, should be taken as h
(4) Pressure coefficients for each zone are given in Table A.2.

7
(5) For long roofs friction forces should be considered (see Section 3.6.2)

Figure 1: For Flat Roofs

Height of the building: h = 18.9m
Cross wind dimension: d= 7.51
b = 15.7m
e=b or 2*h
e= 15.7
e= 2*18.9=37.8 then take the minumn value from those
e= 15.7
Area for those region
e/4 = 15.7/4 = 3.95
e/10 = 15.7/10 = 1.75
e/2 = 15.7/2 = 7.85
Area of F region
A =e/4 × e/10 =6.2
Area of G region
h = b-2e/4 = 15.7 - ½(1.57)
= 7.8m²
A = e/10 * 7.8
= 1.57 * 7.8 = 12.2m²
Area of H region
d – (e/2 – e/10)*b
(7.51 – ( 7.85-1.75))*15.7
(7.51 - 6.1)*15.7 =23m²

8
Area of I region
(d - e/2)b = (7.85-7.51)15.7
= 5.3m²
The exposure coefficient is taken on the basis of the area considered
Cpe = Cpe, 1. When A <1 m²
Cpe = Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1) logA When 1<A<10 m²
Cpe = Cpe, 10 When A>10 m2
For region F where area 1<A<10 m²
Cpe = Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1) logA
We read the Cpe1 and Cpe10 value from…….. EBCS Table A.2 External Pressure Coefficients for
flat roofs.

Table 1: External pressure coefficients for flat roofs

Hp/h = 0.1
A = 6.2
Cpe,10 = -1.2
Cpe, = -1.8
Cpe = 1+(-1.2-(-1.8)log(6.2)
Cpe +ve = +1.47

9
 Cpe-ve = 0.00
Table 2: Area for those Zone

Zone F G H I

Area(m²) 6.2 12.2 23 5.3

Table 3: Internal and External pressure coefficient for Flat roof

Zone F G H I

Cpe +cpe -cpe +cpe -cpe +cpe -cpe +cpe -cpe

+1.47 -0.00 +0.00 -0.8 +0.00 -0.7 +1.29 -0.00

Cpe net= cpe-cpi +0.67 -0.8 -0.8 -1.6 -0.8 -1.5 +0.49 -0.8
For +0.8
Cpe net= cpe-cpi
For -0.5 +1.97 -0.5 +0.5 -0.3 +0.5 -0.2 +1.79 -0.5
Wnet for cpe=+0.8
Wnet =Cpe* qref +0.25 -0.305 -0.305 -0.61 -0.305 -0.573 +0.187 -0.305

Wnet for cpe=-0.5

Wnet =Cpe* qref +0.75 -0.191 +0.191 -0.115 +0.191 -0.076 +0.684 -0.191

10
Wnet max (+ve) = +0.75*1000 =750N/m²
Wnet max (-ve) = -0.61*1000 = 610N/m²
Then we take the maximum value form those therefore the wind pressure is 750N/m²
2.2. Flat Roof Load Combination

Load = ∂*thickness
Given 2 Layers DPC , ∂ =14
Cement sand screed, t = 2cm & ∂ = 23
Conceret slab, t = 15cm & ∂ = 25
Plastered & panted slab, t=2cm & ∂ = 23
Floor finshing ,t = 2cm & ∂ =23KN/m³
Load combination for DPC
Load = ∂*t
(14*0.02)*2
Load = 0.56KN/m²
Load combination for Cement sand screed
Load = ∂*t
23*0.02
Load = 0.46KN/m²
Load combination for Conceret slab
Load = ∂* t
25*0.15
Load = 3.75KN/m²
Load combination for floor finishing
Load = ∂*t
0.02 *23 =0.46KN/m²
Load combination for Plastered & panted slab
Load = ∂*t
23*0.02
Load =0.46KN/m²
Total Dead Load = 0.56+0.46+3.75+0.46+0.46
= 5.69KN/m²
 CHAPTER THEER

3. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Slabs are horizontal structural elements which transfer service loads to the frame elements.
There are two types of slab systems based on the load transferring mechanisms. These are one way
and two way slab systems.
If Ly/Lx>2……………………………………One way slab
Ly/Lx≤2………………………………………..Two way slab
Where Ly is longer span and Lx is shorter span
One way slab transfer their load in one direction while two way slabs resist applied load primarily by
bending about in two directions or axis. However, as in the one-way slab, the depth of the two- way
slabs should also be checked for the shear stresses to avoid any reinforcement for shear. Moreover,
these slabs should have sufficient depth for the control deflection. Thus, strength and deflection are
the requirements of design of two-way slabs.
These types of slabs are composed of rectangular panels supported at all four edges by beams and
are stiff enough to be treated as unyielding.
The reinforcement bar, in one way slab, main steel is provided along with short span only and the
load is transferred to two opposite supports and in two-way slab, main steel is provided in both.
3.1. Depth Determination from First Floor Up To Fourth Floor

Thickness of the slabs given in the architectural drawing should be checked weather it’s adequate
for deflection or not. To determine the thickness of the slab first we should have to group our panels
depend on : Ly and Lx Boundary condition such as interior, end span and cantilever. Purpose of
the rooms.
Here we have given an Architectural drawing of floor plan and we are expected to design the slab
system. The panels are 10 and the cantilevers are 14.

12
 Figure 2: Normal Plan

Material Grades
 Concrete grade C-25
 Steel grade S-400
 Cover 25mm
Depth Determination
Sample calculation as panel 2
 D min=d min +cover +ф/2
 D min=Lx/Lx/d
 Lx/d=limiting span to depth ratio
 By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or
 By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value

13
 ρ=0.015 highly stressed of concrete
ρ=0.005 Lightly stressed of concrete

fcu Structural System

(Mpa) 25
Simple Supported
=
End Span
fck
Interior Span
(Mpa) 20
Flat Slab
=
Cantilever
fyk
(Mpa) 400
** This "K"
=
value works for
ɸ (mm)
10 Beams, One
=
way slab and
Cover
25 Two way slab
(mm) =
ρ0 = 0.45%
ρ= 0.21%
ρ'= 0

Table 4: Material and Recommended value

This "K" value works for Beams, One way slab and two way slab.
Note: here the effective depth (d) of the slab is affected by the selection of parameters like:
Concrete grade, Steel grade and tensile zone reinforcement ratio (ρ-which varies from 15%-50%)
So when ρ and Steel grade values increase the depth of the slab will increase.

And also when the Concrete grade increases the depth of the slab decreases. In
our case p≤p0 we use
Lx/d=k [11+1.5*fck^0.5*p0/p+3.2*fck^0.5* (po/p-1)^1.5]
Lx/d=1.3[11+1.5*20^0.5*0.45/0.21+3.2*20^0.5*(0.45/0.21-1)^1.5]
= 12.6mm

14
 Effective depth (dmin)=Lx/Lx/d =1650/2.6= 131mm
Take max of dmin = 131mm
Assuming Φ10mm reinforcement bars and 25mm concrete cover,
Dmin = d+concrete cover +∅/2

131+25+5=161

Provide D=170mm.

Panel Span type lx ly Corr. d D D

Ly/Lx Type K Lx/d
Factor (mm) (mm) prov
P-1 End Span 2.87 5.14 1.790940767 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
P-2 End Span 2.87 5.14 1.790940767 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
P-3 End Span 1.58 2.69 1.702531646 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 38.45 70 170
Way
P-4 End Span 2.87 5.14 1.790940767 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
P-5 End Span 1.53 2.87 1.875816993 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 37.24 70 170
Way
P-6 End Span 2.87 4.04 1.407665505 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
P-7 End Span 2.87 4.04 1.407665505 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
P-8 End Span 2.69 4.04 1.501858736 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 65.47 100 170
Way
P-9 End Span 2.87 4.04 1.407665505 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
P-10 End Span 2.87 4.7 1.637630662 Two- 1.3 1.25 41.09 69.85 100 170
Way
C-1 Cantilever 1 2.87 2.87 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 79.10 110 170
Way
C-2 Cantilever 1 2.87 2.87 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 79.10 110 170
Way
C-3 Cantilever 1 2.87 2.87 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 79.10 110 170
Way
C-4 Cantilever 0.75 0.85 1.133333333 Two- 0.4 1.25 12.64 59.32 90 170
Way
C-5 Cantilever 0.75 5.14 6.853333333 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 59.32 90 170
Way
C-7 Cantilever 0.75 1.65 2.2 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 59.32 90 170
Way
C-8 Cantilever 1.65 2.87 1.739393939 Two- 0.4 1.25 12.64 130.51 170 170

15
 Way
C-9 Cantilever 1.65 2.87 1.739393939 Two- 0.4 1.25 12.64 130.51 170 170
Way
C-10 Cantilever 1.65 2.69 1.63030303 Two- 0.4 1.25 12.64 130.51 170 170
Way
C-11 Cantilever 1.65 2.87 1.739393939 Two- 0.4 1.25 12.64 130.51 170 170
Way
C-12 Cantilever 1.1 1.65 1.5 Two- 0.4 1.25 12.64 87.01 120 170
Way
C-13 Cantilever 0.75 4.04 5.386666667 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 59.32 90 170
Way
C-14 Cantilever 0.75 5.14 6.853333333 One- 0.4 1.25 12.64 59.32 90 170
Way

Table 5: Depth determination

3.2. DESIGN LOAD CALCULATIONS

Sample calculation of panels with partition wall:-Our slab consists of dead load from its self-
weight, dead load from floor finishing which is cement screed, and plastering.

20mm ceramic ff

30mm cement screed

170mm RC slab

20mm plastering

Figure 3: Slab section

Imposed loads characteristic value

Residential, shop, kitchen, and balconies areas divide into five according specific uses (Art
6.144,EBCS-1,1995) for mixed residential area of building are categorized under category ”A”
Imposed load on building floor.
Purposes of room Live load
Panel-1 toilet 2 KN/M2
Panels 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 shop and corridors 5 KN/M2

16
 Stair 3 KN/M2
Balconies 5 KN/M2

Table 6: live load

For panel-1

Given: Lx=2.87m
Ly=5.14m

LL=2KN/m2
Thickness of slab=D=170mm

Unit weight of concrete =25kN/m3

Unit weight of cement screed =23kN/m3

Unit weight of ceramic tile= 23kN/m3

Unit weight of plastering= 23kN/m3

Cement screed=0.03m*23kN/m3=0.69 kN/m2

Ceramic tile=0.02m*23kN/m3=0.46kN/m2
Reinforced concrete=0.17*25KN/ m3=4.25KN/m2
Plastering=0.02m*23KN/ m3=0.46KN/m2

Total self-weight=0.69+0.46+4.25+0.46=5.86 KN/m2

Dead load on partition wall
Length of wall=4.46m
Thickness of wall=0.15m
Height of partition wall=2.98m

Area of the floor= 11M2

Dead load calculation on partition wall

Pw=L*t*h*unit weight HCB + L*t*h*unit weight*HCB*2
4.22*2.98*0.15*14+23*0.02*2.98*4.22=30KN.

DL PW=30 KN/ 11M2 =2.7KN/m2.

Total dead load (DL)

17
 DL = Total self-weight+Partition

DL=( 2.7 +5.86)KN/m2= 8.52.KN/m2

Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL

1.3*8.52 +1.6*2=14.28 KN/m2

For panel-2,3
Lx=2.87m
Ly=5.14m

LL=5KN/m2
Thickness of slab=D=170mm

Unit weight of concrete =25kN/m3

Unit weight of cement screed =23kN/m3

Unit weight of ceramic tile= 23kN/m3

Unit weight of plastering= 23kN/m3

Cement screed=0.03m*23kN/m3=0.69 kN/m2

Ceramic tile=0.02m*23kN/m3=0.46kN/m2
Reinforced concrete=0.17*25KN/ m3=4.25KN/m2
Plastering=0.02m*23KN/ m3=0.46KN/m2

Total self-weight=0.69+0.46+4.25+0.46=5.86 KN/m2

Dead load on partition wall
Length of wall=1.8m
Thickness of wall=0.05m
Height of partition wall=2.98m
Area of the floor= 11.5M2
Dead load calculation on partition wall
Pw=L*t*h*unit weight HCB + L*t*h*unitweight*HCB*2
1’85*2.98*0.05*25=6.89KN

DL PW=6.89 KN/ 11.5M2 =2KN/m2.

Total dead load (DL)

DL = Total self-weight +Partition

18
 DL=( 2.03+5.86)KN/m2= 7.89.KN/m2
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL

1.3*7.89+1.6*5=18.26KN/m2

3.3. MOMENT CALCULATIONS

Sample Calculation:-For panel-2

Maximum moments for individual slab panels with edges either simply supported (discontinuous) or
fully fixed (continuous) are given by,
Mi = i Pd Lx2
Where Mi = design BM per unit width at point of reference.
i = Coefficient given in table A - 1, as a function of Ly/Lx & support condition
Pd = Design uniform load (KN/m2)
Lx , Ly = shorter and longer spans of the panel, respectively
αi is moment coefficient depending on span ratio (ly/lx) and support condition (obtained from
EBCS -2 table A.1)

Figure 4: Boundary condition

Therefore, the maximum support and span moments per unit width develop at particular critical
points of slab panel of two-way system are given by the following equations:

19
 Table 7: Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular Panels
Sample of moment calculation For panel-1
M=αi*Pd*Lx2
Ly=5.14m
Lx=2.87m

20
 Support Type:- Type Two
ly/lx=5.14/2.87=1.8
We take the value of moment coefficient based on support condition
αxs= 0.088
αxf= 0.066
αys= 0.047
αyf= 0.036
Mxs= αxs*Pd*Lx2=0.088*2.872*14.28 =10.35KNm

Mxf= αxf* Pd*Lx2= 0.066*2.87*14.28 =7.76KNm

Mys= αys* Pd*Lx2= 0.047*2.872*14.28 =5.53KNm
Myf=αyf* Pd*Lx2= 0.036*2.872*14.28 =4.23KNm

21
 LL DL Pd
Suppor Moment
(KN/m2 (KN/m2 (KN/m2 Lx(m) Ly(m) Ly/Lx Moment(KNm)
panels t Type ) ) )
coefficients

P-1 axs= 0.088 Mxs= 10.35

axf= 0.066 Mxf= 7.76
Type 4 2 8.52 14.28 2.87 5.14 1.80
ays= 0.047 Mys= 5.53
ayf= 0.036 Myf= 4.23
P-2 axs= 0.088 Mxs= 13.23
axf= 0.066 Mxf= 9.93
Type 4 5 7.89 18.26 2.87 5.14 1.80
ays= 0.047 Mys= 7.07
ayf= 0.036 Myf= 5.41
P-3 axs= 0.083 Mxs= 11.80
axf= 0.063 Mxf= 8.75
Type 3 5 5.91 15.68 1.53 2.69 1.76
ays= 0.039 Mys= 7.53
ayf= 0.03 Myf= 1.07
P-4 axs= 0.088 Mxs= 11.38
axf= 0.066 Mxf= 8.53
Type 4 5 5.92 15.70 2.87 5.14 1.79
ays= 0.047 Mys= 10.88
ayf= 0.036 Myf= 4.65
axs= 0.088 Mxs= 11.38
P-5 axf= 0.066 Mxf= 8.53
Type 4 5 5.92 15.70 2.87 5.14 1.79
ays= 0.047 Mys= 6.08
ayf= 0.036 Myf= 4.65
axs= 0 Mxs= 0.00
P-6 axf= 0.073 Mxf= 9.39
Type 4 5 5.86 15.62 2.87 4.04 1.41
ays= 0.045 Mys= 5.79
ayf= 0.034 Myf= 8.99
P-7 axs= 0.083 Mxs= 10.68
axf= 0.063 Mxf= 10.38
Type 3 5 5.86 15.62 2.87 4.04 1.41
ays= 0.039 Mys= 5.02
ayf= 0.03 Myf= 6.92
P-8 axs= 0.083 Mxs= 10.68
axf= 0.063 Mxf= 8.10
Type 6 5 5.86 15.62 2.87 4.04 1.41
ays= 0.058 Mys= 7.46
ayf= 0.044 Myf= 5.66

22
P-9 axs= 0.083 Mxs= 10.68
axf= 0.063 Mxf= 7.12
Type 3 5 5.86 15.62 2.87 4.04 1.41
ays= 0.039 Mys= 5.02
ayf= 0.03 Myf= 3.86
P-10 axs= 0.083 Mxs= 10.68
Type 4 5 5.86 15.62 2.87 4.04 1.41 axf= 0.063 Mxf= 8.10
ays= 0.039 Mys= 3.84
ayf= 0.03 Myf= 3.86

Table 8: unadjusted moment

Cantilever load and moment calculation
 Self-weight calculation for cantilever
 LL=4KN/m2
 Thickness of slab=D=170mm
 Unit weight of concrete =25kN/m3
 Unit weight of cement screed =23kN/m3
 Unit weight of ceramic tile= 23kN/m3
 Unit weight of plastering= 23kN/m3
 Cement screed=0.03m*23kN/m3=0.69 kN/m2
 Ceramic tile=0.02m*23kN/m3=0.46kN/m2
 Reinforced concrete=0.17*25KN/ m3=4.25KN/m2
 Plastering=0.02m*23KN/ m3=0.46KN/m2
 Total self-weight=0.69+0.46+4.25+0.46=5.86KN/m2
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3*5.86+1.6*5.86=14KN/m3
Consider wall load as point load
Sample calculation for cantilever one
H=0.9m
L=4.87m
T=0.2m

Unit weight=14KN/m3

P=L*t*h*unit weight=0.9*4.87*0.2*14=12.3KN.
Moment=p*Lx+Lx*pd*0.5*Lx=12.3*+0.5*1*1*5.86=19.28KNm

23
 Table 9: Cantilever moment

I . Support moment adjustment

For each support over which the slab is continuous there will thus generally two different support
moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the support to
equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames. There are two methods of
differing accuracy, are given here for treating the effects of this redistribution on moments away
from the support.
Method I (Average method)
When differences between initial support moments are less than 20% of the larger moment, we use
average method
If it is greater than 20% we call it stiffness method
Support and span moments are first calculated for individual panels by assuming each panel to be
fully loaded.
The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method. The relative stiffness
of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of inertia divided by the smaller span.

24
If the support moment is decreased, the span moment Mxf and Myf are then increased to allow for
the changes of support moments. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to
the span moment
We use the following formulas to adjust the support moment
If ΔM/ML*100<20%=we use the average Moment If ΔM/ML*100>20%=we use stiffness method
Sample calculation for panel-6,2,4,5,8,9&10.
Average method for -6&2
Large moment (ML) =5.79
Small moment (MS) =5.53

= so, we can use average method.

=
For panel-7,8

Panel-8-9

Panel 9,10

Method II,Stiffness method

Moment Adjustment (Madj) between panel 1&2
Large moment (ML) =13.23
Small moment (MS) =10.35
ΔM=13.23-10.5=2.73

use stiffness method.

25
Now calculate KS and KL KL=1/L

KL=
Ks =1-KL=1-0.5=0.5
ΔM= (13.23-10.23) =2.88
Moment right=moment larger- ΔMKL
13.23-2.88*0.5=11.79KNm
Moment left=Moment-+ΔMKs
10.23+2.88*0.5=11.79KNm.
panels method Mright Mleft ΔM KL KS MAdusted

P-2,3 Stiffness 7.53 13.23 5.7 0.5 0.5 10.1

p-3,8 Stiffness 7.46 11.8 4.34 0.73 0.23 8.632

P-6,7 Stiffness 10.68 0 10.68 0.5 0.5 5.34

p-2,7 Stiffness 5.02 7.07 2.05 0.44 0.56 6.2
p-3,4 Stiffness 7.53 11.38 3.85 0.73 0.27 9.455

p-4,9 Stiffness 5.02 10.88 5.86 0.44 0.56 6.6

Table 10: used for support moment adjustment by using stiffness method

II. Field moment adjustment

Field moment adjustment depend on the value of support moment, thus if the unadjusted support
moment is greater than the adjusted support moment then the field moment requires adjustment
unless it does not adjusted.
Using this table you can adjust the span moment

26
 Table 11: Factors for Adjusting Span Moments, Myt & Mvt
Sample calculation for field moment addjustement for panel-1
No need of field moment adjustement because moment increased when we go from left to right and
right to left.no dcrease of moment in shorter and longer direction.
For panel-2 .moment decreased in both shorter and longer direction so we need to adjust field
moment.
ΔMxs=1.44
Span ratio = Ly/Lx=5.14/2.87=1.8
∆Mxs1 = 13.23-11.79 = 1.44KNm
∆Mys1 = 7.06-6.2 = 0.82KNm
Ly/Lx For longer For shorter
Cx1 Cy1 Cx2 Cy2
5.14/2.87=1.8 0.274 0.066 0.473 0.253
Table 12: longer and shorter direction

∆Mxf = Cx1*∆Mxs + Cx2*∆Mys = (0.274*1.44) + (0.473*0.82)= 0.782

∆Myf = Cy1*∆My1s + Cy2*∆Mxs2 = (0.066*1.44) + (0.253*0.82) = 0.3025
Mxf, adj = Mxf + ∆Mxf
Mxf, adj = 9.93 + 0.782= 10.7

Myf, adj= Myf + ∆Myf

Myf, adj = 5.41 +0.3025= 3.749
27
Panel-3 discontinues shorter direction
Span ratio = ly/lx = 2.87/1.53= 1.9
∆Mys = 4.758 – 4.415 = 0.343KNm

LY /Lx For longer span

Cx Cy
Ly/Lx
1.9 0.481 0.251
Table 13: discontinuities for longer span
∆Mxf = Cx*∆Mys = (0.481*3.2) = 1.52
∆Myf = Cy*∆Mys = (0.251*3.2) = 0.8032
Mxf, adj = Mxf + ∆Mxf
Mxf, adj =1.07+ 0.8032 = 1.87
For panel-5 discontinuities shorter direction

LY /Lx For shorter span

Cx Cy
Ly/Lx
1.8 0.473 0.253

Table 14: Discontinuities for shorter span

Mxf, adj=8.9
Mxf, adj =4.85

3.5. Reinforcement calculation for the slab

3.5.1. Characteristic strength of material

Concrete
Using concrete quality (grade) c-25 and class I work
fcu = 25MPa
Steel quality (grade) fyk = 400 MPa
γc =1.5 (Ordinary loading) from[EBCS – 2, 1995 table 3.1]
γs= 1.15

fcd = mp

28
3.6. Check Depth for Flexure

Depth for flexure could be checked using the maximum absolute moment such that it satisfies for the
smaller once.
i) For two way slabs
Mmax =24.4............support moment between Panel 6,7,8,9
M max 24.4 * 10^6 x
dreq≥ = = 86mm
0.295 f cd b 0.295 * 11.3 * 1000

 D=86mm+25mm+10/2mm =116mm ≤ D provided =170mm..............OK!!

Effective depth
dx = D-φ/2-clear cover
dx = 170-10/2-25= 140mm
dy = dx- φb
dy =140-10 = 130mm
Sample reinforcement calculation for panel
For panel – 1
Span reinforcement
In short span:-Mxf = 7.76KNm; dx = 140mm

μ= == <0.295

Zx= = (1+ )= ( ) =137.51

Then riged area of tesion steel

As= =162.25mm2

Asmin= As= =257mm2

As<Asmi,hence take Asminum
Spacing of φ10 bars

Area of ten diameter bar =

Sb== = =304.89mm
Sbmax<={ or { =340,350
Sbmax=350
29
Sbmin=20mm,Ø10, φagg+5=20+5=25
Take max value Sbmin 25mm
Sbmin< Sb = 362.487mm > Sbmax = 300mm
304.89<340.
Since we can use Sb = Sbmax = 300mm
Provide: φ10 bars at 300mm c/c placed at the bottom in short span direction
Panel Adjusted Effective µ Z(mm As,ca As,mi As,re Spacing( Sprov
Nam Moment Depth,d(m ) lc n q mm) (mm)
e m) (mm2 (mm2 (mm2
) ) )
P-1 Mxs 15.2 dx 140 0.069 135.0 324.6 257.5 324.6 241.90 Φ10C/C
= 45 2 2 5 2 240
Mxf 7.76 dx 140 0.035 137.5 162.2 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 1 4 5 5 300
Mys 5.53 dx 140 0.025 138.2 115.0 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 4 1 5 5 300
Myf 4.23 dy 130 0.022 128.5 94.60 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 5 5 5 320
P-2 Mxs 10.3 dx 140 0.047 136.6 218.3 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 9 5 5 300
Mxf 10.7 dx 140 0.048 136.5 225.3 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 4 0 5 5 300
Mys 19.2 dx 140 0.087 133.6 414.8 257.5 414.8 189.30 Φ10C/C
= 81 3 1 5 1 180
Myf 5.72 dy 130 0.030 128.0 128.4 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 3 5 5 5 320
P-3 Mxs 8.63 dx 140 0.039 137.2 180.8 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 2 2 5 5 5 300
Mxf 10.3 dx 140 0.046 136.6 216.6 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 6 5 5 300
Mys 10 dx 140 0.045 136.7 210.2 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 7 0 5 5 300
Myf 1.87 dy 130 0.010 129.3 41.56 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 6 5 5 320
P-4 Mxs 9.45 dx 140 0.043 136.9 198.4 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 5 5 8 5 5 300
Mxf 11 dx 140 0.050 136.4 231.7 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 4 8 5 5 300
Mys 16.7 dx 140 0.075 134.5 358.2 257.5 358.2 219.19 Φ10C/C
= 6 0 5 5 5 210
Myf 5.87 dy 130 0.031 127.9 131.8 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 8 7 5 5 320
P-5 Mxs 11.3 dx 140 0.051 136.3 240.0 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
30
 = 8 2 1 5 5 300
Mxf 8.9 dx 140 0.040 137.1 186.5 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 4 8 5 5 300
Mys 16.7 dx 140 0.075 134.5 358.2 257.5 358.2 219.19 Φ10C/C
= 6 0 5 5 5 210
Myf 4.85 dy 130 0.025 128.3 108.6 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 3 5 5 5 320
P-6 Mxs 12.9 dx 140 0.058 135.7 275.0 257.5 275.0 285.49 Φ10C/C
= 9 8 5 5 5 280
Mxf 9.4 dx 140 0.042 136.9 197.3 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 7 0 5 5 300
Mys 24.4 dx 140 0.110 131.8 532.1 257.5 532.1 147.57 Φ10C/C
= 3 1 5 1 140
Myf 8.53 dy 130 0.045 127.0 193.0 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 4 4 5 5 320
P-7 Mxs 10.6 dx 140 0.048 136.5 224.8 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 6 5 5 300
Mxf 12.1 dx 140 0.054 136.0 255.6 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 5 5 300
Mys 24.4 dx 140 0.110 131.8 532.1 257.5 532.1 147.57 Φ10C/C
= 3 1 5 1 140
Myf 7.5 dy 130 0.039 127.4 169.2 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 0 5 5 5 320
P-8 Mxs 10.6 dx 140 0.048 136.5 224.8 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 6 5 5 300
Mxf 8.17 dx 140 0.037 137.3 170.9 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 8 5 5 300
Mys 24.4 dx 140 0.110 131.8 532.1 257.5 532.1 147.57 Φ10C/C
= 3 1 5 1 140
Myf 5.66 dy 130 0.030 128.0 127.0 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 5 8 5 5 320
P-9 Mxs 10.6 dx 140 0.048 136.5 224.8 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 6 5 5 300
Mxf 7.14 dx 140 0.032 137.7 149.0 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 1 6 5 5 300
Mys 24.4 dx 140 0.110 131.8 532.1 257.5 532.1 147.57 Φ10C/C
= 3 1 5 1 140
Myf 3.86 dy 130 0.020 128.6 86.24 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 5 320
P-10 Mxs 10.6 dx 140 0.048 136.5 224.8 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 6 5 5 300
Mxf 8.1 dx 140 0.036 137.4 169.4 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 0 9 5 5 300
Mys 11.7 dx 140 0.053 136.1 248.6 257.5 257.5 304.89 Φ10C/C
= 8 8 9 5 5 300
Myf 3.86 dy 130 0.020 128.6 86.24 239.1 239.1 328.35 Φ10C/C
= 8 5 5 320
31
C-1 M= 19.2 d 79.09 0.271 66.25 836.6 145.5 836.6 93.857 Φ10C/C
81 6 94 75 45 08 45 90
C-2 M= 16.7 d 79.09 0.236 68.26 705.9 145.5 705.9 111.237 Φ10C/C
61 6 4 34 28 08 28 110
C-3 M= 16.7 d 79.09 0.236 68.26 705.9 145.5 705.9 111.237 Φ10C/C
61 6 4 34 28 08 28 110
C-4 M= 7.25 d 59.32 0.181 53.32 390.8 109.1 390.8 200.885 Φ10C/C
01 2 78 37 95 31 95 200
C-5 M= 15.2 d 59.32 0.382 44.05 994.8 109.1 994.8 78.9321 Φ10C/C
45 2 24 59 43 31 43 70
C-6 M= 12.9 d 59.32 0.325 47.16 792.1 109.1 792.1 99.1298 Φ10C/C
96 2 84 64 43 31 43 90
C-7 M= 8.47 d 59.32 0.212 52.14 467.4 109.1 467.4 167.995 Φ10C/C
86 2 58 93 25 31 25 160
C-8 M= 24.4 d 130.5 0.126 121.6 576.8 240.0 576.8 136.128 Φ10C/C
09 08 45 57 46 87 46 130
C-9 M= 24.4 d 130.5 0.126 121.6 576.8 240.0 576.8 136.128 Φ10C/C
09 08 45 57 46 87 46 130
C-10 M= 24.0 d 130.5 0.124 121.7 568.3 240.0 568.3 138.165 Φ10C/C
75 08 72 87 4 87 4 130
C-11 M= 24.4 d 130.5 0.126 121.6 576.8 240.0 576.8 136.128 Φ10C/C
09 08 45 57 46 87 46 130
C-12 M= 11.7 d 87.00 0.136 80.58 418.7 160.0 418.7 187.542 Φ10C/C
36 56 79 05 07 58 07 180
C-13 M= 15.2 d 59.32 0.382 44.05 994.8 109.1 994.8 78.9321 Φ10C/C
45 2 24 59 43 31 43 70
C-14 M= 12.9 d 59.32 0.325 47.16 792.1 109.1 792.1 99.1298 Φ10C/C
96 2 84 64 43 31 43 90
Table 15: Adjusted support and span moment
3.7. Design of ground slab

Since the ground floor slab rests on the ground directly, no bending moment is created and therefore,
no structural design is required.
But minimum reinforcement in both directions is provided to prevent shrinkage of the slab, stress
due to temperature variation and crushing of slab due to concentrated loads.

ρmin= ……………………………[EBCS-2,1995] Art 7.2.2.2

=0.0125

use D=170mm Ø8mm reinforcement and concrete cover 25mm

d=D- Ø/2-CC
170-8/2-25=141mm

32
Asmin= ρmi*b*d=0.0125*141*1000=176.25

spacing= = =285mm

285 < 2t or 350mm ……………………………………….[EBCS-2,1995] Art 7.2.2.2

285 <340or 350mm
use φ8 bars at 285mm c/c placed in both direction.

Figure 5: Slab detail drawing

33
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. STAIRCASE ANALYSIS

Staircase is a structural member which provides vertical movement (circulation) between floors of
the building at different vertical levels. It consists of steps arrange in a series for the purpose of
giving access to different floors of building.
There are two typical stairs one which starts from ground floor grade beam while the
Other repeats itself direction reversed each time up to top story.
Geometric data of the stair

Height of stair in on flight =2.92m

Number of risers =11

Number of threads =10

Height of riser =0.15m=15cm

Width of thread =30cm=0.3m

Length of stair

1st fight length L1=11*0.3=3.3

15

tan-( )=26.560

30

Figure 6: Riser and Thread dimension

34
4.1. Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement

According to ES EN 1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value

=K[11+1.5 +3.2 ( F1*F2*F3.m𝑖𝑓𝜌≤𝜌𝑜-----𝐴𝑟𝑡.7.4.2 (7.16𝑎)

=k [11+1.5 + ]F1*F2*F3 𝑖𝑓 𝜌≥𝜌𝑜 --------𝐴𝑟𝑡.7.4.2 (7.16𝑏)

Where;

- is the limit span/depth

K -is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio =

ρ - Is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers)

ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to design
loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.

F = 500*

F2=0.8, for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3.
Otherwise; F2=1 for other cases.

F3=7/leff , For beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters Or

F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which support partitions liable to
be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters). Otherwise;

F3=1 for both cases.

Assumption initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’So, let’s assume ρ= ρo and use equation 7.16a.

As, req = AS, provided.

35
Initially we can’t know the value of ρ and ρ’ So, assume ρ= ρo and use equation 7.16a.

As,req = As, provided.

𝑙/𝑑=𝐾∗𝑁∗𝐹1∗𝐹2∗𝐹3

Where :

N=11+1.5 +3.2 ( 𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝜌𝑜=𝜌 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

ρo = *10-3 = *10-3 =0.005=0.5%

N=11+1.5 = 18.5 F2=1 and F3= 1 (because span length slab<7m)

Now derermine K using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015

F1= = =1.25

F2=1 and F3=1 (because span of slab≤7m)

= K*N*F1*F2*F3, F1=1.25 , F2=1 ,F3=1 , K=1.3

I = 4.4m = 4400mm

=1.3*18.5*1.25*1*1=30.063

= 30.063 d (Effective depth) d =146.35

Depth( D) = d + d’

d’=cover +∅ ∅ long. =14mm

d’=25 + =32mm

D=146.35 +32=178.35mm ≈ 180mm

Our prefer depth =170mm

Now d =D – d’ =170 – 32 = 138 mm

36
Material Thickness(m) Unit weight (kN/m3 )
Cement screed 0.03 23
Concrete slab 0.17 25
Plastering 0.02 23

Figure 7: Dead load calculation

I. For flight part

Self-weight of steps =1/2*0.15*1*25=1.875 KN/m

Self-weight of slab (waist) = ( ) = 5.61KN/m

Cement screed (Tread)=0.03*23= 0.69KN/m

Cement screed (riser) =0.03*23* = 0.345KN/m

Plaster = ( )=0.51KN/m

Total Dead load= 9.03 KN/m

Gk = 9.03KN/m

Live load

LL=5KN/m2 (4-5 KN/m2 for shopping area or category D1)

Design load Pd=1.3Gk+1.6qk=1.3*9.03+1.6*5=19.739 KN/m2

Pd =19.739KN/m

II.For landing part

Self-weight of RCC slab (waist) =0.17*1*25=5kN/m

Cement screed=0.03*23=0.69kN/m

plaster=0.02*23=0.46kN/m

Floor finish= 0.05*23=1.15kN/m

Total Dead load=7.3 KN/m

37
Live load (LL) = 5KN/m

Design load Pd =1.3Gk+1.6qk=1.35*7.3 +1.6*5 =17.49 KN/m

This load acting on the stair are analyzed and result are maximum moment and shear force.

Figure 8: Live load transfer

Live load transferred:-

Mend=pdL^2/8= = 12.1KN.m

Ry=
RX=5*4.4-9.35kN.m=12.65kN.m
Dead load transferred:-

Moment of Landing =
Moment of flight = 11.82KN.m
Moment of end reaction =47.74+11.82=59.56kN.m

Rx=
Ry=19.73*1.48+9.03*2.92 -47.74=7.82kN
Design Moment

Moment of landing =
Moment of flight =15.96kN.m
Moment of support=Msd=42.32+15.96=58.28KN.m Rx=44.88kN &Ry=74.57kN

Xmax= 1.48m+ =2.43m

38
Moment of span = Msp=104.61
Reinforcement Design

25, fcd = =14.167

S-400, fyd = =347.826 MPa

Fctm = fctm= = Mpa (EN 1992-1-1:2014 Table 1-1)

= 200. ….. d = D – 20 – Ø/2 = [170– 25 – (14/2)] mm= 152 mm
Msd = 58.28kN.m b = 1 m

For 14 mm diameter transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bar: as =

Minimum reinforcement

AS,min=max=0.26*
As,min=0.0013*1000*152=
Maximum reinforcement As, max = 0.04Ac
As, max = 0.04*152*1000= As, max = 6080
Longitudinal bar

Main rebars support

µsd=

Kz=0.5 =0.5(1+ )=0.901

As =

S=( )=( ≈120mm

Maximum spacing:-

Smax = min {3D or 400mm}

Smax = min {3(152) = 456mm or 400mm

Smax = 456mm > Sprovided =60

Smax = 456mm >S Provided = 120

Use Ø 14 c/c 120 mm

39
 Thus, use Ø 14 c/c 120mm

Main rebar span

µsd=

Kz=0.5 =0.5(1+ )=0.808

As = 2448.58

S=( )=( ≈60

Maximum spacing
Smax = min { 3D or 400mm}
Smax = min { 3 (152) = 456mm or 400mm
Smax = 456mm >S Provided = 60
Thus, S provided use Ø 14 c/c 60 mm
Secondary rebar
S Provided use Ø 10 c/c 70 mm
Second flight design
F2=1 and F3=1 (because span of slab≤7m)

= K*N*F1*F2*F3, F1=1.25 , F2=1 ,F3=1 K=1

=1*18.5*1.25*1*1=23.125

= 23.125 d (Effective depth) d =185.96mm

h D =d + d’ d’=cover +∅ ∅ lon=14mm

d’=25 + =32mm
D=185.86 +27=217.94mm ≈ 220mm
Our prefer depth =220mm
Now d =D – d’ =220 – 32 = 188 mm

Material Thickness(m) Unit weight (kN/m3 )

Cement screed 0.03 23

40
 Concrete slab 0.17 25 Tabl

Plastering 0.02 23 e 16:

Dea
d load calculation
I. For flight part
Self-weight of steps =1/2*0.16*1*25=1.85 KN/m

Self-weight of slab (waist) = ( ) = 7.12KN/m

Cement screed (Tread)=0.03*23= 0.69KN/m

Cement screed (riser) =0.03*23* = 0.46KN/m

Plaster = ( )=0.53KN/m
Total Dead load= 10.61 KN/m
Gk = 10.61KN/m
Live load
LL=5KN/m2 (4-5 KN/m2 for shopping area or category D1)
Design load Pd=1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.3*10.61+1.6*5=26.2 KN/m2
Pd =21.79KN/m
II.For landing part
Self-weight of RCC slab (waist) =0.253*1*25=7kN/m
Cement screed=0.03*23=0.69kN/m
plaster=0.02*23=0.46kN/m
Floor finish= 0.05*27=1.35kN/m
Total Dead load=9.5 KN/m
Live load
LL=5KN/m
Design load Pd =1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.35*7.5 +1.5*5 =20.325 KN/m
This load acting on the stair are analyzed and result are maximum moment and shear force

Mend= = = Rx=Ry=10.75KNm

Dead load transferred :-

Rx=32kN Ry=37.66kN

Design Moment
41
Rx=65.05kN &Ry=71.925kN

Xmax= =2.753m

Moment of span =

Reinforcement Design

C-25, fcd = =14.167

S-400, fyd = =347.826 MPa

Fctm = fctm= = Mpa (EN 1992-1-1:2014 Table 1-1)

= 220 ….. d = D – 25 – Ø/2 = [220– 25 – (14/2)] mm= 202 mm
Msd = -99 kN.m b = 1 m For 14 mm diameter transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bar: as =

Minimum reinforcement

AS,min=max=0.26*
As,min=0.0013*1000*202.12=262.75
Maximum reinforcement As, max = 0.04Ac
As, max = 0.04*202.12*1000= As, max = 8084.8
Longitudinal bar
Main rebar

µsd=

Kz=0.5 =0.5(1+ )=0.942

As =

S=( )=( ≈120

Maximum spacing
Smax = min{3Dor 400mm}

Smax =min{3(253) = 759mm or 400mm

Smax = 759mm >S Provided = 120
Thus, use Ø 14 c/c 120 mm
42
Secondary rebar
S Provided use Ø 10 c/c 250 mm
4.2 STAIR DETALING

Figure 9: Stair detailing

43
 CHAPTER FIVE

5. LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

EUROCODE82004 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern EQXR
according to EUROCODE8 2004, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = X + Eccentricity Y
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated
Coefficient, Ct [EC 4.3.3.2.2]
Structure Height Above Base, H

44
Factors and Coefficients
Country = CEN Default

Design Ground Acceleration, ag

Ground Type [EC Table 3.1] = B
Soil Factor, S [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TB [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TC [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Displacement Period Limit, TD [EC Table 3.2]
Lower Bound Factor, β [EC 3.2.2.5(4)]
Behavior Factor, q [EC 3.2.2.5(3)]

Seismic Response
Spectral Response Acceleration, Sd(T1) [EC 3.2.2.5(4) Eq. 3.13]

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Seismic Base Shear Coefficient

Calculated Base Shear

Period Used W Fb
Direction
(sec) (kN) (kN)
X + Ecc. 14562.166 478.094
0.996
Y 6 5
Table 17: Calculated Base shear

45
Figure Applied Story Force

46
 Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN
ROOF 18.9 56.8846 0
TERRAC
E 15.75 108.3863 0
FLOOR
Landing 5 14.175 3.1284 0
FOURTH
12.6 107.442 0
FLOOR
Landing 4 11.025 2.5202 0
THRID
9.45 86.298 0
FLOOR
Landing 3 7.875 1.9908 0
SECOND
6.3 60.6671 0
FLOOR
Landing 2 4.725 1.3783 0
1ST
3.15 40.2961 0
FLOOR
Landing 1 1.575 0.8401 0
GROUN
D 0 8.2627 0
FLOOR
Base -3.15 0 0
Table 18: Base shear

EUROCODE8 2004 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

47
This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern EQYR
according to EUROCODE8 2004, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Y + Eccentricity X
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated
Coefficient, Ct [EC 4.3.3.2.2]
Structure Height Above Base, H
Factors and Coefficients
Country = CEN Default

Design Ground Acceleration, ag

Ground Type [EC Table 3.1] = B
Soil Factor, S [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TB [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TC [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Displacement Period Limit, TD [EC Table 3.2]
Lower Bound Factor, β [EC 3.2.2.5(4)]
Behavior Factor, q [EC 3.2.2.5(3)]
Seismic Response
Spectral Response Acceleration, Sd(T1) [EC 3.2.2.5(4) Eq. 3.13]

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Seismic Base Shear Coefficient

48
Calculated Base Shear
Period Used W Fb
Direction
(sec) (kN) (kN)
Y + Ecc. 14562.166
1.157 411.298
X 6

49
 Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN
ROOF 18.9 0 48.9371
TERRAC
E 15.75 0 93.2432
FLOOR
Landing 5 14.175 0 2.6913
FOURTH
12.6 0 92.4308
FLOOR
Landing 4 11.025 0 2.1681
THRID
9.45 0 74.241
FLOOR
Landing 3 7.875 0 1.7126
SECOND
6.3 0 52.191
FLOOR
Landing 2 4.725 0 1.1857
1ST
3.15 0 34.6662
FLOOR
Landing 1 1.575 0 0.7227
GROUN
D 0 0 7.1083
FLOOR
Base -3.15 0 0

50
EUROCODE8 2004 Auto Seismic Load Calculation
This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern EQXL
according to EUROCODE8 2004, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = X - Eccentricity Y
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated
Coefficient, Ct [EC 4.3.3.2.2]
Structure Height Above Base, H
Factors and Coefficients
Country = CEN Default

Design Ground Acceleration, ag

Ground Type [EC Table 3.1] = B
Soil Factor, S [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TB [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TC [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Displacement Period Limit, TD [EC Table 3.2]
Lower Bound Factor, β [EC 3.2.2.5(4)]
Behavior Factor, q [EC 3.2.2.5(3)]
Seismic Response
Spectral Response Acceleration, Sd(T1) [EC 3.2.2.5(4) Eq. 3.13]

51
Equivalent Lateral Forces
Seismic Base Shear Coefficient

Calculated Base Shear

Period Used W Fb
Direction
(sec) (kN) (kN)
X - Ecc. 14562.166 478.094
0.996
Y 6 5

Applied Story Forces

52
Ground Type [EC Table 3.1] = B

Soil Factor, S [EC Table 3.2]

Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TB [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Acceleration Period Limit, TC [EC Table 3.2]
Constant Displacement Period Limit, TD [EC Table 3.2]
Lower Bound Factor, β [EC 3.2.2.5(4)]
Behavior Factor, q [EC 3.2.2.5(3)]
Seismic Response
Spectral Response Acceleration, Sd(T1) [EC 3.2.2.5(4) Eq. 3.13]

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Seismic Base Shear Coefficient
Calculated Base Shear
Period Used W Fb
Direction
(sec) (kN) (kN)
Y - Ecc. 14562.166 483.880
1.157
X 6 1

Applied Story Forces

53
Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

54
 m kN kN
ROOF 18.9 0 57.573
TERRAC
E 15.75 0 109.6979
FLOOR
Landing 5 14.175 0 3.1662
FOURTH
12.6 0 108.7421
FLOOR
Landing 4 11.025 0 2.5507
THRID
9.45 0 87.3423
FLOOR
Landing 3 7.875 0 2.0149
SECOND
6.3 0 61.4012
FLOOR
Landing 2 4.725 0 1.395
1ST
3.15 0 40.7838
FLOOR
Landing 1 1.575 0 0.8502
GROUN
D 0 0 8.3627
FLOOR
Base -3.15 0 0

55
 CHAPTER SIX
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Foundations are sub-structural elements of building and other structures usedTo distribute the load
of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring Intensity of loading within the safe bearing
capacity of the soil lying underneathto load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent
unequal settlementto prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material, to secure a level and
firm bed for building operations and to increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

Types of Foundations

Can be broadly classified into the following two categories:

1. Shallow foundations

2. Deep foundations

Shallow foundations: are foundations provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the structure,
near to the ground level to distribute the structural loads over a Considerable base area at the
foundation bed. Since spread foundations (shallow Foundations) are constructed in open excavations
they are termed as open foundations.

We design one type of shallow foundation which is called isolated footing.

Spread or Isolated Footings: -They are used to support individual column. Isolated footings can be
stepped type, simple type or slope type, having projections in the base concrete. To support heavy
loads, reinforcement is also provided at the base. The reinforcement provided is in the form of steel
bars and is placed in both directions.To start our work we need to have an etabs output of
combination 1 and 2.

The result is summarized in the table below.

TABLE: Joint
Reactions footing
Output
Story Label Case Case Type FZ MX MY
kN kN-m kN-m
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1814.443 -
foundation 16 ) n 1 -4.738 0.1977
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1798.911 - -
foundation 5 ) n 4 6.7769 0.0329 F-1
foundation 8 Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1643.466 - -0.14
56
 ) n 9 6.9321
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1597.038 - -
foundation 10 ) n 8 5.7022 0.0818
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1549.929 -
foundation 11 ) n 1 8.8631 1.5877 F-2
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1535.576 -
foundation 7 ) n 1 1.3888 0.7002
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1521.395 - -
foundation 15 ) n 6 4.5341 0.8319
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1492.797 -
foundation 13 ) n 1 0.1414 0.3164 F-3
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1465.271 -
foundation 1 ) n 4 4.2675 0.7027
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1419.644 -
foundation 6 ) n 3 0.5176 0.3257
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1408.887 - -
foundation 4 ) n 6 5.0941 0.0723
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1368.204 - -
foundation 9 ) n 7 6.1032 0.2837 F-4
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1361.983 - -
foundation 12 ) n 4 5.0894 0.2179
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1354.570 - -
foundation 17 ) n 5 7.1327 0.4788
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1203.879 - -
foundation 14 ) n 2 1.1473 0.8686 F-5
Comb1(SLS Combinatio -
foundation 3 ) n 1188.423 6.4838 0.5742
Comb1(SLS Combinatio 1028.733 -
foundation 2 ) n 8 1.9249 1.1857
Comb1(SLS Combinatio - -
foundation 18 ) n 817.8672 4.4842 1.3283
Table 19: Etab output combination for serviceable limit state

TABLE: Joint FOOTING

Reactions
Story Label Output Case Case Type FZ MX MY
kN kN-m kN-m
foundation 16 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1722.9554 - - F-1
4.8383 0.1704
foundation 5 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1708.9779 - -
7.6654 0.0762
foundation 8 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1533.3749 - -
6.8509 0.0967
foundation 10 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1478.9045 - - F-2
5.9365 0.1066
foundation 15 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1419.7101 -4.4 -
0.7761

57
foundation 11 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1415.0019 - 1.5434
8.9512
foundation 7 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1412.3297 0.9359 -
0.6868
foundation 13 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1394.7448 0.4653 - F-3
0.2628
foundation 1 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1362.067 - 0.6866
4.1988
foundation 4 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1333.8524 -4.418 -
0.0907
foundation 6 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1323.3878 - 0.3178
0.2113
foundation 17 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1288.0786 -7.301 - F-4
0.4772
foundation 9 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1286.0597 - -
5.8844 0.2776
foundation 12 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1278.0961 - - F-5
4.4917 0.2212
foundation 3 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1124.4758 - 0.4957
6.2942
foundation 14 Comb2(ULS) Combination 1108.0207 - -0.792
1.4689
foundation 2 Comb2(ULS) Combination 915.4062 - 1.1684
2.2391
foundation 18 Comb2(ULS) Combination 740.056 - -
4.2967 1.2567
Table 20: Ultimate limit state ETABS OUT PUT

So, based on the grouping of footings we have selected isolated footing and here below we have
the sample calculation for footing type-1 and the rest two footings they will be done
using an excel template prepared based on ES EN 2015.
Table
Mx (KN- My (KN-
Fz (KN)
footing load combination m) m)
f-1 SLS 1814.443 -4.738 -0.1977
f-2 SLS 1597.039 -5.7022 -0.0818
f-3 SLS 1492.797 0.1414 -0.3164
f-4 SLS 1368.205 -6.1032 -0.2837
f-5 SLS 1203.879 -1.1473 -0.8686
Table 21: serviceable limit state

Footing Load Fz (KN) Mx My

58
 Combination (KN-m) (KN-m)

f-1 ULS 1722.955 -4.8383 -0.1704

f-2 ULS 1478.905 -5.9365 -0.1066
f-3 ULS 1394.745 0.4653 -0.2628
f-4 ULS 1288.079 -7.301 -0.4772
f-5 ULS 1124.476 -6.2942 0.4957
Table 22: Serviceability limit state

Materials used

Concrete C-25

Steel Reinforcement S-400

Reinforcement bar size = 16mm

Allowable Bearing capacity of the soil = 420KN/m2

Column Size on each footing = 500mm*500mm

Sample Calculation for Footing-1 Geotechnical design Here we will use Unfactored loading
(SLS) to proportion the footing
A Eccentricity at serviceability limit

2.depth determination

A. wide beam shear

59
The critical section for diagonal tension is of a distance “d” from a face of a column and it is a one
way shear consideration in both axis.

Wide-Beam shear
Wide-Beam shear along x-x Wide-Beam shear along y-y
CRd,c ρ1 k νminBd VRd,c Vxx d k νmin Ld VRd,c Vyy d
0.12 0.0014 1.659 323.4 323.4 280.04 0.460 1.659 323.4 323.4 280.04 0.460

Therefore, depth from wide-beam shear is; d = 0.46

Table Wide beam shear calculations from excel

B. Punching shear.
Punching shear the punching beam shear will be checked at‘d, 1.5d and 2d’ distance from the face of
column

Punching shear
At the face of βVEd Ao uo ΔVEd βVEd,red fcd ν VRd,max d
the column 1981.4 0.25 2 98.14 1868.5 13.33 0.55 1861.5 0.254

At d distance from column face

βVEd A1 u1 ΔVEd βVEd,red ρ1 k a = d νminu1d VRd,c d
1981.4 1.8114 4.8601 711.07 1163.7 0.0014 1.6628 0.4552 1485 1485 0.455

At 1.5d distance from column face

βVEd A1 u1 ΔVEd βVEd,red ρ1 k a=1.5d νminu1d VRd,c d
1981.4 2.6524 5.8472 1041.2 783.97 0.0014 1.7 0.6123 1104.1 1104.1 0.408

At 2d distance from column face

βVEd A1 u1 ΔVEd βVEd,red ρ1 k a=2d νminu1d VRd,c d
1981.4 3.277 6.4837 1286.4 502.02 0.0014 1.7487 0.7136 837.33 837.33 0.357

Therefore, depth from punching shear davg ==> d

0.455 0.463
is; = =
Gross Depth
Round D D
d D Multiple of 50 550
to; = Punching shear governs
d the depth of the footing.
463 521 492
=

60
3.reinforcement calculation

Rebars in the x-direction (parallel to the width)

As Use № Use Use
Myy b d Kx As S Smax
min As bars № S
263.8 2100 476 0.0627 1634 1437 1634 8.13 9 240 400 240

Therefore, provide 9Φ16 @ 240 mm c/c (parallel to the width)

Table 23: Punching shear from excel

Rebars in the x-direction (parallel to the width)

As Use № Use
Myy b d Kx As S Smax Use S
min As bars №
263.8 2100 476 0.0627 1634 1437 1634 8.13 9 240 400 240

Therefore, provide 9Φ16 @ 240 mm c/c (parallel to the width)

Table 24: Rebars from excel

Table 25: Footing detailing

61
 CHAPTER SEVEN
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1. Conclusion

For designing and analysis of this G+4 building EBCS code of 1995 was the main and
fundamental reference for any relevant assumptions carried out in this project papers.
Besides gratitude for the editors, we conclude that they were thoroughly investigating
the actual physical and environmental future of the country incorporating with
universally accepted Engineering standards and formulae. On analysis of this project
many tedious calculation works were compiled with SAP 2000 and the result was
taken as it is for designing purpose, as the adequacy of each building elements was
understandable by the program and can generate the output results with acceptable
sign convention. From this what we conclude is that if this programmer is not
available it is so difficult to complete this project with in this time constraint. In
accordance with our design and analysis, the structure is economical and safe against
lateral and different load application, but for actual implementation as the soil bearing
capacity for the foundation was taken from relevant assumption, it needs further soil
exploration and modification of foundations accordingly.

7.2. Recommendations

In this project career there is time constraint starting from late data provision for the
groups till compiling and submission of the documents, thereby coincides with exam
schedule. Thus we recommend that the data have to be given on time at the bigging of
second semester like wise submission and presentation date .We are reading for final
exam and also for the exit exam. Finally, as it was recognized analysis and design of
any engineering structure is supported with computer programming, hence we
recommend that it had better if computer programming for civil engineers is given as
a subject in order to make the students familiar with different software.

62
 REFERENCE
1. Ethiopian building code
 EBCS 2- 1995
 EBCS 3- 1995
 EBCS 7- 1995
 EBCS 8-1995
2. EUROCODE
3Exercise books & hand outs.
 RC I & II
 Steel & Timber structures
 Structural Design
 Theory of Structure I & II
 Foundation Engineering I & II
 Strength of Materials I & II

63