AE107

INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

Notes Part II

Asst.Prof. Ali Ruhşen ÇETE

Wings and Tail Surfaces

The simplest form of a plane flight, is smooth-

symmetric constant altitude flight. This flight also
named Cruise flight

Basic Aerodynamic forces acting on Plane are Drag and

Lift forces. Lift force equals weight and Drag force
equals Thrust on cruise flight.
(Lift force is perpendicular aerodynamic force to flow
direction and Drag force is parallel aerodynamic force to
flow direction)

Airplane designed for cruise flight for decreasing fuel

consumption.

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Wings and Tail Surfaces
Chord lenght is constant along wingspan for
rectangular wing planform. c chord lenght

for rectangular wing form b wingspan

AR is aspect ratio of a wing

wing chord
for general wing planform. root lenght
wing tip
AR always is grater than one.

AR < 6-8 for subsonic aircraft

b wingspan
AR < 5-6 for supersonic aircraft

AR < 15-20 for glider

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Wings and Tail Surfaces
Stall is starting Lift Loss because of leading
edge separation.

Trailing edge saparation only slow down lift

increase.

Lift coefficient can be defined as below;

Where a is lift curve slope, is constant to

trailing edge separation.

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Wings and Tail Surfaces

There are lift loss on the wing tip. So We ca

say that Long wing is more efficient than
small one.

Lift curve slope (a) of infinite wing is greater

than lift curve slope (a) of finite wing.

We can approximately write lift curve slope

of finite wing as below;

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High Lift Device
Stall speed is minimum speed at
which weight can be balanced.

For landing and take-off, the stall speed must be reduced.

So we must use high lift device at landing and take-off

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High Lift Device

These devices are flaps and slots.

Flaps are used on trailing edge.

Flaps are increased camber of
airfoil

Slat are used on leading edge.

Slat are partially increased
camber of airfoil and delay stall.

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High Lift Device

An Slat sample

NACA 63,4-420 profiles behind NACA 653,-118 profiles behind

single gap fowler flap. double gap fowler flap.
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Wings with respect to Planform
(Wings with large aspect ratio)

Rectangular planform wings

Eliptic planform wings

Trapez planform wings

Sweep angles planform wings

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Wings with respect to Planform
(Wings with small aspect ratio)

High Sweep angles planform wings

Delta wings

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Wings with respect to replacement position

Parasol wings

High wings

Middle wings

Low wings

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Wings with respect to dihedral angle

Positive Dihedral

Negative Dihedral

Double Dihedral
(W wings)

Double Dihedral
(M wings)
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Pitching Moment (Yunuslama Momenti)

The Moment that is created Distrubuted

Lift Load along chordwise on a selected
point is the pitching moment.

Pitching moment is important for aircraft

stability.

Pitching moment coefficient is defined as

below;

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Aerodynamic Center of an Airfoil

Cambered
profile
Symmetric profile

Symmetric
profile
Symmetric Cambered profile
profile

Cambered
profile

Case of symmetric airfoil; The point that its pitching moment equals zero at all angle
is Aerodynamic Center.

Case of asymmetric airfoil; The point that its pitching moment is constant at all angle
is Aerodynamic Center.

In 2D; Aerodynamic center is on quarter chord from LE.

In 3D; Average Aerodynamic center can be calculate from planforms.
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Balance and Stability of Wings

(a) (b) (c)

Balance means that the total loads and moments in the system equal to zero.
Stability means that A change in one direction in the system result in motion in the
opposite direction.
In the three cases, We can say that the Wings are balanced but what are their stabilities.
In (a) case; There is positive moment, increase AoA and increase Lift so more increase
AoA. At the end Wing will be stall.
In (b) case; There is negative moment, decrease AoA and decrease Lift so more decrease
AoA. At the end Wing will be fall.
In (c) case; There is not moment. In this point there will be no movement but any
change creates (a) or (b) unbalanced movement.
All cases are unstabled so we need horizontal tail for stabile flight

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Horizontal Tail and Stability of Aircraft

If Center of gravity is in the back of the Aerodynamic Center.

Balance of forces

Balance of Moment

Stability of system;

If AoA slightly increase, Wings create more lift than horizontal tail and AoA increase
more. At the end, Wing will be stall.
This case is not stable
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Horizontal Tail and Stability of Aircraft

If Center of gravity is in the back of the Aerodynamic Center.

Balance of forces

Balance of Moment

Stability of system;

If AoA slightly increase, Wings create more lift than horizontal tail and AoA
decrease. So Wing will goes on first AoA
So We can say that This case is stable
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