Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Finkelstein Reaction
R-X + NaI 🠆 R-I + NaX
X = Cl, Br

Sandmeyer’s Reaction

Wurtz Reaction
2RX + 2Na 🠆 RR + 2NaX

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

Elimination Reactions

Fittig Reaction

Grignard Reagents
 Nucleophilic Substitution Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
(i) Halogenation

(ii) Nitration

(iii) Sulphonation

(iv) Friedel-Crafts reaction

Swarts Reaction.
H3C-Br + AgF🠆 H3C-F + AgBr
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Catalytic Reduction From Cumene

From Grignard reagents Preparation of Phenols from haloarenes

Williamson synthesis

Reimer-Tiemann Reaction

By Dehydration of Alcohols

Hydroboration-Oxidation

Kolbe’s Reaction
 Reaction of Alcohol with CU Friedel-Crafts Reaction

Electrophilic substitution

Halogenation

Nitration
Aldehydes, Ketones and
Carboxylic Acids
 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Stephen Reaction

Etard Reaction

Rosenmund Reduction

By Gattermann - Koch Reaction

Wolff-Kishner Reduction

Clemmensen Reduction
 Tollens’ Test

Fehling’s Test

Haloform Reaction

Aldol Condensation

Decarboxylation
 Cross aldol Condensation

Cannizzaro Reaction

Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction
Amines
 Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis

Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

Carbylamine Reaction
 Hinsberg Test
Primary Amine

Secondary Amine

Tertiary Amine

Coupling Reactions
 Bromination
Aniline reacts with bromine water at room temperature to give a white precipitate of 2, 4,
6-tribromoaniline.

Nitration
Biomolecules
 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates may be defined as
optically active polyhydroxy
aldehydes or ketones or the
compounds which produce such units
on hydrolysis

Difference Types of Monosaccharides

Carbon Atoms General Term Aldehyde Ketone

3 Triose Aldotriose Ketotriose

4 Tetrose Aldotetrose Ketotetrose

5 Pentose Aldopentose Ketopentose

6 Hexose Aldohexose Ketohexose

7 Heptose Aldoheptose Ketoheptose

Reaction of glucose
Cyclic Structure of Glucose

Structure of Fructose
Structure of Fructose Nucleic Acids

Name of Vitamins Sources Deficiency Diseases

Xerophthalmia (hardening of cornea of eye) Night
1. Vitamin A Fish liver oil, carrots, butter and milk
blindness

Yeast, Milk, Green vegetables and cereals

2. Vitamin B Beri beri (loss of appetite, retarded growth)
Milk, egg white, liver, kidney

Cheilosis (fissuring at corners of mouth and lips),

3. Vitamin B2 Milk, egg white, liver, kidney
digestive disorders and burning sensation of the skin

4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals and grams Convulsions

5. Vitamin B12 Meat, fish, egg and curd Pernicious anaemia (RBC deficient in haemoglobin)

Citrus fruits, amla and green leafy

6. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Scurvy (bleeding gums)
vegetables

Rickets (bone deformities in children) and

7. Vitamin D Exposure to sunlight, fish and egg yolk
osteomalacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults)

Vegetable oils like wheat germ oil, sunflower

8. Vitamin E Increased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness
oil, etc

9. Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables Increased blood clotting time