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ABSTRACT
Keywords A large volume of whey containing high energy protein and milk sugar is
Lactic acid,
discharged from dairy industry, which causes environmental pollution and also
Whey, economic loss. Whey may be utilized for lactic acid production having wide range
Lactobacillus sp. of applications. The aim of this work was to study the fermentation of whey for the
dairy products. production of lactic acid using newly isolated Lactobacillus bacteria. The effect of
different process parameters such as pH of the medium, temperature, inoculums
Article Info
size, and incubation time was monitored to enhance the conversion from whey
Accepted:
20 April 2016
sugar to lactic acid. Lactic acid production was 29.6 gm/L at after an incubation
Available Online: period of 72 h as compared to commercial strain Lactobacillus delbrukii MTCC
10 May 2016 911 was produce lactic acid 12.22 gm/L after 24 h (Guha et al., 2013).
Introduction
Milk and milk products provide a wealth of This acidity is due to the presence of lactic
nutrition benefits with their healthy contents acid which was firstly discovered in sour
along with the micro-flora these products milk in 1780 by a Swedish chemist, Carl
carry. There are a variety of bacteria that can Wilhelm Scheele, who initially considered it
be present in milk and milk products. Lactic as milk component which was in 1857
acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly corrected by Louis Pasteur as a fermentation
associated with fermented dairy products end product (Wee, 2006). The production of
such as cheese, buttermilk, curd, srikhand lactic acid has been used for a long time in
etc. which enhance the value of the products food production (e.g., yogurt, cheese,
in terms of nutrition. Lactic acid bacteria sauerkraut, sausage). Lactic acid can be
(LAB) have the property to convert natural produced by either microbial fermentation
sugars into lactic acid by fermentation. or chemical synthesis, a great deal of interest
When milk is left to stand, acidity increases has recently become focused on the
due to the presence of LAB (Ohris and microbial fermentation, because the
Joshi, 1961). chemical synthesis of lactic acid is
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associated with several serious problems, production capacity of lactic acid is 6000
including environmental issues and the tons and estimate gaps of 2300 tons in
depletion of petrochemical resources. supply by the year 2015 have been
Chemical synthesis from petrochemical predicted, if the present level of production
resources always results in racemic mixture is not increased (TIFAC, Code No. TMS
of DL-lactic acid, which is a major 157, 4, Vision 2020 reports).
disadvantage of this approach (Hofvendahl
and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000). The Lactic acid bacteria have the property of
fermentation process is becoming more producing lactic acid from sugars by a
relevant because the raw materials used in process called fermentation. Lactic acid
fermentation are renewable in contrast to bacteria are group of Gram positive bacteria.
petrochemicals. Furthermore, the Other main characteristics include non-
fermentation process could produce respiring, non-spore forming, cocci or rods,
optically pure isomers of lactic acid by and produce lactic acid as the major end
selecting an appropriate strain (Ilmen, product from the fermentation of
2007). Pure isomers, L or D lactic acid, are carbohydrates.
more valuable than the racemic DL form
because each isomer has its own Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be classified
applications in the cosmetics and into two groups: homofermentative and
pharmaceuticals industries. For example, the heterofermentative. The homofermentative
ratio of L- and D-lactic acids influences the LAB are Lactobacillus delbrueckii,
properties and the degradability of poly- Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus
lactic acids (Kharras, 1993). bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus,
Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus lactis,
Lactic acid is widely used in almost every Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus
segment of the food industry, where it serves faecalis, Streptococcus thermophilus and
in a wide range of functions, such as Pediococcus cerevisiae. The
flavouring, pH regulation, improved heterofermentative LAB are Leuconostoc
microbial quality and mineral fortification. mesenteroides, Lactobacillus cremoris,
Moreover, lactic acid is used commercially Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus
in the processed meat, hams, fish and fermentum.
poultry industries to provide products with
an increased shelf life, enhanced flavour, The biological production of lactic acid via
and better control of food-borne pathogens. microbial fermentation has been studied
Due to the mild acidic taste of lactic acid, it extensively by a many research groups
is also used as an acidulant in salads and (Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000).
dressings, baked goods, pickled vegetables, While the homofermentative LAB convert
and beverages. Lactic acid is under glucose almost exclusively into lactic acid,
increasing demand in Food, Pharmaceutical the heterofermentative LAB catabolize
and Chemical Industries and for production glucose into ethanol and CO2 as well as
of Poly lactic acid polymers, which possess lactic acid. The homofermentative LAB
outstanding biomedical applications. The usually metabolize glucose via the Embden-
global manufacture of this organic acid is Meyerhof pathway (i.e. glycolysis). Since
estimated to be 45 million kilogram/yr and glycolysis results only in lactic acid as a
is expected to grow by 8.6% annually major end- product of glucose metabolism,
(Narayanan, 2004). In India, the annual two lactic acid molecules are produced from
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the fermentation medium and the lactic acid range of 20-50°C. The lactose utilization
production was estimated after 24 h. and lactic acid production increased with
increase in the temperature up to 37°C;
Effect of Incubation Period however, an insignificant decrease in the
both the functions was found at 40°C
To find out the optimal incubation time for (Figure 2). Other tested temperatures
the maximal lactic acid production, the displayed low values of lactose utilization
fermentative medium inoculated with and lactic acid production. The maximum
bacterial culture was incubated for 24h, 48h, lactic acid production of 40.53 gm/L was
72, 96h and 120h under the above optimized observed at 37°C.
conditions. End of the incubation period the
lactic acid production was estimated. The temperature is also one of the important
factors, which influences the activity of
Results and discussion metabolic cell enzymes. Enzymes are most
active at optimum temperature and
Effect of pH enzymatic reaction proceeds at maximum
rate. However, below and above optimal
The effect of pH on lactic acid production temperature reaction rate is decreased which
was estimated by using fermentation causes the problems in cell metabolism.
medium having a pH range of 5.0 -8.0
(Figure 1). The maximum lactic acid The optimal temperature for growth of lactic
production (38.86 gm/L) was observed at acid bacteria varies between the genera from
pH 6.5 on 24h. However, at higher and 20 to 45°C (Wood et al., 1995). In
lower pH levels, a decrease in the both the fermentations using L. delbrueckii, and L.
function was observed, with significant bulgaricus a temperature of 45°C, or higher
decrease at pH 6.0 and 7.0. A pH range of may be maintained (Buchta, 1983). L.
6.0-6.5 has been reported optimal for lactic helveticus, and L.acidophilus can be used in
acid production using L. casei strain a temperature range of 37-45°C. Krischke et
(Krischke et al., 1991). However, pH 5.5 has al., (1991) used 37°C temperature for lactic
been used for lactic acid production using L. acid production using L. casei. However, a
helveticus by (Ghaly et al., 2004). Panesar temperature of 28°C has also been reported
et al., (2010) observed maximum lactose optimal for L. casei in a separate study
conversion (95%, w/v) and lactic acid (Nabi et al., 2004). Guha et al., (2013)
production (33.48 gm/L) was observed at observed maximum lactic acid production of
pH 6.5. From the above observations, a pH 2.53 gm/L at 42°C. Panesar et al., (2010)
6.5 was considered optimal for maximum obseved maximum lactic acid production of
lactic acid production. In the subsequent 33.72 gm/L was observed at 37°C.
experiments, the pH of the fermentation
medium was adjusted to 6.5. From the above observations, a temperature
range of 37-40°C was considered optimal
Effect of temperature for lactose conversion to lactic acid using
bacterial cells; however, a temperature of
To find the optimum temperature for lactic 37°C was selected for further
acid production, whey medium after experimentation.
inoculation was incubated at a temperature
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Fig.1 Effect of pH
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72 h was considered optimal for maximum Chiarini, L., Mara, L., Tabacchioni, S. 1992.
lactose conversion to lactic acid. The Influence of growth supplements on
incubation period of 48 h has been generally lactic acid production in whey ultra
used for lactic acid production using filtrate by Lactobacillus helveticus.
different lactobacilli cultures (Chiarni et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36: 461-
1992; Gandhi et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 464.
2001). Panesar et al., (2010) observed Gandhi, D.N., Patel, R.S., Wadhwa, B.K.,
maximum lactic acid production of 33.73 Bansal, N., Kaur, M., Kumar, G.
gm/L after 36 h of incubation. Guha et al., 2000. Effect of agro-based by-
(2013) observed maximum lactic acid products on production of lactic acid
production of 2.58 gm/L was observed after in whey permeate medium. J. Food
48 h of incubation. The reduction in Sci. Technol., 37: 292-295.
fermentation period is additionally Ghaly, A.E., Tango, M.S.A., Mahmood,
advantageous to improve the economics of N.S., Avery, A.C. 2004. Batch
the process. Therefore, an incubation time of propagation of Lactobacillus
48 h was considered optimal for maximum helveticus for production of lactic
lactose conversion to lactic acid. acid from lactose concentrated cheese
whey with microaeration and nutrient
In conclusion, Whey is the waste byproduct supplementation. World J. Microbiol
of milk industry, which can be used for Biotechnol., 20: 65-75.
lactic acid production. From the Guha, A., Banerjee, S., Bera, D. 2013.
observations made during the process Production of Lactic acid from Sweet
optimization studies, it could be concluded meat industry waste by Lactobacillus
that maximum sugar conversion to lactic delbruki. IJRET., 630-634.
acid was obtained with the process Hofvendahl, K., Hahn-Hägerdal, B. 2000.
conditions of pH 6.5, temperature 37°C and Factors affecting the fermentative
inoculum size 3% (v/v) with an incubation lactic acid production from re-
of 48 h. The different optimal conditions newable resources. Enzyme Microb
reported by various workers for maximum Tech., 26: 87-107.
lactic acid production could be explained by Ilmen, M., Koivuranta, K., Ruohonen, L.,
the differences in the nature of the strains Suominen, P., Penttila, M. 2007.
and medium composition used in their Efficient production of Llactic acid
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