EE455 – Fundamentals of Radar

2022-2023, Fall
1. Introduction, History of Radar, Operation principles of a Radar
2. Radar Classification, Frequency bands and some definitions
3. Radar equation, Radar Losses
4. Propagation Effects on Radar Performance
5. CW Radar
6. Pulse Radar
7. Tracking Radar and Tracking Modes
8. Special Radars and Techniques
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR),
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR),
Over the Horizon Radar (OHR),
Through-the-Wall Radar (TTW),
Weather Observation Radars,
Deep Space Observation Radars
Traffic (Doppler) Radars,
Phased Array Radars,
MIMO, STEALTH, AWACS, MicroDoppler
 Radars

Continuous Wave
Pulse Radar
(CW) Radar
 Continuous-wave radar (CW radar) is  Pulse radar emits short and
a type of radar system where a powerful pulses and in the silent
known stable frequency continuous period receives the echo signals.
wave radio energy is transmitted and
then received from any reflecting
objects  In contrast to the CW radar, the
transmitter is turned off before the
measurement is finished.
 Transmitter emits a continuous wave.
 The Radar, which operates with continuous signal (wave) for detecting non-
stationary targets, is called Continuous Wave Radar or simply CW Radar.

 This Radar requires two Antennas.

 One Antenna is used for transmitting the signal and the other Antenna is
used for receiving the signal.

 Figure shows the block diagram of CW Radar.

 Basic Radar uses the same Antenna for both transmission and reception of
signals.

 We can use this type of Radar, when the target is stationary, i.e., not moving
and / or when that Radar can be operated with pulse signal.
Block diagram of Pulse Radar.

Block diagram of CW Radar.

Block diagram of Pulse Radar.
 Terminology & Concepts
 The most common radar waveform is a train of narrow, rectangular-shape
pulses modulating a sinewave carrier.

 A pulsed radar is charecterized by a high power transmitter that generates an

endless sequence of pulses.

 The rate at which the pulses are repeated is defined as the pulse repetition
frequency.
 Range Measurement

 The distance, or range, to the target is determined by measuring the time 𝑇𝑅

taken by the pulse to travel to the target and return.

𝑿 = 𝑽𝒕
 Since electromagnetic energy propates at the speed of light 𝑐 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠, the
range is;
𝑐𝑇𝑅
𝑅=
2

 The factor 2 appears in the denominator because of the two-way propagation of

radar.
 𝑐𝑇𝑅
Unambiguous Range 𝑅=
2
 Once the transmitted pulse is emitted by the radar, a sufficient length of time
must elapse to allow any echo signals to return and be detected before the next
pulse may be transmitted.

 Therefore the rate at which the pulses may be transmitted is determined by the
longest range at which targets are expected.

 If the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is too high, echo signals from some
targets might arrive after the transmission of the next pulse, and ambiguities in
measuring range might result.
 𝑐𝑇𝑅
Unambiguous Range 𝑅=
2
 If the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is too high, echo signals from some
targets might arrive after the transmission of the next pulse, and ambiguities in
measuring range might result.
 𝑐𝑇𝑅
Unambiguous Range 𝑅=
2
 If the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is too high, echo signals from some
targets might arrive after the transmission of the next pulse, and ambiguities in
measuring range might result.

 Echoes that arrive after the transmission of the next pulse are called second-
time-around (or multiple–time-around) echoes. Such an echo would appear
to be at a much shorter range than the actual and could be misleading if it were
not known to be a second-time-around echo.

 The range beyond which targets appear as second-time-around echoes is called

the maximum unambiguous range an is;
𝑐
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑏 =
2𝑓𝑝
 Where 𝑓𝑝 is pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in Hz.

 Maximum PRF will be;

𝑐
𝑓𝑝 =
2𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥
Unambiguous Range

𝑐. 𝑃𝑅𝐼
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
Unambiguous Range
 𝑐𝑇𝑅
Range Resolution 𝑅=
2
 The range (or target) resolution of radar is its ability to distinguish between
targets that are very close in range.

 Weapons-control radar, which requires great precision, should be able to

distinguish between targets that are only yards apart.

 Search radar is usually less precise and only distinguishes between targets that
are hundreds of yards or even miles apart.

 Resolution is usually divided into two categories; range resolution and bearing
resolution.
 𝑐𝑇𝑅
Range Resolution 𝑅=
2
 Range resolution is the ability of radar system to distinguish between two or more
targets on the same bearing but at different ranges.

 The degree of range resolution depends on the width of the transmitted pulse, the
types and sizes of targets, and the efficiency of the receiver and indicator.

 Pulse width is the primary factor in range resolution. Therefore, the theoretical
range resolution of radar can be calculated from the following equation:
Range Resolution
Range Resolution
 Minimum Range
 DUPLEXER alternately switches
the antenna between the
transmitter and receiver. This
switching is necessary because
the high-power pulses of the
transmitter would destroy the
receiver if energy were allowed to
enter the receiver.

 Timing of this switching action is critical to the operation of the radar

system. The minimum range ability of the radar system is also affected by
this timing.

 The two most important times in this action are pulse width () and
recovery time (𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣. ). This timing action must be such that during the
transmitted pulse (pulse width), only the transmitter can be connected to
the antenna.
 Minimum Range
 Immediately after the pulse is transmitted, the antenna must be
reconnected to the receiver. The leading edge of the transmitted pulse
causes the duplexer to align the antenna to the transmitter. This action is
essentially instantaneous. At the end of the transmitted pulse, the trailing
edge of the pulse causes the duplexer to line up the antenna with the
receiver; however, this action is not instantaneous. As mall amount of time
elapses at this point that is referred to as recovery time.

 Therefore, the total time in which the receiver is unable to receive the
reflected pulse is equal to the pulse width plus the recovery time. Note
that any reflected pulses from close targets returning before the receiver is
connected to the antenna will be undetected.

 The minimum range, at which a target can be detected is determined

using the following formula (pulse width and recovery time are expressed
in microseconds or fractions of microseconds):

𝜏 + 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣. 𝑐
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2
Minimum Range
Effect of Pulse Length
 Velocity Estimation
 The Doppler frequency shift produced by a moving target may be used in a
pulse radar, just as in CW radar to determine the relative velocity of a
target or to separate desired moving targets from undesired stationary
objects (clutter).

2𝑉𝑟
𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓  𝑓 is the transmitted frequency.
𝐶  C is the speed of light (3𝑥108 m/sec)
 Velocity Estimation
 Although there are applications of pulse radar where a determination of
the target’s relative velocity is made from doppler frequency shift, the use
of doppler to separate small moving targets in the presence of large
clutter has probably been of far greater interest.

 Such a pulse radar that utilizes the doppler frequency shift as a means for
discriminating moving ones from fixed targets is called an MTI (Moving
Target Indication) or a pulse doppler radar.
Velocity Estimation
 Velocity Estimation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUKlckVB5XM
Velocity Estimation
CW vs Pulse Radar
 References

Pulse Radar, CW Radar, FMCW RADAR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEtOHkHKvvs

MTI Radar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUKlckVB5XM
 1 171804052 Nurdan ÜRESİN

2 181804006 Eren Umutcan ATSIZ

Presentations 3 181804011 Feyzanur YURTCU

4 181804017 Mustafa Fatih YAVUZ

Ögrenci
# Ad Soyad Makale Adı 5 181804019 Oğulcan DEMİR
No
1 181804047 Kader TOPKAYA Through-the-Wall Human Respiration Detection Using UWB Impulse Radar on Hovering Drone 6 181804026 Yasin SULHAN

2 181804013 Şakir TETER Ultra-High Resolution and Long Range X-BandAirborne SAR System 7 181804028 Furkan SEVİNÇ

3 181804010 Yusuf DENİZ Lightw eight Low -Cost UAV Radar Terrain Mapping 8 181804033 Elif BOSTANCI

4 181804030 Simge KARADEMİR
5 181804059 Hazal ERGİN
6 181804062 Hatice DEMİRAL
7 171804014 Ulaş Can ACAR
8 181804058 Ahmet Eren ÇULFACI
Tiresias: A low -cost netw orked UWB radar system for in-home monitoring of dementia patients 9 181804036 Berrak Sude DEMİRBAŞ
A History of Battlefield Surveillance Radar 10 181804037 Burak KILINÇ
Bistatic Space-Debris Surveillance Radar
11 181804038 Gizem KAYNAK
MMANA-GAL kullanarak anten modelleme
12 181804040 Tuğba TAŞKINER
A History of Battlefield Surveillance Radar
13 181804045 Ferhat YILDIZ

 I’ll give papers to the remaining 24 students. 14 181804046 Büşra BİÇEN

15 181804048 Ahmet YILMAZ

 Each week 6 students will make presentation. 16 181804052 Osman FİŞEK

17 181804054 Tuğberk ERDOĞAN

 Presentations will start Desember 1st.

18 181804057 Habib Albert KANDEMİR

19 181804064 Nurettin ÖZÇELİK

 First week, these students (6/8) can present their

20 181804065 Melek Rüzgar ASLAN

21 181804079 Kağan TAYANÇ

papers if they want. 22 191804024 Berat KILIÇ

23 191804045 Çağdaş Erdem NEMLİOĞLU

24 191804074 Berkay MAZİNELER

END OF LECTURE

Dr. Yılmaz KALKAN