8 KCE151P 251P Engg Graphics and Design Lab

Galgotias College of Engineering and technology
1,Knowledge Park-2, Greater Noida, U.P.
DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING
Vision- Mission of the Institute

Vision of Institute:
To be a leading educational institution recognized for excellence in engineering education & research
producing globally competent and socially responsible technocrats.
Mission of Institute:
• To provide state of the art infrastructural facilities that support achieving academic excellence.
•
• To provide a work environment that is conducive for professional growth of faculty & staff.
•
• To collaborate with industry for achieving excellence in research, consultancy and
entrepreneurship development.
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be recognized as a centre of excellence for mechanical engineering education.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
➢ To impart quality education aimed at producing competent professionals capable of applying

their knowledge of science & engineering fundamentals creatively in areas related to mechanical
engineering.
➢ To provide necessary support to the aspirants in their goal-oriented academic pursuits through
mentoring and value added curricular and co-curricular activities.
➢ To make students conscious of ethical values in pursuing their professions and to inculcate a
desire among them to contribute positively to the development of a sustainable environment.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

The educational objectives of the ME undergraduate program are to:
➢ Transform and develop students into competent professionals capable of solving technical and
societal problems.
➢ Make the students fully aware of the way the mechanical engineering discipline is currently
practiced and to inculcate in them a thirst for further knowledge.
➢ Produce professionals with strong work ethics and high sensitivity to environmental and
sustainability issues.
Program specific outcomes (PSOs) for B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering
The students will be able to:
• Conceptualize, design, make / improve physical products, processes and systems using principles of
design, manufacturing and Industrial engineering.
• Design, develop and maintain various thermal engineering systems.
Program Outcomes
Program Engineering graduate will be able to:

Outcome
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specific needs with
appropriate considerations for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal,
and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practices.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norm of the engineering practices.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communications: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
Teaching and Evaluation Scheme

Syllabus of Subject (as prescribed by AKTU)

Text / reference books

Reference Books:
1. Bhatt N.D., Panchal V.M. & Ingle P.R. (2014), Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House.
2. Shah, M.B. & Rana B.C. (2008), Engineering Drawing and Computer Graphics, Pearson Education
3. Agrawal B. & Agrawal C.M. (2012), Engineering Graphics, McGraw Publication
4. Engineering Graphics & Design, A.P. Gautam & Pradeep Jain, Khanna Publishing House
5. Narayana, K.L. & P Kannaiah (2008), Text book on Engineering Drawing, Scitech Publishers.
(Corresponding set of) CAD Software Theory and User Manuals.
CO, CO-PO Mapping

On the completion of this course, students are able to
CO1: Understand the visual aspect of engineering drawing, engineering graphics standards and
Orthographic Projections.
CO2: Understand the solid modeling and analysis of isometric views.
CO3: Apply modern engineering tools like AUTO-CAD and creating working drawings.
CO-PO MAPPING
COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
1 3 2 3 3 3
2 3 2 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3
List of Equipment / Machines

Following is the list of drawing instruments that required for making engineering drawings on paper with
perfection.
1. Drawing Board
2. Mini drafter
3. Protractor
4. Scales (Plain, Diagonal)
5. Compass (Small and Large)
6. Divider (Small and Large)
7. Drawing paper (A1 Size)
8. Drawing pencil (2H, H)
9. Sharpener
10. Eraser
11. Drawing pins & clamps
12. Duster or handkerchief etc.
Lab Plan
LAB NO. TOPIC TO BE COVERED
1 To prepare a sheet on Lettering, dimensions & Scales

2 To prepare a sheet on Projection of point & lines
3 To prepare a sheet on Projection of planes
4 To prepare a sheet on Projection of solids
5 To prepare a sheet on section of solids
6 To prepare a sheet on Development of surfaces
7 To prepare a sheet on orthographic & Isometric projections
8 To draw basic geometrical entities using Auto cad software

Lab Manual
SHEET NO. 1
AIM: To prepare a sheet of alphabets, numbers, types of lines and scales.
APPARATUS USED: Drawing board, blank full size sheet, mini drafter, geometry box, H, 2H pencils.
THEORY: The sample alphabets are given in the lab manual as provided. The alphabets are drawn on
blank sheet in upright position and at an angle with the vertical. The space between the two alphabets is
kept constant. The letters are drawn both in upper case and lower case. Similarly, the numbers are drawn
from 0 to 9 with regular spacing between them. Similarly, a description of lines has to done in tabular form
including information like type of line, representation and its application.
It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the objects in actual size. E.g. Buildings, Heavy Machines,
bridges, watches etc. Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at
• Full size
• Reduced Size
• Enlarged size
A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a drawing to the actual
dimensions of the same.
SAMPLE TITLE BLOCK
BASIC STROKES
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
4 5
1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1
3 6
3
UPPER-CASE LETTERS & NUMERALS


SHEET NO. 2
AIM: To prepare a sheet of projections of the given points and lines.
APPARATUS USED: Drawing board, blank full size sheet, mini drafter, geometry box, H, 2H pencils.
THEORY: The projection is defined as the shadow of any object. A point is a dimensionless entity
hence its projection can be drawn in any of the four quadrants.
There are four types of projections:
1. First angle projection

2. Second angle projection
3. Third angle projection
4. Fourth angle projection
The position of a point in engineering drawing is defined with respect to its distance from the three principle
planes i.e., with respect to the VP, HP, & PP.
FIGURE: ALL FOUR QUADRANTS AND PLANES

FIGURE: ROTATION OF TOP VIEW IN ALL FOUR QUADRANTS
PROCEDURE:
1. Locate the point in quadrant as per description in the question.

2. Draw its front view on VP.
3. Draw the top view on HP.
4. Rotate the top view by 90 degree clockwise to obtain both FV and TV in the same vertical line
separated by a reference line.
5. Show the positions of FV and TV with dimensions with respect to reference line.
PROJECTION OF LINE: The shadow of a line obtained on HP and VP is known as projection of line
THEORY: Line is the shortest distance between two points is called line. It has length but negligible
thickness.
POSITIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES: The position of straight line in a space can be fixed if their
inclinations with reference planes and distance of its extremities from the two planes are known. The
following are the important positions which a straight line can take with respect to two reference planes.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION AND THIRD ANGLE

PROJECTION
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
Object is kept in the first quadrant Object is kept in the third quadrant
Object lies between observer and the plane of Plane of projection lies between observer and the
projection object
The plane of projection is assumed to be opaque The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent.
Front view is drawn above the XY line Front view is drawn below the XY line
Top view is drawn below the XY line Top view is drawn above the XY line
Left view is projected on the right plane and vice Left view is projected on the left place itself
versa
Followed in India, European countries Followed in USA
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw reference line XY.
2. Draw locus lines which are parallel to Reference line at given distance
3. Draw true length in particular plane with reference specific given data.
4. Draw projection lines from end points of true length.
5. Draw apparent line in with the help of projections.
6. Give the name to line in both the views
7. Text with suffix for F.V and plain text for T.V
8. Show all necessary dimensions

9. Write the given problem on the sheet
UNSOLVED QUESTION:
Draw the projections of the given points

1. Point A lies 30 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP.
2. Point A lies 30 mm above HP and 25 mm behind VP.
3. Point A lies 35 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP.
4. Point A lies 35 mm below HP and 25 mm in front of VP
5. Point A lies on HP and 30 mm in front of VP
6. Point A lies 35 mm above HP and on VP
7. Point A lies 30 mm below HP and on VP
8. Point A lies 30 mm behind VP and on HP
9. Point A lies on origin.
10. A line AB 50 mm long has its end A in both the HP & VP. It is inclined at 30⁰ to the HP & 45⁰ to
the VP. Draw its projections.
11. A line PQ 75 mm long, has its end P in the VP & end Q in the HP. The line is inclined 30⁰ to the
HP & 60⁰ to the VP. Draw its projections.

12. A line PQ 100 mm long, is inclined at 30⁰ to the HP & 45⁰ to the VP. Its mid point is in the VP &
20 mm above the HP. Draw its projections if the end P is in the third quadrant & end Q is in the
first quadrant.
13. The top view of a 75 mm long line AB measures 65 mm, while the length of its front view is 50
mm. Its one end A is in the HP & 12 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the line AB
& determine the true inclinations of the line.
14. A line AB 65 mm long, has its end A 20 mm above the HP & 25 mm in front of the VP. The end
B is 40 mm above the HP & 65 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the line AB &
show its true inclinations with the HP & VP.
15. The projections of the ends of a line AB are 5 cm apart. The end A is 2 cm above the HP & 3 cm
in front of the VP. The end B is 1cm below the HP & 4 cm behind the VP. Determine the true
length & traces of the line AB & its inclinations with the two principal planes.
SHEET NO. 3
AIM: To prepare a sheet of the projections of given plane surfaces.
APPARATUS USED: Drawing sheets, Complete Engineering Drawing Box, Mini Drafter,
THEORY:
PLANE: A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called plane.
TYPE OF A PLANE: Following are the two types of plane used in engineering drawing:
1. Perpendicular plane
2. Oblique Plane
PERPENDICULAR PLANE:
The planes which are perpendicular to both the reference plane i.e., HP and VP are called
perpendicular plane. These planes can be located in different manner:
1. Plane perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
2. Plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
Plane perpendicular to both the reference planes VP &HP
1. Plane perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP.
2. Plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
PROCEDURE:

2. Draw the plane of required edges.
3. Draw projection lines from end points of the polygon.
4. Draw apparent shape with the help of projections.
5. Show all necessary dimensions.
6. Write the given problem on the sheet.

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
1. A square having 50 mm side makes an angle of 45o with the HP. Draw its projections
2. A rectangular surface having sides 40 mm and 30 mm makes an angle of 30 o with HP and 45o with
VP. Draw its projections
3. A circular plate of 60 mm diameter situated 50 mm in front of VP and parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.
SHEET NO. 4
AIM: To prepare a sheet of the projections of given solids as per description.
APPARATUS USED: Drawing sheets, Complete Engineering Drawing Box, Mini Drafter, clips.
THEORY:
SOLIDS: An object having three dimensions, i.e., length, breadth and height is called a solid.
PROJECTIONS OF SOLID: The shadow of a solid obtained on HP and VP is known as projection of
solid.
TYPE OF SOLIDS: a) Polyhedral b) Solids of revolution
POLYHEDRAL: The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces is called a polyhedral.

•
Tetrahedron Cube
•
PRISM: The polyhedral having two equal and similar ends bases, parallel to each other and are
joined by other faces which may be rectangle or parallelograms is called a prism.
a) Square b)Pentagonal c)Hexagonal
•
PYRAMID: the polyhedral having a plane figure for its base and equal number of isosceles
triangular faces meeting at a point is called as pyramid.
a)Square b) Pentagonal c) Hexagonal
UNSOLVED QUESTIONS
1..A right circular cone of height 60 mm and base diameter 50 mm is place on its base on HP. Draw
the projections when the its axis makes an angle of 45 o with HP.
2. A cylinder having 50 mm diameter and 70 mm height is placed with its diameter perpendicular
to HP. The axis of the cylinder makes an angle of 45o with the HP. Draw its projections.
3. A right circular cone is as in question 1 is placed on HP on its surface. Draw its projections when
the axis of the cone makes an angle of 45o with the VP.
Sheet No 5
AIM: To prepare a sheet of development of lateral surface
APPARATUS USED: Drawing sheets, Complete Engineering Drawing Box, Mini Drafter, clips.
THEORY:
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES: The complete surface of an object when laid out on a plane is
called the development of the surface or pattern of the object.
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DLS:
The engineering applications of development is generally employed in sheet metal works, in the
construction of boilers, pattern making, stone cutting, tunnels, buckets, chimney, prisms, cylinder,
pyramids, cones, spheres, etc
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
PARALLEL-LINE DEVELOPMENT: - It is used for developing prisms and single curved surfaces like
cylinders in which all the edges/generators of lateral surfaces are parallel to each other.
RADIAL-LINE DEVELOPMENT:-It is employed for pyramids and single curved surfaces like cones
in which the apex is taken as centre and the slant edge or generator (which are the true lengths) as radius
for its development.
PROCEDURE:
2. Draw FV and TV of a solid as per given data.
3. Draw the section plane (line) parallel to XY as per given data.
4. Draw projection line from the intersection point of the section line and object edge.
5. Draw the development of the solid.
6. Draw the projection line from the intersection point of the edges and section line to the corresponding
edges of the developed surface.
7. Name to the corner points of the solid in front view and top view and the developed surface.
8. Show all necessary dimensions.


UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
Q.1 A hexagonal prism with edge of base 30 mm and height 80 mm rests on its base
with one of its base edges perpendicular to V.P. An inclined plane at 45° to H.P.
cuts its axis at its middle. Draw the development of the truncated prism.
Q.2 A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 50 mm and height 80 mm rests on its base on
the ground with one of its base sides parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular
to VP and inclined at 30° to H.P cuts the pyramid, bisecting its axis. Draw
the development of the truncated pyramid.
Q.3 A cone of base 50mm diameter and height 60mm rests with its base on H.P. and
bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
truncated cone.
Q.4 A cylinder of base 120 mm and axis 160 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It
has a circular hole of 90 mm diameter, drilled centrally through such that the axis of
the hole is perpendicular to v.p and bisects the axis of the cylinder at right angles.
Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder.
Q.5 A Pentagonal prism of side of base 20 mm and height 50 mm stands vertically on its
base with a rectangular face perpendicular to V.P. A cutting plane
Perpendicular to V.P and inclined at 60º to the axis passes through the edges of the
top base of the prism. Develop the lower portion of the lateral surface of the prism.
Q.6 A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and axis 70 mm long is resting on its base
on HP. such that a rectangular face is parallel to V.P. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 30º to HP. The section plane is passing through
the top end of an extreme lateral edge of the prism. Draw the development
of the lateral surface of the cut prism.
SHEET NO: 6
AIM: To prepare a sheet of isometric projections of given solid.
APPARATUS USED: - Drawing sheets, Complete Engineering Drawing Box, Mini Drafter,clips.
THEORY: The isometric projection of an object is a one plane view drawn with the object so placed
with respect to the plane of projection that all the three principal axes appear to be inclined to each
other at an equal angle of 12
ISOMETRIC SCALE: The isometric scale is used to measure the foreshortened length of
dimensions of any object to draw the isometric projection. The steps of construction of isometric
scale are given below
(i) Draw a horizontal line PQ.
(ii) Draw the true lengths on a line AB1 inclined at 45° to the horizontal line (say up to 70
mm
(iii) Draw another line BA at 30° to the horizontal line.
(iv) Draw the vertical projection of all the points of true length from AB1 to BA.
(v) Complete the scale with the details as shown in the figure.
The lengths shown at the line BA are the isometric lengths to be used to draw the isometric
projection.
FIGURE: ISOMETRIC SCALE

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the base of the solid "with isometric scale" as per specified condition with
respect to V.P. and H.P. as per the rules of orthographic projection. It is called
Helping Figure.
2. Draw the centre of the helping figure and enclose the helping figure in a suitable
rectangle. Transfer the co-ordinates of centre to the sides of the enclosing rectangle with
centre lines.
3. Draw the three principal axes at 30°, 90° and 30° to the horizontal base line.
4. Copy the length of sides of helping figure's rectangle on the respective principal axis
and the height or length of the object on the third principal axis. It will give a box in
which the object will be perfectly/snugly fitted.
5. Copy the co-ordinates of centre and the vertices of the base on this box.
6. Join the visible edges by thick lines and Axis line by the centre line.
7. Complete the isometric projection with dimensioning and direction of viewing. Now
let us draw the isometric projection of regular solids.
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
Q.1 A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height of 70 mm resting on its base
on H.P. with two of its base side parallel to V.P.
Q.2 Draw the isometric projection of an inverted pentagonal pyramid of base side
30 mm and axis of 60 mm resting on its base on H.P. with one of its base side parallel
to V.P. and nearer to the observer.
Q.3 Draw the isometric projection of a frustum of square pyramid of shorter base
edge 30 mm and longer base edge 50 mm with the axial height of 60 mm, kept
on H.P. on its shorter end and two of its base edges are parallel to V.P.
Q.4 Draw the isometric projection of a cylinder of height of 75 mm and diameter of
50 mm resting on its base keeping the axis parallel to V.P
Q.5 Draw the isometric projection of cone of diameter 40 mm and axis of 60 mm
resting on its base perpendicular to H.P.
Q.6 Draw the isometric projection of a frustum of a cone of diameter 30 mm at
smaller end, diameter 50 mm at bigger end and the axial height is 70 mm. It is
resting on its bigger end on H.P. keeping its axis vertical.
Q.7 Draw an Isometric Projection of a vertical regular pentagonal pyramid resting
centrally, having one base edge away from the observer parallel to V.P., on top
of a vertical cylinder. Side of the pentagon = 32 mm, height of pyramid = 50
mm, diameter of cylinder = 76 mm and height of cylinder = 40 mm.
Q.8 Draw the isometric projection of a hemisphere of 60 mm diameter resting on its
curved surface on H.P.
Q.9 Draw an Isometric Projection of a square prism having side of the square =
30mm and height = 54 mm standing (upright) and centrally on a flat square
slab of thickness = 26 mm and its base side = 52 mm.
Q.10 Draw an Isometric Projection of a right circular cone resting vertically and
centrally on the top of pentagonal slab having one of its rectangular face
perpendicular to the observer. Side of pentagon = 46 mm, thickness of slab =
30 mm, diameter of cone = 40 mm and height of cone = 60 mm.
SHEET NO 7
AIM: To prepare an AUTOCAD drawing.
APPARATUS USED: Auto Cad software, desktop with 4 GB RAM.

THEORY: AUTOCAD is a tool which is widely used in engineering field. AUTOCAD

can be used for drafting purposes and modeling purposes. Many basic entities can be
drawn on this software using either command prompt or mouse. Many tutorials are
available in the help file which is user friendly, hence AUTOCAD is said to be user
friendly software.
SAMPLE QUESTION



SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Enlist the different equipment’s used in drawing lab.

2. How many types of pencils do you use in drawing lab?
3. Explain the different types of lines, their representation with application.
4. What is the importance of drawing lab in engineering
5. What do you mean by projection?
6. How many types of projections are there?
7. What is the rule of rotation of top view?
8. How do we represent the top view and front view of a point A?
9. What do you mean by reference line?
10. Define first angle projection and third angle projection.
11. What do you mean by true length of the line?
12. What do you mean by apparent length of the projection?
13. Which angle projection is used in India?
14. Why second and fourth angle projections are not used?
15. Which type of line is used to show FV and TV
16. What is mean by Orthographic Projection?

17. Define plane.
18. What Is Mean By Horizontal Trace?
19. What Is Mean By Vertical Trace?
20. How to Draw FV and TV if plane is inclined to both the reference
Planes.
21. Define projection of solids?
22. Define prism?
23. Define pyramid?
24. What is the difference between prism and pyramid?
25. Define Development of lateral surface?
26. Give the engineering application of DLS?
27. What are the Methods of Development of lateral surface?
28. What is the necessity of DLS?
29. Define isometric projections?

30. Define isometric scale?
31. What is angle between the three principal axes?
32. What is AutoCAD?
33. Why do we use AutoCAD?
34. Which is the latest version of AutoCAD?
35. What is the extension of AutoCAD drawing?
Notes
Lecture 1:
Introduction to Engineering Graphics
Engineering drawing, most commonly referred to as engineering graphics, is the art of

manipulation of designs of a variety of components, especially those related to
engineering. It primarily consists of sketching the actual component, for example a
machine, with its exact dimensions. The scale of dimensions is suitably adjusted so as
to properly fit within the contours of the drawing sheet.In some cases, depending in the
discipline, there are areas of particular focus, such as in the case of Structural
Engineering. Another consideration is in regards to the units of measure used; these
could be not only Metric or imperial, but also the way these are noted is relevant,
because it will also reflect the precision of a dimension.
Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects.

In general, it provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality,
material, manufacturing process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from
which a trained person can visualize objects.
Drawing Instruments and aids: The Instruments and other aids used in drafting work
are listed below:
• Drawing board
• Set squares
• French curves
• Templates
• Mini drafter
• Instrument box
• Protractor
• Set of scales
• Drawing sheets
• Pencils
Drawing Board: Until recently drawing boards used are made of well seasoned
softwood of about 25 mm thick with a working edge for T-square. Nowadays mini-
drafters are used instead of T-squares which can be fixed on any board. The standard
size of board depends on the size of drawing sheet size required.
Mini-Drafter: Mini-drafter consists of an angle formed by two arms with scales

marked and rigidly hinged to each other .It combines the functions of T-square, set-
squares, scales and protractor. It is used for drawing horizontal, vertical and inclined
lines, parallel and perpendicular lines and for measuring lines and angles.
Instrument Box Instrument box contains 1. Compasses, 2. Dividers and 3. Inking pens.
What is important is the position of the pencil lead with respect to the tip of the compass.
It should be at least 1 mm above as shown in the fig. because the tip goes into the board
for grip by 1 mm.
Pencils: Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in
the market. The hardness or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B,
3B, etc. The grade HB denotes medium hardness of lead used for general purpose. The
hardness increases as the value of the numeral before the letter H increases. The lead
becomes softer, as the value of the numeral before B increases.
• HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering and free sketching
• H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible edges and boundary lines
• 2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader lines, Extension lines,
Centre lines, Hatching lines and Hidden lines.
Drawing Sheet: The standard drawing sheet sizes are arrived at on the basic Principal
of x: y = 1: 2^ (1/2) and xy = 1 where x and y are the sides of the sheet. For example
AO, having a surface area of 1 Sq.m; x = 841 mm and y = 1189 mm. The successive
sizes are obtained by either by halving along the length or doubling the width, the area
being in the ratio 1: 2. Designation of sizes is given in the fig. For class work use of A2
size drawing sheet is preferred.
Title Block: The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand
comer of the sheet. The title block can have a maximum length of 170 mm and width
of 65mm providing the following information.
• Title of the drawing.
• Drawing number.
• Scale.
• Symbol denoting the method of projection.
• Name of the firm, and
• Initials of staff, who have designed, checked and approved.
Lettering: Lettering is defined as writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, etc., on a

drawing.
Importance of Lettering: To undertake production work of an engineering component

as per the drawing, the size and other details are indicated on the drawing. This is done
in the form of notes and dimensions. Main Features of Lettering are legibility,
uniformity and rapidity of execution. Use of drawing instruments for lettering
consumes more time. Lettering should be done freehand with speed. Practice
accompanied by continuous efforts would improve the lettering skill and style. Poor
lettering mars the appearance of an otherwise good drawing.
Size of Letters: • Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL letters
as well as numerals. • Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals
recommended by BIS are given below: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm
Note: Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of drawing.
Guide Lines: In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and numerals,
guide lines are drawn, using 2H pencil with light pressure. HB grade conical end pencil
is used for lettering. The following are some of the guide lines for lettering o Drawing
numbers, title block and letters denoting cutting planes, sections are written in 10 mm
size. o Drawing title is written in 7 mm size. o Hatching, sub-titles, materials,
dimensions, notes, etc., are written in 3.5 mm size. o Space between lines = 3/4 h o
Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M or 3/5 h.
Procedure for Lettering:
1. Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance ' h' apart.
2. Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from left to right.
Vertical, Inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to bottom.
3. After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.
Lines: Just as in English textbook the correct words are used for making correct
sentences; in Engineering Graphics, the details of various objects are drawn by different
types of lines. Each line has a definite meaning and sense to convey.
• Visible Outlines, Visible Edges: (Continuous wide lines) the lines drawn to represent
the visible outlines/ visible edges / surface boundary lines of objects should be
outstanding in appearance.
• Dimension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): Dimension Lines are drawn to mark
dimension.
• Extension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): There are extended slightly beyond the
respective dimension lines.
• Construction Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): These are drawn for constructing
drawings and should not be erased after completion of the drawing.
• Hatching / Section Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn for the
sectioned portion of an object. These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis
or to the main outline of the section
• Guide Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn for lettering and should
not be erased after lettering.
• Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines): Wavy continuous narrow line
drawn freehand is used to represent break of an object.
• Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines with Zigzags): Straight continuous narrow
line with zigzags is used to represent break of an object.
• Dashed Narrow Lines (Dashed Narrow Lines):Hidden edges / Hidden outlines of

objects are shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm,
spaced at equal distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with
the outlines / another hidden line should be clearly shown.
• Center Lines (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines): These are drawn at the center of
the drawings symmetrical about an axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short
distance beyond the outline of the drawing.
• Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting
plane. It is long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change
of direction. The direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the
cutting plane line.
• Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm.
Dimensioning: Drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape

description, must also furnish Information regarding the size description. These are
provided through the distances between the Surfaces, location of holes, nature of
surface finish, type of material, etc. The expression of these Features on a drawing,
using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning.
Methods of Indicating Dimensions: The dimensions are indicated on the drawings

according to one of the following two methods.
Method - 1 (Aligned method): Dimensions should be placed parallel to and above

their dimension lines and preferably at the middle, and clear of the line. Dimensions
may be written so that they can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the
drawing. Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented as shown in and
except where unavoidable, they shall not be placed in the 30° zone. Angular dimensions
are oriented.
Method - 2 (Uni-directional): Dimensions should be indicated so that they can be read

from the bottom of the drawing only.
Non horizontal dimension lines are interrupted, preferably in the middle for insertion
of the dimension. Note: Horizontal dimensional lines are not broken to place the
dimension in both cases.
Lecture 2: Scales
Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing

sheet. This reduction creates a scale of that reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction
& such a scale is called Reducing Scale and the ratio is called Representative Factor.
Representative Fraction: The ratio of the dimension of the object shown on the drawing
to its actual size is called the Representative Fraction (RF)
Types of Scales:Plain Scales: A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a
suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts.
It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm, m
and dm, cm and mm etc.
1. Construct a scale of 1:40 to read metres and decimetres and long enough to
measure 6 m. Mark on it a distance of 4.7 m.
2. The distance between two towns is 250 km and is represented by a line of length
50mm on a map. Construct a scale to read 600 km and indicate a distance of
530 km on it.
Diagonal Scales: Diagonal scales are used to represent either three units of
measurements such as metres, decimetres, centimetres or to read to the accuracy
correct to two decimals. Principle of Diagonal Scale: The diagonal scales give
us three successive dimensions that is a unit, a subunit and a subdivision of a

subunit.
The principle of construction of a diagonal scale is as follows.
• Let the XY in figure be a subunit.
• From Y draw a perpendicular YZ to a suitable height.
• Join XZ. Divide YZ in to 10 equal parts.
• Draw parallel lines to XY from all these divisions and number them as shown.
• From geometry we know that similar triangles have their like sides
proportional.
• Consider two similar triangles XYZ and 7’ 7Z,
• we have 7Z / YZ = 7’7 / XY (each part being one unit)
• Means 7’ 7 = 7 / 10. x X Y = 0.7 XY Similarly 1’ – 1 = 0.1 XY 2’ – 2 = 0.2
XY Thus, it is very clear that, the sides of small triangles, which are parallel to
divided lines, become progressively shorter in length by 0.1 XY.
3. The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is
represented by a line 5 cm long. Find its R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show
single km. And maximum 600 km. Indicate on it following distances. 1) 222
km 2) 336 km 3) 459 km 4) 569 km
4. Construct a diagonal scale 1/50, showing metres, decimetres and centimetres,

to measure upto 5 metres. Mark a length 4. 75 m on it.
Lecture 3: Projection of point, Projection of line
The projection is defined as the shadow of any object. A point is a dimensionless

entity hence its projection can be drawn in any of the four quadrants.
There are four types of projections:
5. First angle projection

6. Second angle projection
7. Third angle projection
8. Fourth angle projection
The position of a point in engineering drawing is defined with respect to its

distance from the three principle planes i.e., with respect to the VP, HP, & PP
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION AND THIRD

ANGLE PROJECTION
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
Object is kept in the first quadrant Object is kept in the third quadrant
Object lies between observer and the plane of Plane of projection lies between observer and the
projection object
The plane of projection is assumed to be opaque The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent.
Front view is drawn above the XY line Front view is drawn below the XY line
Top view is drawn below the XY line Top view is drawn above the XY line
Left view is projected on the right plane and vice Left view is projected on the left place itself
versa
Followed in India, European countries Followed in USA
What is point?
An element which has no dimensions, it can be situated in the following positions

with respect to principal planes of the projections.
• Point situated above H.P and in front of V.P.
• Point situated above H.P and behind V.P
• Point situated below H.P and behind V.P.
• Point situated below H.P and in front of V.P.
• Point situated on H.P and in front of V.P.
• Point situated above H.P and on V.P.
• Point situated on H.P and behind V.P.
• Point situated below H.P and on V.P.
• Point situated on both H.P and V.P.
Conventional Representation:
• Actual Position of a point designated by capitals i.e. A, B, C, D …

• Front view of a point is designated by small letters with dashes i.e. a’, b’, c’, d’….
• Top view of a point is designated by only small letters i.e. a, b, c, d ….
• Side view of a point is designated by small letters with double dashes i.e. a”, b”,
c”, d”... The Intersection of reference planes is a line known as reference line
denoted by x-y and the line connecting the front and top view is known as projection
line; it is always perpendicular to the principal axis (x-y line).
Problem:
• Draw the orthographic projections of the following points?
(a.) Point P is 30 mm. above H.P and 40 mm. in front of VP
(b.) Point Q is 25 mm. above H.P and 35 mm. behind VP
(c.) Point R is 32 mm. below H.P and 45 mm behind VP
(d.) Point Sis 35 mm. below H.P and 42 mm in front of VP
(e.) Point T is in H.P and 30 mm behind VP
(f.) Point U is in V.P and 40 mm. below HP
(g.) Point V is in V.P and 35 mm. above H.P
(h.) Point W is in H.P and 48 mm. in front of VP

Introduction what is Line?
A Shortest distance between two points and the actual length of the line is known
as True Length denoted by TL. Orientation of Straight Lines
• Line parallel to both H.P and V.P
• Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel to V.P
• Line perpendicular to V.P and parallel to H.P
• Line inclined to H.P and parallel to V.P
• Line inclined to V.P and parallel to H.P
• Line situated in H.P • Line situated in V.P
• Line situated in both H.P and V.P
• Line inclined to both the reference planes.
1. Line inclined to both H.P and V.P front view angle and top view angle = 90 deg
2. Line inclined to both H.P and V.P front view angle and top view angle = 90 deg
Problems
• Line parallel to both H.P and V.P
A 50mm long line AB is parallel to both H.P and V.P. The line is 25mm in front of
V.P and 60mm above H.P, draw the projections of the line.




Lecture 4: Projection of Planes & Solid
Introduction : A plane is a two dimensional object having length and breadth only.
Its thickness is always neglected; various shapes of plane figures are considered
such as square, rectangle, circle, pentagon, hexagon, etc
TYPES OF PLANES:
1. Perpendicular planes which have their surface perpendicular to anyone of the

reference planes and parallel or inclined to the other reference plane.
2. Oblique planes which have their surface inclined to both the reference planes.
TRACE OF PLANE: The trace of a plane is the line of intersection or meeting of

the plane surface with the reference plane; if necessary the plane surface is extended
to intersect the reference plane. The intersection line of the plane surface with HP
is called the Horizontal Trace (HT) and that of VP is called the Vertical Trace (VT).
A plane figure is positioned with reference to the reference planes by referring its
surface in the following possible position.






PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Introduction: A solid has three dimensions, the length, breadth and thickness or
height. A solid may be represented by orthographic views, the number of which
depends on the type of solid and its orientation with respect to the planes of
projection. solids are classified into two major groups. (i) Polyhedral, and (ii) Solids
of revolution
POLYHEDRAL A polyhedral is defined as a solid bounded by plane surfaces called

faces. They are: (i)Regular polyhedral (ii) Prisms and (iii) Pyramids
Regular Polyhedral A polyhedron is said to be regular if its surfaces are regular

polygons. The following are some of the regular polyhedral.
SOLIDS
Prisms: A prism is a polyhedron having two equal ends called the bases parallel to
each other. The two bases are joined by faces, which are rectangular in shape. The
imaginary line passing through the centers of the bases is called the axis of the
prism.
A prism is named after the shape of its base. For example, a prism with square base
is called a square prism, the one with a pentagonal base is called a pentagonal prism,
and so on (Fig) The nomenclature of the prism is given in Fig
(a) Tetrahedron: It consists of four equal faces, each one being a equilateral triangle.
(b) Hexa hedron(cube): It consists of six equal faces, each a square.
(c) Octahedron: It has eight equal faces, each an equilateral triangle.
(d) Dodecahedron: It has twelve regular and equal pentagonal faces.
(e) Icosahedrons: It has twenty equal, equilateral triangular faces.
Pyramids: A pyramid is a polyhedron having one base, with a number of isosceles

triangular faces, meeting at a point called the apex. The imaginary line passing
through the centre of the base and the apex is called the axis of the pyramid. The
pyramid is named after the shape of the base. Thus, a square pyramid has a square
base and pentagonal pyramid has pentagonal base and so on. The nomenclature of
a pyramid is shown in Fig.
Types of Pyramids: There are many types of Pyramids, and they are named after
the shape of their base. These are Triangular Pyramid, Square Pyramid, Pentagonal
pyramid, hexagonal pyramid and tetrahedron
Solids of Revolution: If a plane surface is revolved about one of its edges, the solid
generated is called a solid of revolution. The examples are (i) Cylinder, (ii) Cone,
(iii) Sphere.
Frustums and Truncated Solids: If a cone or pyramid is cut by a section plane

parallel to its base and the portion containing the apex or vertex is removed, the
remaining portion is called frustum of a cone or pyramid
Prisms Position of a Solid with Respect to the Reference Planes: The position of
solid in space may be specified by the location of either the axis, base, edge,
diagonal or face with the principal planes of projection. The following are the
positions of a solid considered.
1. Axis perpendicular to HP
2. Axis perpendicular to VP
3. Axis parallel to both the HP and VP
4. Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP
5. Axis inclined to VP and parallel to HP
6. Axis inclined to both the Planes (VP. and HP)
The position of solid with reference to the principal planes may also be grouped as
follows:
1. Solid resting on its base.
2. Solid resting on anyone of its faces, edges of faces, edges of base, generators,
slant edges, etc.
3. Solid suspended freely from one of its corners, etc.

1. Axis perpendicular to one of the principal planes: When the axis of a solid is
perpendicular to one of the planes, it is parallel to the other. Also, the projection of
the solid on that plane will show the true shape of the base. When the axis of a solid
is perpendicular to H.P, the top view must be drawn first and then the front view is
projected from it. Similarly when the axis of the solid is perpendicular to V.P, the
front view must be drawn first and then the top view is projected from it.


9. Axis inclined to both the principal planes (HP and VP)

A solid is said to be inclined to both the planes when
(i) the axis is inclined to both the planes,
(ii) the axis is inclined to one plane and an edge of the base is inclined to the
other. In this case the projections are obtained in three stages.
Stage I: Assume that the axis is perpendicular to one of the planes and draw the
projections. Stage II: Rotate one of the projections till the axis is inclined at the
given angle and project the other view from it. Stage III: Rotate one of the
projections obtained in
Stage II, satisfying the remaining condition and project the other view from it.
Problem: A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed on HP on one corner that a

body diagonal is Parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw it’s projections.
Solution Steps:
1. Assuming standing on HP, begin with TV, a square with all sides equally
inclined to xy .Project Fv and name all points of FV & TV.
2. Draw a body-diagonal joining c’ with 3’ (This can become Parallel to xy)
3. From 1’ drop a perpendicular on this and name it p’
4. Draw 2nd Fv in which 1’-p’ line is vertical means c’-3’ diagonal must be
horizontal. .Now as usual project TV.
5. In final TV draw same diagonal is perpendicular to VP as said in problem.

Then as usual project final FV.
Problem:
A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one of its generator on

HP which makes 300 inclinations with VP. Draw it’s projections?
Solution Steps: Resting on HP on one generator, means lying on HP
1. Assume it standing on HP.
2. It’s TV will show True Shape of base( circle )

3. Draw 40mm dia. Circle as TV& taking 50 mm axis project FV. (a triangle)
4. Name all points as shown in illustration.
5. Draw 2nd FV in lying position I.e. o’e’ on xy. And project it’s TV below xy.
6. Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7. Then construct remaining inclination with VP (generator o1e1 300 to xy as

shown) & project final FV
Problem:
A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed on HP on one corner that a body

diagonal through this corner is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw
it’s three views.
Solution Steps: 1.Assuming it standing on HP begin with TV, a square of corner

case.
2.Project corresponding FV.& name all points as usual in both views.
3.Join a’1’ as body diagonal and draw 2nd FV making it vertical (I’ on xy)
4.Project it’s TV drawing dark and dotted lines as per the procedure.
5.With standard method construct Left-hand side view.
Draw a 450 inclined Line in Tv region ( below xy).Project horizontally all

points of Tv on this line and reflect vertically upward, above xy.After this, draw
horizontal lines, from all points of Fv, to meet these lines. Name points of
intersections and join properly.For dark & dotted lines locate observer on left
side of Fv as shown.
Lecture 5: Section of Solids
Introduction Sections of Solids Sections and sectional views are used to show
hidden detail more clearly. They-are created by using a cutting plane to cut the
object.
A section is a view of no thickness and shows the outline of the object at the
cutting plane. Visible outlines beyond the cutting plane are not drawn.
A sectional view, displays the outline of the cutting plane and all visible outlines
which can be seen beyond the cutting plane.
Improve visualization of interior features. Section views are used when

important hidden details are in the interior of an object. These details appear as
hidden lines in one of the orthographic principal views; therefore, their shapes
are not very well described by pure orthographic projection.
Types of Section Views
• Full sections
• Half sections
• Offset sections
• Revolved sections
• Removed sections
• Broken-out sections
Cutting Plane : Section views show how an object would look if a cutting plane
(or saw) cut through the object and the material in front of the cutting plane was
discarded.
Representation of cutting plane
According to drawing standards cutting plane is represented by chain line with

alternate long dash and dot. The two ends of the line should be thick.
Full Section View
• In a full section view, the cutting plane cuts across the entire object
• Note that hidden lines become visible in a section view
Hatching: On sections and sectional views solid area should be hatched to

indicate this fact. Hatching is drawn with a thin continuous line, equally spaced
(preferably about 4mm apart, though never less than 1 mm) and preferably at
an angle of 45 degrees.
Problems 2 : A cube of 4S mm side rests with a face on HP such that one of its
vertical faces is inclined at 30° to VP. A section plane, parallel to VP cuts the
cube at a distance of 1 S mm from the vertical edge nearer to the observer. Draw
its top and sectional front view.
Solution: 1. Draw the projections of the cube and the Horizontal Trace (HT) of
the cutting plane parallel to XY and 15 mm from the vertical edge nearer to the
observer.
2. Mark the new points 1,2 in the top face edge as ab and be and similarly, 3, 4
in the bottom face edge as qr and pq which are invisible in top view.
3. Project these new points to the front view to get 1', 2 '. in top face and 3' , 4'
in. bottom face. 4. Join them and draw hatching lines to show the sectional front
view which also shows the true shape of section
Problem: A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is

resting on HP on one of its bases with two of the vertical faces perpendicular to
VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 600 to HP and perpendicular to VP and
passing through a point at a distance 12 mm from the top base. Draw its front
view, sectional top view and true shape of section.
Solution: Draw the projections of the prism in the given position. The top view
is drawn and the front view is projected. To draw the cutting plane, front view
and sectional top view
1. Draw the VT of the cutting plane inclined at 60° to XY and passing through
a point in the axis, at a distance 12 mm from the top base.
2. New points 1',2', etc. are marked as mentioned earlier. Note that the cutting
plane cuts the top base, the new point 3' is marked on base side b' c' and 4'
marked on (d') ( e') which is invisible.
3. Project the new points 1',2', etc. to get 1,2, etc. in the top view.
4. Join these points and draw the hatching lines to show the sectional top view.
To draw true shape of section
I. Draw new reference line XI Y I parallel to the VT of the cutting plane.
2. Draw the projectors passing through 1', 2', etc. perpendicular to "t y\ line.
3. The distance of point 1 in top view from XY line is measured and marked
from XI y\ in the projector passingtbrough l' to get II This is repeated to get
other points 21 , 3l etc.
4. Join these points to get the true shape of section and this is shown by hatching
lines.
Lecture 6: Development of surfaces
Introduction
A layout of the complete surface of a three dimentional object on a plane is

called the development of the surface or flat pattern of the object. The
development of surfaces is very important in the fabrication of articles made of
sheet metal. The objects such as containers, boxes, boilers, hoppers, vessels,
funnels, trays etc., are made of sheet metal by using the principle of
development of surfaces. In making the development of a surface, an opening
of the surface should be determined fIrst. Every line used in making the
development must represent the true length of the line (edge) on the object.
The steps to be followed for making objects, using sheet metal are given below:
1. Draw the orthographic views of the object to full size.
2. Draw the development on a sheet of paper.
3. Transfer the development to the sheet metal.

4. Cut the development from the sheet.
5. Form the shape of the object by bending.
6. Join the closing edges.
Note: In actual practice, allowances have to be given for extra material required
for joints and bends. These allowances are not cosidered in the topics presented
in this chapter.
Methods of Development The method to be followed for making the

development of a solid depends upon the nature of its lateral surfaces.
Based on the classillcation of solids, the folloiwing are the methods of

development.
1. Parallel-line Development It is used for developing prisms and single curved

surfaces like cylinders in which all the edges / generators of lateral surfaces are
parallel to each other.
2. Radial-line Development It is employed for pyramids and single curved

surfaces like cones in which the apex is taken as center and the slant edge or
generator (which are the true lengths) as radius for its development.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRISM
1. Assume the prism is resting on its base on H.P. with an edge of the base pallel
to V.P and draw the orthographic views of the square prism.
2. Draw the stretch-out line 1-1 (equal in length to the circumference of the
square prism) and mark off the sides of the base along this line in succesion ie
1-2,2-3,3-4 and 4-1.
3. Errect perpendiculars through 1,2,3 etc., and mark the edges (folding lines)
I-A, 2-B, etc., equal to the height of the prism 50 mm.
4. Add the bottom and top bases 1234 and ABeD by the side of an)' of the base
edges.
Development of a Cylinder
Construction: Figure shows the development of a cylinder. In this the length of

the rectangle representing the develoopmet of the lateral surface of the cylinder
is equal to the circumference (πd here d is the diameter of the cylinder) of the
circular base.
Problem: A Pentagonal prism of side of base 20 mm and height 50 mm stands

vertically on its base with a rectangular face perpendicular to V.P. A cutting
plane perpendicalar to V.P and inclined at 600 to the axis passes through the
edges of the top base of the prism. Develop the lower portion of the lateral
surface of the prism.
1. Draw the projections of the prism.
2. Draw the trace (V.T) of the cutting plane intersecting the edges at points 1,2,3,
etc.
3. Draw the stretch-out AA and mark-off the sides of the base along this in
succession i.e., AB, BC, CD, DE and EA.
4. Errect perpendiculars through A,B,C etc., and mark the edges AA1 , BB I'
equal to the height of the prism.
5. Project the points 11 ,21 ,31 etc., and obtain 1,2,3 etc., respectively on the
corresponding edges in the development.
6. Join the points 1,2,3 etc., by straight lines and darken the sides corresponding
to the truncated portion of the solid
Problem: Draw the development of the lateral surface ofthefrustum of the square
pyramid of side of base 30 mm and axis 40 mm, resting on HP with one of the
base edges parallel to v.P. It is cut by a horizontal cutting plane at a height of
20 mm.
1. Draw the projections of the square pyramid.
2. Determine the true length. o-a of the slant edge.
3. Draw the trace of the cutting plane VT.
4. Locate the points of instersection of the cutting plane on the slant edges
a1b1c1dl of the pyramid.
5. With any point 0 as centre and radius equal to the true length of the slant edge
draw an arc of the circle.
6. With radius equal to the side of the base 30 mm, step-off divisions on the
above arc.
7. Join the above division points 1,2,3 etc.,jn the order with the centre of the arc
o. The full development of the pyramid is given by 0 12341.
8. With centre 0 and radius equal to oa mark-offthese projections atA, B, C, D,

A. JoinA-B, B-C etc. ABCDA-12341 is the development of the frustum of the
square pyramid.
Lecture 7: Orthographic & Isometric projections
Projection: Projection is defined as an Image or drawing of the object made on

a plane. The lines form the object to the Plane are called projectors.
Methods of Projections:
In Engineering drawing the following four methods of Projection are

commonly used they are
(1) Orthographic Projection
(2) Isometric projection
(3) Oblique projection
(4) Perspective Projection
In orthographic projection an object is represented by two are three views on

the mutual perpendicular projection planes each projection view represents two
dimensions of an object. In iso, oblique and perspective projections represents
the object by a pictorial view as eyes see it. In these methods of projects in three
dimensional object is represented on a projection plane by one view only.
Orthographic Projection When the Projectors are parallel to each other and also
perpendicular to the plane the projection is called orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection is a way of drawing an 3D object from different

directions. Usually a front, side and plan view is drawn so that a person looking
at the drawing can see all the important sides. Orthographic drawings are useful
especially when a design has been developed to a stage whereby it is almost
ready to manufacture. Plane of projection: Two planes employed for the purpose
of orthographic projections are called reference planes or planes of projection.
they are intersect each other at right angle to each other the vertical plane of
projection is usually denoted by the letters VP and the other Plane is horizontal
plane of Projection is denoted by HP . The line in which they intersect is termed
as the reference line and is denoted by the letters xy.
The intersection of mutual perpendicular Planes i.e Vertical Plane and

Horizontal Plane Form Four quadrants as shown above figure 5.5. Here planes
to be assumed transparent here the object may be situated any one of four
quadrants. The projections are obtained by drawing perpendiculars from the
object to the planes, i.e by looking from the Front and Top. It should be
remembered that the first and third quadrants always opened out while rotating
the planes. The position of views with respect to the reference line will change
according to quadrant in which object may be situated as shown in below
figures.
First angle Projection: We have assumed the object to be situated in front of the
VP and above the HP i.e First quadrant and then projected it on these planes,
the method of projection is known as First angle projection method. Here object
lies between observer and plane of projection. In this method when the views
are drawn in their relative positions the Top view comes below the front view.
Third angle Projection: Here the object is assumed to be situated in third

quadrant, here Plane of projection assumed to be transparent. It lies between
Object and the observer. In this method when the views are drawn in their
relative positions the Top view comes below the front view.
Problem: Draw the front view, Top view and Side view of the given figure
Isometric Projection: Pictorial projections are used for presenting ideas which
may be easily understood by persons even with out technical training and
knowledge of multi-view drawing. The Pictorial drawing shows several faces
of an object in one view, approximately as it appears to the eye.
Principle ofIsometric Projections It is a pictorial orthographic projection of an

object in which a transparent cube containing the object is tilted until one of the
solid diagonals of the cube becomes perpendicular to the vertical plane and the
three axes are equally inclined to this vertical plane. Insometric projection of a
cube in steps is shown in Fig.9.1. HereABCDEFGH is the isometric projection
of the cube.
Isometric Scale In the isometric projection of a cube shown in Fig.
the top face ABeD is sloping away from the observer and hence the edges of
the top face will appear fore-shortened. The true shape of the triangle DAB is
represended by the triangle DPB.
Problem: Draw the isometric view of a pentagonal plane of 30mm side when
one of its sides is parallel to H.P, (a) When it is horizontal and (b) vertical.

Lab Plan : B. Tech. – I Sem : 2020-21

Link for Video Lecture
LAB TOPIC TO BE
Link for Video Lecture
NO. COVERED
To prepare a sheet on
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/e7ee2009-71a2-4ea6-a94a-
1 Lettering, dimensions & 35d7c965a538
Scales
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/a9d6432b-e933-498f-a39b-
2 Projection of point & 1b39f341f447
lines
To prepare a sheet on https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/6f56b7fc-e18f-4eec-98fb-
3 4379cdc4d260
Projection of planes
To prepare a sheet on https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/50013068-0a3c-4ae0-b9c7-
4 936d4ee1de89
Projection of solids
To prepare a sheet on https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/327b5743-abff-47da-b8a9-
5 fc45d0321379
section of solids
To prepare a sheet on https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/5f8550af-24c2-4b01-a94a-
6
Development of surfaces 086ccec396b0
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/2a31dcba-2c88-4690-9dab-
7 orthographic & 2dde31fc0cd1
Isometric projections
(A)https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/81c37417-bf2d-4857-
be42-613da1f526c3
(B)https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/c95d0a31-10c9-4792-
To draw basic
8ee6-c7cbfa36d1f4
8 geometrical entities (c)https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/96ec287e-910e-41d9-
using Auto cad software b04d-31020ad4ce01
(D)https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/74db467e-d774-4a3b-
9f84-e79d74d8d06e
Links of Virtual Lab / Other Videos

1. Link for virtual LAB
http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-
dev/labs/mit_bootcamp/egraphics_lab/labs/exp1/index.php
2. https://youtu.be/uojN7SOHPBw
3. https://youtu.be/fWEDMhLzl0o
4. https://youtu.be/VRsNQH3fYTQ
5. https://youtu.be/rp3swbAYZJU
6. https://youtu.be/r0ZSJfDL-Fo

8 KCE151P 251P Engg Graphics and Design Lab

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8 KCE151P 251P Engg Graphics and Design Lab

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Galgotias College of Engineering and technology

1,Knowledge Park-2, Greater Noida, U.P.

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

Vision- Mission of the Institute

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

➢ To impart quality education aimed at producing competent professionals capable of applying

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

Program specific outcomes (PSOs) for B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering

The students will be able to:

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teaching and Evaluation Scheme

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus of Subject (as prescribed by AKTU)

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

Text / reference books

3. Agrawal B. & Agrawal C.M. (2012), Engineering Graphics, McGraw Publication

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

CO, CO-PO Mapping

CO2: Understand the solid modeling and analysis of isometric views.

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

List of Equipment / Machines

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB NO. TOPIC TO BE COVERED

1 To prepare a sheet on Lettering, dimensions & Scales

4 To prepare a sheet on Projection of solids

5 To prepare a sheet on section of solids

6 To prepare a sheet on Development of surfaces

7 To prepare a sheet on orthographic & Isometric projections

8 To draw basic geometrical entities using Auto cad software

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

SAMPLE TITLE BLOCK

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

UPPER-CASE LETTERS & NUMERALS

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

There are four types of projections:

1. First angle projection

FIGURE: ALL FOUR QUADRANTS AND PLANES

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

FIGURE: ROTATION OF TOP VIEW IN ALL FOUR QUADRANTS

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Locate the point in quadrant as per description in the question.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION AND THIRD ANGLE

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

Followed in India, European countries Followed in USA

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. Show all necessary dimensions

Draw the projections of the given points

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

HP & 60⁰ to the VP. Draw its projections.

AIM: To prepare a sheet of the projections of given plane surfaces.

Plane perpendicular to both the reference planes VP &HP

1. Plane perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP.

2. Plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Draw reference line XY.

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MENCHANICAL ENGINEERING