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IERI Procedia 3 (2012) 105 – 113

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2212-6678 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Information Engineering Research Institute
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.1016/j.ieri.2012.09.018
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