CAMERA ASSISTED SYSTEMS

In finding vacant spaces specifically locating available parking spaces, it is a hassle to all drivers
to manually find it. So, in regards with this, suggestion of utilizing a camera has been
implemented.
Chem M. and Hou P.(2003) introduced a method to detect highway lane borders at night. They
filtered out bright spots to ignore distractions, then used math to ensure smooth lane borders.
For spotting vehicles, they looked for red and white lights and cleaned up extra noise. Their
tests showed success, but they noted that trucks and big buses might not be detected due to
high rear lights.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1241905

In another approach Suzuiu Y. et. Al(2005) introduce a "HIR" system for parking assistance.
They begin by elucidating the concept of the proposed system and presenting the experimental
equipment utilized. Subsequently, they assess the effectiveness of parking assistance using
images captured from a camera infrastructure. These images are processed to generate an
overhead view of the car, facilitating an intuitive understanding of distance and direction.
However, they find that relying solely on information from a fixed camera proves inadequate
for precise assistance. To address this limitation, they propose integrating additional data from
gyro sensors and geomagnetic sensors or increasing the number of cameras. Additionally, they
investigate the data transmission time and discover that either the volume of transmitted data
must be reduced, or the transmission speed must be increased for optimal performance.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1505086

Vitek et al.(2018) also introduces a fast and efficient algorithm designed for low-power
embedded systems to classify parking space images as occupied or vacant. The algorithm
enhances accuracy by incorporating vehicle rotation information and employs dense scanning
across multiple scales. Performance evaluation on the PKLot dataset and two new datasets
demonstrates effectiveness, with an average classification time of 100 ms per parking space on
a Raspberry Pi Zero. Real-world scenarios for off-street and on-street parking are considered,
though further improvements, particularly in predictive algorithms, are identified. Plans to
address security concerns involve implementing the system using IBM Bluemix and the MQTT
protocol.
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/1/69
 Author(s) Method/Approach
Chem M. et al. Camera-based detection for highway lanes
Suzuiu et al. HIR Based system for parking assistance
Vitek et al. Algorithm based for classifying parking spaces

The aforementioned studies underscore the importance of cameras in the study, as real-time
surveillance for parking spaces is crucial to accurately locate vacant parking areas.