Nani Kurniati, PhD

Content
 Describing variation
 Important continuous distribution
 Probability plot
 Inference process quality
 Sampling distribution
 Inference for single sample
 Inference for two sample
 Inference for more than two population

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Stem-and-Leaf Display

•Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 43

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Plot of Data in Time Order – dot plot

Marginal plot
produced by
MINITAB

•Also called a run chart

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Histograms – Useful for large data sets

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Table 2.3 surface finish defect in painted automotive hoods

6 5 8 0 4
5 4 1 1 2
4 3 6 2 4
5 3 4 2 5
5 5 4 3 3
1 7 6 2 2
2 4 4 7 3
2 3 3 3 5
2 4 4 3 7
4 5 5 3 12

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Numerical Summary of Data

Sample average

Sample variance

Sample standard deviation

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The Box Plot

(or Box-and-Whisker Plot)

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Comparative Box Plots

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Probability Distributions

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Sometimes called a Sometimes called a

probability mass function probability density function

Will see many examples in the text

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Characteristics probability distribution

Mean
variance

Standard deviation

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Standard normal distribution

Original normal
distribution

Standard normal
distribution

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Example

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Example

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• Practical interpretation – the sum of independent random

variables is approximately normally distributed regardless of
the distribution of each individual random variable in the sum
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 Determining if a sample of data might reasonably be

assumed to come from a specific distribution
 Probability plots are available for various distributions
 Easy to construct with computer software (MINITAB)
 Subjective interpretation

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Normal Probability Plot

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Other Probability Plots

 What is a reasonable choice as a probability model for
these data?

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Inference process quality

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t Distribution

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F Distribution

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Point Estimation

Table c4
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Null
Hypothesis
Alternative
Hypothesis

•In this example, H1 is a two-sided alternative hypothesis 31

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Inference for single sample

Variance known

 In some situations we may wish to reject Ho

only if the true mean is larger than µo
 Thus, the one-sided alternative hypothesis is H1: µ>µo,
and we would reject Ho: µ=µo only if Zo>Zα

 If rejection is desired only when µ<µo

 Then the alternative hypothesis is H1: µ<µo, and we
reject Ho only if Zo<−Zα
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Example

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P value

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Unkonwn variance

• For the two-sided alternative hypothesis, reject H0 if |t0| > t/2,n-1, where
t/2,n-1, is the upper /2 percentage of the t distribution with n  1 degrees of
freedom
• For the one-sided alternative hypotheses,
• If H1: µ1 > µ0, reject H0 if t0 > tα,n − 1, and
• If H1: µ1 < µ0, reject H0 if t0 < −tα,n − 1

• One could also compute the P-value for a t-test

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