Important Questions (For average and below average students) GT. Mend{Grorrdn, PASSING PACKAGE SUBJEC || PU CHEMISTRY (2023-2024) 1.Solutions 1. Problems on Colligative properties. wax, Relative lowering of vapourpressure” —? = po Ma xwy Ky xwrx Elevation of boiling point: AT, = —- "284000 MaxW1 Depressjon in freezing — Kpwaxt000 points?” te fo Maxwy Osmotic pressure: 1 = “2x8 M2*V 2, Write any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions. Ans: Ideal Non-ideal 1. They obey Raoults law 1. They obey Raoults Taw 2. Wiz = 0 2. Wie #0 3. BH mix = 0 3. MH nix #0pac any two differences between positive and negative deviation ‘Ans; se Negative 1. AV nix > 0 1. AV nie < 0. 2. Ms > 0 2. BH mix <0 3. Solvent ~solute interaction is 3. Solvent -solute interaction is ‘weaker than solvent-solvent and stronger than solvent-solvent and solute solute interaction solute solute interaction 4, What is reverse osmosis 7Mention any one of its use. ‘Ans: Flow of solvent out of a solution, through a semipermeable membrane, when pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side. Use: Desalination of sea water su Raoult’s law. In a solution of volatile liquids, the partial pressure of each component of the solution is directly pommel to its mole fraction, [Kae Henry's law. Write its mathematical form, ‘Ans: “ Mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution P=KyX Jee do you expect to happen when RBC is placed in (i) 1% NaCl solution and (ii) 0.5% NaCl Solution, Ans: (i) In 1% NaCl solution RBC will Shrink. (ii) In 0.5% NaCl solution RBC will Swell at are azeotropes? s: Binary liquid mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature are called azeotropic mixtures. Minimum boiling azeotropes: Mixture of ethanol(95%) and water(5%) Maximum boiling azeotropes: Mixture of nitric acid(68%) and water (32%) 9, What are isotonic solutions? Ans: Two solutions having a same osmotic pressure at a given temperature. 10, What is the value of vantHoff factor (i) for KSOx (ii) MgSOx (iii) Ethanoie acid in benzene ? Ans: (i) 3 (ii)2 Gi) 0.5 fefine molarity? How does it vary with temperature? ike Number of moles of solutes present in one litre of solutions. Inversly or as temperature increase foariy decreases 2. How solubility of gas in liquid varies with (i) Temperature (ji) Pressure Ans: (i) Temperature increases solubility of gas in liquid decreases. i) Pressure increases solubility of gas in liquid increases2.Chemical Kinetics 1. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate rate constant for a zero order reaction Consider a zero order reaction R—P 4 #8 = x tRp @R]=-Kdt ( RP=1) (On integration we get, 0 then [R]=[R]o Therefore [Rlo=-Kx0 +1 Then I= [RJo equation (1) becomes [R] =-Kt + [Ro Kr=[RJo-[R) x = le=8) 2. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate constant for a first order reaction . Consider a first order reaction ate ae) -@ -xpRy oe moka On integration we get, _ In(RJ=-Kt +1 —- (1) When t=0 then, (R]=([RJo InfRJo=-Kx0 +1 Then I= - InfRJo equation (1) becomes In{R]= -Kt + InfRJo Kt= In[RJo - In{R] = jy flo Then, Kt = ln TR} 2.303 (ne ER) 3, What is pseudo first order reaction ? Give an example. ‘Ans: Reactions of higher order which are made first order by taking the relative concentration of all the reactants very high except one called pseudo first order reaction. Example: Inversion of cane sugar CygHyaOyy + HzO ——>Cos2p * Cetra4. Write any two differences between order and Molecularity. Ans: Order jolecularity Titmay be whole number, | 1. It cannot be fraction or fraction or zero zero a 2. May or may not depends | 2. Depends on balanced onthe balanced equation _| equation 5. What are two criteria for effective collision according to the collision theory? ‘Ans: (i) proper orientation of reactant (ii) Activation energy. 6. Draw a graph of potential energy versus reaction co ordinate to show the effect of a catalyst on activation energy t > without catalyst Potential with catalyst Energy Products Reaction coordinate > 7, Problems on: 1.ty, = 96% fk Tet k ky 23038 T27 8. Write the Arrhenius equation and mention what each term stands for. Ea 2. log Ans: k = Ae k- rate const _ T-temperature A- Arrhenius const, Ea — Activation energy 9. Unit of rate constant of a reaction is the same as unit of rate of reaction . What is the order of the reaction ? Ans: Zero order 10. What happens to the half life period of a first order reaction, if the initial concentration of the reaction increased ? Ans: Half life period of a first order reaction independent of initial concentration (or remains same)5. State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. Write its mathematical form using usual notation. Ans: It states that, the amount of substance deposited or liberated at any electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte w=ZIt 4.d and f block elements 1. How is potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore? ‘Ans: Step 1: Chromite ore is mixed with soda ash and burnt in excess of air gives sodium chromate. AFeCrs0s + 8NazCOs+ 702 ——* 8NaxC10, + 2Fe:0s + 8COr Step 2: Sodium chromate is treated with acid gives sodium dichromate. 2NaxCrOs + 2H-—+ = NaxCrnO; + 2Na* + HO Step 3: Sodium dichromate is treated with potassium chloride gives potassium dichromate. NaxCOr + 2KCL—+ —KaCrn0; + 2NaCl 2, How is potassium permanganate is prepared from MnO; (pyrolusite) ? Step 1: fusion of MnO; with KOH and an oxidising agent like KNOs it produces the dark green K:Mn0, solution 2Mn02 + 4KOH +02 ——* 2K2Mn04 +2H20 Step 2: dark KaMnOs disproportionates in a neutral or acidic solution to give purple colour of permanganate. 3MnO?+ 4H? ——» 2MnOs+ MnOzt 21:0 3. What are interstitial compounds? Write any three characteristics of interstitial compounds? ‘Ans: Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H,C or N are trapped inside the crystal lattice of metals Characteristics: (i) They are very hard (ii) They have high melting points (iii) They are chemically inert 4, Transition elements show variable oxidation states. Give two reasons : (i) Because both (n-1)d and ns electrons involved in bonding (ii) Energy gap between (n-I)d and ns orbital is very small 5, Transition metals(3d) and their compounds are good catalysts. Give three reasons. Ans: (i) Variable oxidation states (ii) Presence of partially filled d orbitals (iii) Ability to form complexes.11. The unit of rate constant of a reaction is mol" Ls. Predict the order of the reaction. Ans: Second order. 12. For a reaction A+B —> Produc, rate law is given by r =k [A]? [B]* . What is the order of the reaction ? Ans: Order of the reaction = %4 +2 =5/2 3. Electrochemistry 1. Problems on: a. Beat = E'ea - 2°57 tog Yl 7 b. AG=-nFEcat 2. Draw a labeled diagram of standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Write its half-cell reaction and E value. Ans: The standard hydrogen electrode consists of a platinum electrode coated with platinum black. The electrode is filled with hydrogen gas at one bar pressure. It is dipped in one molar acidic solution. Then equilibrium present between the adsorbed hydrogen and hydrogen ions in the solution. 2H"(aq) + 2e" H(g) oats coon The Standard electrode potential of hydrogen electrode is OV. so it can act as reference electrode. 3. State Koblrausch law. Write any two applications ‘Ans; It states that the molar conductance of an electrolyte at infinite the ionic conductances of cation and anion Applications: (i) It is used to determine the molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte. (ii) Used to determine the degree of dissociation and dissociation constant for a weak electrolyte on is equal to the sum of 4, What is corrosion? Mention any two methods for prevention of corrosion. Ans: The process of deterioration of a metal as a result of its seaction with air or water in its surroundings is called corrosion Prevention methods:(i) painting (ii) Electroplating3d® &sp* hybrid orbitals tt jit | tt th [tt jt [th [ot [tt Magnetic character: diamagnetic b) LCoF«l* complex: Co( Z= 27) electronic configuratio is -[Ar] 3d” 4s? and 3d6 43° / th [tt |t it fluoride ligand can act as weak ligand, Hence 3d electrons are not paired ad 4s 4p 4d wn Go) [ J sp’ hybridisation Co™ electronic configuration is aaé sp'e? hybrid orbitals te [tit it lt tit) [tt [tt | Tt Hybridization: sp'd? Shape: Octahedral Magnetic character: paramagnetic ONC Ni( Z= 28) electronic ‘configuration is [Ar] 34° 4s? and Ni** electronic configuration is -[Ar) 38 45° fh [tt [tt CN’ ligand can act as strong ligand. It causes the pairing of the unpaired 3d electrons Ni* electronic configuration is ~{Ar] 3d® 4° 4p? ft [mt [th [th SS) 3d dsp? hybrid orbitals th [tt [tt [tt ft [tt [tt [i Hybridization: dsp? Shape: square planar Magnetic character: diamagnetic.6. Transition element forms complexes(co-ordination compounds). Give three reasons Ans; (i)Presence of partially filled d-orbitals (ii) High ionic charge (iii) Small size of metal ion. 7. What is lanthanide contraction ? Write two consequences of lanthanide contraction. Ans: The regular decrease in atomic and ionic size along lanthanide series is called Lanthanide contraction. Consequences: () Similarity in size of second and third transition series, (i) Difficulty in separation of lanthanides 8. What is the common oxidation state exhibited by lanthanides and actinides? Ans: +3 9. Give reason: Actinides show variable oxidation states than lanthanides. Ans: Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals. 10. Give reason: Actinide contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanide contraction. ‘Ans: Due to poor shielding effect of 5f electrons than 4f electrons. 11. Give reason: Zr and Hf have almost same atomic radii Ans: Due to Lanthanide contraction. 12, Transition metals are generally form colored compounds. ‘Ans: Due to the presence of unpaired d-electrons and ability to undergo d-d transition. 13. Name the transition element which does not exhibhit variable oxidation state? Ans: Scandium 14, Calculate spin only magnetic moment (any transition ion) 5.Co-ordination Compounds 1. Explain the hybridisation , geometry and magnetic property of the complex usifg VBT theory (. [Co(NH3)«* complex: Co{ Z= 27) electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3d’ 4s* and Co* electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3d6 43° leah tee eet NHs ligand can act as strong ligand. It causes the pairing of the unpaired 3d electrons Co electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d 4s 4p nu Iu Tt (|electronic configuration is -{Ar] 3d 4s? and electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d 4s ti [tt [tt [tit chloride ligand can act as weak ligand. Hence 3d electrons are not paired electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3at 45° ap" I [nu ttt [ J aS 3d sp* hybrid orbitals foes lapel (nTn Tn Te] Hybridization: sp* Shape: Tetrahedral Magnetic character: paramagnetic. 2. Write any three postulates of Werner’s theory. ‘Ans: (i) In co ordination compounds metals show two types of linkages- primary and secondary. (ii) The primary valences are normally ionisable-satisfied by negative ions (ii) Secondary valences are not ionisable-satisfied by neutral or negative ions 3. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example. ‘Ans: Complex formed of only a single type of ligand are called homoleptic complexes Ex: [Cu(NHs)iJ*, [NiChP-. Etc 4, What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example ‘Ans: Complex formed of different type of ligands are called homoleptic complexes Ex: [Co(NHs)sCh] . [Pt(NH:):Ch] ete 5, Draw the structure of cis and trans isomer for a. [PX(NHs):Ch] b. [Co(NHs)sCh]" cr NH ct NH . j ke 7 7 ms “/ “IN ZIN wit, Ny ot Nw, a I am, || [ vt Wans-PUNH,),Cl, ela PUGNH,), ‘Tans -(6o(uh) 11" eis -{eo4nh,),01)"6. Draw a figure to show the splitting of d orbitals in a Octabedral crystal field Energy dy2_p, dg “Average ene 2 | vo coon | Bl | ottitals "spherical aystalfeld “|” | — i de. 32, ey Gras yz ey. Oex dye Splitung ot corbitats in octahedral crystal field 7, What is ambidentate ligand? Name the type of structural isomerism that arises in the co-ordination compound containing such a ligand. ‘Ans: Ligands which can ligate through two different atoms are called ambidentate ligand. Linkage isomerism 6. Haloalkanes and Halo arenes 1.Explain Sy1 mechanism with an example. Mechanism : ‘Step 1: Tertiary butyl bromide undergoes slow ionization gives carbocation. CHs CHs cHcer Ss ome + 4 Br CH; CHs ‘This is a slow step and hence itis a rate determining step. Step 2: The nucleophile OH" attack carbocation and gives tertiary butyl alcohol. cis cH 1 CiiC* + OH —+ CHyCOH = t Order=te, CHs Order=1 2. Explain $x2 mechanism with an example ‘The reaction between CH3CI and sodium hydroxide yields methanol . It is second order reaction. The rate depends on the concentration of both chloro methane and sodium hydroxide. FC na Ara Meats es “ HO pa “S--f---Si] —> HOH, a a H | ‘Transition state Order =23. Explain Wurtz, reaction with an example, ‘Ans: Wurtzreaction ether 2RxX+2Na SHE, R.R+ 2Nax ally halide alkane Ex 2CHs-cl+2Na 8M, cH, .cHs + 2NaCl methyl chloride ethane 4, Explain Wurtz-Fittig reaction with an example. Wurtz - Fittig reaction Ether 4 2Ne + RX + 2Nax alkyl halide ‘benzene halo arene ex cy Hs Ether + 2Nact F2Ne 4 chy ci ‘methyl chloride chlorobenzene Tolvene: 5. Explain Fittig reaction with an example. Fitig reaction a0 Jem C19 + maZeere i ime peng e 2 vam ERS ff [ S) + 2x 2 csevenene ones! 6. Why aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions ? Give reasons. ‘Ans: (i) Phenyl cation is not stabilized by resonance (ii) Due to electron rich benzene ring , nucleophiles are not easily approach 7. Explain Swarts reaction with an example CHsBr + Ag F ——» CHF + AgBr mamitonte ser foite ma oe 8. Explain Finkelstein reaction with an example. ey CHaBr + Nal ———>CHal + NaBr retmttorde sesame mothylioside ‘9. What are enantiomers ? Ans: Stereo isomers related to each other as non super imposable mirror images.10. What is chirality? Ans: The object which are non-superimposable on their mirror images are said to be chiral molecule and the property is called chirality. 11. A racemic mivture is optically inactive, Give reason. Ans: Because optical rotation by one enantiomer is cancelled by the other. 12. What are freons ? Ans : The chloroflurocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as feons. |3. Name the poisonous gas formed when chloroform is oxidized by air in the presence of Hight | Ans: Phosgene (COCL) | 1 Exphin 14, What is chiral (asymmetric) carbon atom? Ans: Carbon which is bonded to four different atom or groups is called chiral carbon atom 7.Alcohols , Phenols and Ethers mechanism of dehydration of ethanol to ethene. Mechanism ‘cep 1: Formation of protonated alcohol. wee jae ee oh Ba ne Protonated alcohol ‘Step 2: Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and hence. the rate determining step of the reaction. HHH H 6 Open SS CE no ag HE ‘Step 3: Formation of ethene by elimination of a proton. H a H HG = Ye oo +H HOH HOH Ethene 2.How do you prepare phenol from Cumene ? Give equation ehctorn oH O-Ge OQ: en:3. Explain Kolbes reaction with an example. ‘ONe oH 4.002,6-Tatm AW Con Ans: ( 2H Z ‘sodium phenoxide Selicyic acid 4, Explain Reimer-Tiemann reaction with an example. OH On 1. NaOH + CHOI, a 26 Phenol Saltylalceryde 5. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis with an example. Ans: R-X+R-ONa_ ——™ R-O-R +NaX iyi ice sade aise eter CHy-C1+ CH -ONa ——> CH -0-CHs + NaCt ie cotta sodamrmtorce nea 6. What is the action of bromine in ethanoic acid on anisole? Give equation OCH, ‘oc, “Owe oo. na - 7. What pee when anisole reacts with mixture of concentrated HNOs and H:SO: ? Give equation. 5 cts Gone. HNOs NOz + cone, “cone S00 nivale ‘o-nito anisole pnivo anisole bision 8, What happens when anisole reacts with methyl chloride (CHsCl) in the presence of anhyd. AICI: ? Give equation. oon Ans: Tne nics Arisole o-methyl anisole ae’ anisole Gijon9. Complete the following reactions: OH 5 ns: — ? bre oc zac ds) Phenol. benzene Hs Hc Db He-dects +H —e 2 ans: HO-E-} by fs t-butlioide conto, ecuckon =? Ans: Cis-0-Caby ethanol ‘dehy eer 10. What is Lucas reagent ? Which alcohol reacts slowly with lucas reagent ? Ans: Mixture of concentrated HCI and anhydrous Zine chloride Primary alcohol 8.Aldehydes , Ketones and Carboxylic acids 1, Explain the mechanism of addition of HCN to carbonyl compounds. HCN + Of === N+ HO Ne —. Sd + Sy ——— — a ‘CN ‘retrahedral Li oom intermediate on Cyanohydrin: 2. Explain Rossenmund reaction with an example. goei Ho os —_— +o 22804 Benzoyl chloride Benzaldehyde 3.Explain Gattermann-Koch reaction. Ho rm conch ‘Asyd. AICI ICuCt Benzene BenzaldehydeB= COOH Bonzoic acid a, Aldol condense ton 4. Explain Clemmensen reduction reaction CONHe Benzamide dit Neot! 8. What is the action of ammonia on benzoic acid? Give equation. 1 NH, “OO es me mo Soe “Carbory compound . Saar Ree eae Acetone? Gone. HCI propane 5. Explain Wolf Kishner reaction i ets Spee MM Ny eae > ns wens carbonyl compound hydrazone —— 7 Hes Hy NH Kon Ho CH CH ON Hee—C | CH= tage tk ‘acetone HsC7 nydrazone ropane: 6.Explain Cannizzaro’s reaction with an example. coo OH : ome 0 i ‘Ans: Benzaldehyde ‘sodium acetate benzyl alcohol 7.How do you prepare carboxylic acid from Grignard reagents? Give equation. oO ° dy ae ee eee Ans: o==c==0 + RMX ale RG ak RG -FMGKOHX dry ice Grignard reagent OMg Xx OH addition product carboxylic acid Og Ge 4 HCH, Go A Cekey dey dye tu, Gd CH tHe > Have My Ce cucuo on Crokoral deagcle Drydeompostan all a (a dot) —9, What isthe effect of following groups on acidity of carboxylic acids? ()-CHy (ii) NO» Ans: () Acidity decreases (ti) Acidity increases 10. Explain HVZ reaction with an example, a 1. Ol, Red P if Ans: CHCOOH pe H,¢-COOH ethanoic acid 2 2-chloro ethanolic acid 9.Amines 1. Explain Hoffmann degradation reaction with an example. 4 ‘Ans: RCONH2 +812 +4NEOH ———eRNH, + NagCO3 +2NaBir #210 amide 1° amine 4 Ex CH{CONH, #8, 4NaOH ———> CHsNH, +Na,CO3 +2N@Br +2420 ethanamide methy! amine Explain carbylamine reaction with an example ™ ‘Ans: CHaNH + CHCls #3KOH——> CHgNC + 3KC1 +3H,0 methanamine ‘methy|isooyanide 3 Eee corte reaction with an example. Np ‘ci _NaNO2 + HCI + NaCl +H20 rae ‘Aniine benzene diazonium chloride 4, How is aniline is prepared from nite | benzene? No, Fensct Nivobenzene Railing 5. Between aniline and ammonia , whicht one is more basic and Why? ‘Ans: Ammonia because In aniline lone pair of electrons are involved in resonance and less available for protonation10. Biomolecules 1. Write the Haworth structure of maltose, oH Guont wt se ‘ 4 WA Wg WPL 0 Ko An n n 4 q pm o a) ~~ Glucose a-D=Ohueowe Mattose 2. Write the Haworth structure ot Lactose Ht p-D-Calactove Lactone 3. Write the Haworth structure of Sucrose i ‘cHOR W (0 Ho (1 —= 2) glycosidic bond HOH | ° none 9. | K cH,0n Ht 4, What are essential amino acid given an example ‘Ans: Amino acids that are not synthesised in the body and must be supplied through diet are called essential amino acids. Ex :Lysine, valine etc 5, What are non-essential amino acid? Give an example ‘Ans: Amino acids that are synthesised in the body are called non-essential amino acids Ex :Glycine, alanine ete 6. What is peptide bond? How many peptide bonds are present in tetraptide? ‘Ans: The CO-NH bond formed between two amino acid with elimination of water molecule is called peptide bond, 3. bonds7.What is denaturation of proteins? Which level structure remains intact during denaturation? Ans: The loss of biological and physical properties of protein by action of base, acid or any other denaturating agent is called denaturation of proteins Primary structure remains intact 8. Give an example for naturally occurring optically inactive a-amino acid. Ans: Glycine 9. Give an example for globular protein. ‘Ans: Albumin, Insulin ete 10. Name the protein present in hair Ans: Keratin 11, Name a hormone which regulates the blood-sugar (Glucose) level in the body, Ans: Insulin 12, Which hormone is responsible for the hyperthyroidism? Or containing iodine? Ans: Thyroxine 13, Name the vitamin, whose deficiency cause (i) Night blindness (ii) Scurvy (iii) Rickets (iv) Pernicious anaemia (v) Beri-Beri Ans: (i) Vitamin A (i) Vitamin C (iii) vitamin Div) Vitamin Biz (v) Vitamin By 14, Name a nitrogen base present in DNA but not in RNA. ‘Ans: Thymine 15. Name a nitrogen base present in RNA but not in DNA. Ans: Uracil 16. Name the base which forms hydrogen bond with adenine in helix structure of DNA. Ans: Thymine 17. Name the base which forms hydrogen bond with guanine in helix structure of DNA. Ans: Cytosine 18. Give an example of water soluble vitamins. Ans: B and C 19. Give an example of fat soluble vitamins Ans: A,D,E and K