02/10/2023

Module 3
Aesthetics:
Study of Art and Beauty

1. Define aesthetics.
2. Enumerate the terms used in
aesthetics.
3. Explain the Filipino aesthetic
Objectives worldview.
4. Compare and contrast the Filipino,
Western, and Japanese sense of art
and beauty.
5. Formulate an aesthetic approach to
Art Appreciation.

1
 02/10/2023

3.1 The Field of Aesthetics

3.2 Aesthetic Terms

3.3 Hierarchy of Beauty

3.4 The Filipino Aesthetic Worldview

The Field of
Aesthetics

2
 02/10/2023

“Everything has
beauty, but not
everyone sees it.”
Confucius

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 5

Venus of
Willendorf,
24,000-
22,000 B.C.E.

Venus de
Milo,
150-125
B.C.E.

Image by Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by Livioandronico2013, CC BY-SA 4.0

3
 02/10/2023

Thomas Gainsborough
Quentin Matsys, The Ugly Duchess, 1513 Duchess of Beaufort, 1770-1780

Greek Greek Greek

• aisthesthai • aisthēta • aisthētikos

AESTHETICS • perceive • perceptible

things

Etymology
(Oxford English Dictionary) GERMAN: “concerned with beauty”
mid 18th century

English
- “relating to perception by the
senses” late 18th century
- “concerned with beauty”
early 19th century

4
 02/10/2023

Alexander Gottlieb
Baumgarten (1714–1762)
• epistêmê aisthetikê, or the
science of what is sensed and
imagined (the science of
sensory perception), 1735
• a realm of concrete
knowledge, as distinct from
the abstract where content is
communicated in sensory
forms

Aesthetics
Theory about the ultimate reality of things

Nature of Beauty
• Why are beautiful things beautiful?

Essence of Art
• What makes something a work of art?

5
 02/10/2023

Aesthetic Definition of Art

by artists using their creativity

by art spectators with artistic taste

anything with a value that delights

art distinguished from nature

Two Ways of Considering Beauty

RELATIVE ABSOLUTE
• “Beauty is in the eye of the • “Beauty is in the thing itself.”
beholder.”

6
 02/10/2023

Division of Aesthetics

Theory of Beauty
• Nature of beautiful things

Theory of Art
• Essence of art

Theory of Art Criticism

• Evaluation of the merit or demerit of works of art

Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1484-1486

THEORY OF ART: Is this art?

THEORY OF ART
CRITICISM: Is this art great?

7
 02/10/2023

THEORY OF
BEAUTY:
Is she beautiful?

Aesthetic Terms

8
 02/10/2023

Categories of Value

Logical Ethical Aesthetic

•True •Good •Beautiful

•False •Bad •Ugly

Aesthetic Values

BEAUTIFUL UGLY
• Delights • Glooms
• Wow! • Yuck!

9
 02/10/2023

AESTHETIC VALUES ACCORDING TO THE SENSES

SENSES SENSING: Sense-Data FORMS OF ART

SEEING: colors, shapes, lines, space, size, VISUAL ART: painting, sculpture, architecture,
EYE
motion dance, theater

HEARING: sound, tone, sharpness, rhythm,

EARS AUDITORY ART: music, theater
melody

NOSE SMELLING: odor OLFACTORY ART: perfume making, cooking

TONGUE TASTING: taste CULINARY ART: cooking, baking

SKIN TOUCHING: texture, motion TACTILE ART: sculpture, clothing, art of pleasure

IMAGINATION IMAGINING: mental images, dreams IMAGINATIVE ART: literature, drama (written)

AESTHETIC VALUES ACCORDING TO THE SENSES

SENSE-DATA BEAUTIFUL, PLEASING “UGLY,” UNPLEASANT

COLOR picturesque, vibrant, vivid drab, gloomy, flat

SHAPE pretty, proportioned grotesque, distorted

SIZE cute, true-to-life enormous, colossal

MOTION graceful, fluid awkward, stilted

SOUND lovely, melodic droll, raucous

ODOR fragrant, aromatic foul, putrid

TASTE delicious, savory pungent, piquant

TOUCH pleasant, velvety harsh, coarse

IMAGE fantastic, impressive ridiculous, bizarre

10
 02/10/2023

COLOR

Piet Mondrian,
Composition with
Red, Yellow and
Blue, 1924

Vibrant
or
Flat

11
 02/10/2023

Wassily
Kandinsky,
Composition,
VII, 1913

Vibrant
or
Flat

Kazimir Malevich,
White on White,
1924

Vibrant
or
Flat

12
 02/10/2023

Vincent van Gogh,

Sunset at Wheat Field,
1880

Roy Lichtenstein,
Sinking Sun, 1964

13
 02/10/2023

Edvard Munch,
The Scream,
1893

COLORFUL BUILDING

St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow, Russia

14
 02/10/2023

FILIPINO
SENSE OF BEAUTY
The colorful is
beautiful.

COLORFUL DESIGN IN PHILIPPINE FOLK ART

15
 02/10/2023

THE COLORFUL ART OF THE PHILIPPINE KALESA

16
 02/10/2023

THE COLORFUL ART OF TRICYCLE DESIGN

COLORFUL PHILIPPINE ICE CREAM CART

17
 02/10/2023

COLORFUL
ART OF THE
PAROL

Lanterns
made of
capiz shells
with twikling
light design

Giant Lantern Festival, Pampanga

18
 02/10/2023

COLORFUL PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ART

19
 02/10/2023

Abdul Mari Imao, Sarimanok, 1975

T’nalak, T’boli Art

20
 02/10/2023

T’boli woman
weaving t’nalak,
(Dreamweaver)

21
 02/10/2023

Nike Shoes with T’nalak Design

COLORFUL COSTUMES,
ACCESSORIES AND DECORATION

22
 02/10/2023

COLORFUL BANDERITAS DURING PHILIPPINE FIESTA

PAHIYAS FESTIVAL IN LUCBAN, QUEZON

23
 02/10/2023

SINULOG FESTIVAL, CEBU CITY

KADAYAWAN FESTIVAL, DAVAO

24
 02/10/2023

PENAGBENGA FESTIVAL, BAGUIO CITY

DINANGYANG FESTIVAL, ILOILO

25
 02/10/2023

ATI-ATIHAN FESTIVAL in KALIBO, AKLAN

MASSKARA FESTIVAL, BACOLOD

26
 02/10/2023

T’NALAK FESTIVAL, SOUTH COTABATO

THE COLORFUL
IS BEAUTIFUL

27
 02/10/2023

HORROR VACUI:
a fear or dislike of leaving empty spaces, especially in an
artistic composition (Oxford English Dictionary)

Alfonso Osorio,
Blood Lines,
1949-1953

28
 02/10/2023

Alfonso Osorio,
Beach Comber,
1953

SHAPE

29
 02/10/2023

THE BEAUTIFUL SHAPE OF A DOME

St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City

DOME

House of Congress, Washington D.C.

30
 02/10/2023

DOME

Taj Mahal in Agra, India

DOME

Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey

31
 02/10/2023

Beautiful Shape

Sydney Opera House, Australia

Grotesque

Bayeux Cathedral in Normandy, France

32
 02/10/2023

BODY:
SEXY

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque, 1814

33
 02/10/2023

Jean Auguste
Dominique
Ingres,
Odalisque
with Slave,
1842

Juan Luna, Odalisque, 1885

34
 02/10/2023

Henri Privat-Livemont,
Absinthe Robette,
1896

(lithograph)
Art Nouveau

GROTESQUE

Venus of Willendorf

35
 02/10/2023

Leonardo da Vinci,
Five Grotesque
Heads, 1494

SIZE

36
 02/10/2023

GREEK AND
WESTERN SENSE
OF BEAUTY
The big is
beautiful.

Phidias, Statue of Zeus

~435 BCE, 41 ft. high

Charles of Lindos, Colossus of Rhodes

280 BC, 108 ft. high

37
 02/10/2023

Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi,

Statue of Liberty, 1886
305 ft. high

THE TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD Burj

Khalifa,
Taipei Dubai,
Sears 101, 2,772 ft.
Empire Tower, Taiwan,
State Chicago, 1,666 ft
Building, 1,450 ft.
Pyramid New York
of Kufu 1,250 ft.
Egypt,
420 ft.

38
 02/10/2023

TALLEST BUILDING
IN THE PHILIPPINES

PBCom Tower
Ayala, Makati City
790 feet high
55 floors

JAPANESE
SENSE OF BEAUTY
The small is
beautiful.

BONSAI
miniature tree
in a pot

39
 02/10/2023

SMALLEST
ORIGAMI

Folded from a piece of

plastic film measuring
0.1 x 0.1 mm by Naito
Akira in 2004

40
 02/10/2023

HAIKU
Japanese short poem
composed of 3 lines
with 17 syllables

An old, silent pond…

A frog jumps into the pond,
Splash! Silence again.
(Basho Matsuo)

Ah, such vast stillness!

Even the cicada’s cry
Sinks into the stone.

JAPANESE
SENSE OF
BEAUTY
The less is
beautiful.

MINIMALISM
Use of least
number of
elements

ZEN
PAINTING
Landscape

41
 02/10/2023

ZEN
PAINTING
Circle

ZEN PAINTING
Bamboo

42
 02/10/2023

ZEN PAINTING
River

43
 02/10/2023

君が代は
千代に八千代に
細石の
KIMIGAYO 巌となりて
苔の生すまで
Waka poem
(tanka) Kimi ga yo wa
794 AD Chiyo ni yachiyo ni
Sazare-ishi no
Iwao to narite
National Koke no musu made
Anthem of
Japan
May your reign
Continue for a thousand,
Eight thousand generations,
Until the pebbles
Grow into boulders
Lush with moss

SOUND &
MOTION

44
 02/10/2023

TIMBRE OF THE HUMAN VOICE

FLOWING EFFECT Jose Mari Chan,

(Continuous Sound) “Constant Change”

TREMBLING EFFECT Louis Armstrong,

TREMOLO OR “It’s a Wonderful
VIBRATO World”
(Vibrating Sound)

Michael Jackson,
“Beat It,” 1986

45
 02/10/2023

TOUCH

KAMA SUTRA
Art of Pleasure

46
 02/10/2023

IMAGES

Salvador Dali,
Persistence of
Memory, 1931

47
 02/10/2023

Salvador Dali,
The Dream,
1931

Giorgio de Chirico,
The Soothsayer’s
Recompense, 1913

48
 02/10/2023

Jacek Yerka,
Don’t Slam
the Door, 1933

Jacek Yerka,
The City Is
Landing, 2002

49
 02/10/2023

Jacek Yerka,
Brontosaurus
Civitas, 2004

Rene Magritte,
Fine Realities,
1964

50
 02/10/2023

The
Hierarchy of
Beauty

Beauty

Ugliness

51
 02/10/2023

Simonetta Vespucci (model);

Sandro Botticelli,
Venus and Mars, 1485

A Samburu
woman from
Kenya, Africa

52
 02/10/2023

Nikki Ziering,
model and
actress,
Smoke Magazine

Dalagang Pilipina;
Fernando Amorsolo,
Dalagang Bukid,
1926

53
 02/10/2023

Albrecht Dürer,
Self-Portrait at 26,
1498

54
 02/10/2023

Leonardo da Vinci,
Grotesque Head,
1482-1499

Tom Cruise,
Hollywood actor,
Time Magazine,
2002

55
 02/10/2023

Vincent van Gogh,

Self-Portrait,
1889

56
 02/10/2023

DEGREES OF AESTHETIC VALUES

1. SUBLIME purely delights
B
2. GRAND delights and awes
E
3. ELEGANT delights and impresses
A
4. CHARMING delights and attracts
U
5. COMIC delights and entertains
T
6. TRAGIC delights and saddens
Y
7. TERRIBLE delights and fears
8. SCARY glooms and fears
U
G 9. HORRIBLE glooms and saddens
L 10. BIZARRE glooms and entertains
I
N 11. POIGNANT glooms and attracts
E 12. PERVERSE glooms and impresses
S 13. RUSTIC glooms and awes
S
14. PATHETIC purely glooms

SCARY
Glooms and fears

57
 02/10/2023

Larry Alcala, Splice of Life COMIC Delights and Entertains

Charlie Chaplin COMIC Delights and Entertains

58
 02/10/2023

Chaim Soutine,
Carcass of Beef,
1925

BIZARRE
Glooms and entertains

Rembrandt,
Slaughtered
Ox, 1655

59
 02/10/2023

Chaim Soutine,
Mad Woman,
1920

Chaim Soutine,
Woman in Red,
1924

60
 02/10/2023

Damien Hirst, This little piggy went to market, this little

piggy stayed at home (1996), INSTALLATION ART

Damien Hirst,This little piggy went to market, this little

piggy stayed at home (1996), INSTALLATION ART

61
 02/10/2023

Damien Hirst,
God Alone
Knows, 2007

Frida Kahlo, My Birth, 1932

62
 02/10/2023

RUSTIC Glooms and awes

Charles Emile
Champmartin,
Theodore Gericault
on His Deathbed,
1824

SUBLIME
Purely delights

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, 1647–1652

63
 02/10/2023

GRAND
Delights and awes
Beethoven
Choral: Ode to Joy
From the Ninth Symphony
Performed by Choir and
Orchestra of 10,000 Members
Osaka, Japan

Comic Version

The
Filipino Aesthetic
Worldview

64
 02/10/2023

• Prospero Covar: Filipino

personhood; loob at labas
Filipino
Anthropology • F. Landa Jocano: Filipino
Worldview, “Aesthetic
Dimension”

A way people look at the universe

WORLDVIEW
People’s picture of the universe that lies
deep in the heart of culture

Worldview
=
Language

A system of symbols and meanings

CULTURE people use to organize their ideas
which they express through language

LANGUAGE Contains words that carry culture

Analysis of the meaning of words in a language is analysis

of the form of culture on which lies people’s worldview

65
 02/10/2023

Dimensions of the Filipino Worldview

(F. Landa Jocano)

1. Natural Dimension 6. Ethical Dimension

2. Biological Dimension 7. Moral Dimension
3. Communal Dimension 8. Aesthetic Dimension
4. Social Dimension 9. Teleological Dimension
5. Normative Dimension 10.Ideological Dimension

Ganda (Beauty)
• The primary Filipino aesthetic term
• “the sum total of katangian (traits) associated with
anything—material or nonmaterial—that give[s] the
highest pleasure to the senses”
• physical appearance (ayos) and social character
(ugali)
• “Ganda is a totality and not a mere aspect of social,
intellectual, and material reality.”

66
 02/10/2023

Ganda (Beauty)
• cf. Covar’s Filipino personhood: pagkataong
panlabas (physical appearance) and his pagkataong
panloob (social behavior)
• Relative since its use depends on the judgment of
the beholder
• Aesthetic taste involves moral judgment.
• Maganda ang mabuti.
• GANDA = BUTI

AESTHETICS OF FILIPINO PERSONHOOD

(ESTETIKA NG PAGKATAONG FILIPINO)
Maayos
(Pagkataong Panlabas)
Beautiful physical appearance Pagkataong Maganda
Pareho sa Labas at Kanais-nais
Loob = Desirable,
(Beautiful Valuable
Mabuti ang Ugali
Personhood)
(Pagkataong Panloob)
Good social behavior

67
 02/10/2023

CATEGORIES OF GANDA
GANDA (Beauty)

DILAG ALINDOG RIKIT

(Gorgeousness) (Charm) (Loveliness)

RANGYA DINGAL KINANG NINGNING

(Grandeur) (Magnificence) (Radiance) (Luster)

LAMBING AMO
(Affection) (Gentleness)

INAM KINTAB LUNINGNING

(Goodness) (Radiance) (Luster)

KISIG GILAS KISLAP

(Proportion) (Symmetry) (Radiance)

CATEGORIES OF GANDA
GANDA (Beauty)

Ganda that is
overwhelming
DILAG ALINDOG RIKIT
(Gorgeousness) (Charm) (Loveliness)

RANGYA DINGAL KINANG NINGNING

(Grandeur) (Magnificence) (Radiance) (Luster)
Gorgeous display Gorgeous display
of ganda in of ganda in
appearance cosmetics, jewelry
speech, action orLAMBING
attire AMO
(Affection) (Gentleness)

INAM KINTAB LUNINGNING

(Goodness) Implies orderliness, (Radiance) (Luster)
neatness or fineness

Masculine attributes of handsomeness

KISIG GILAS KISLAP
(Proportion) (Symmetry) (Radiance)

68
 02/10/2023

CATEGORIES OF GANDA
GANDA (Beauty)

Feminine
DILAG ALINDOG attribute of RIKIT
(Gorgeousness) (Charm) being (Loveliness)
attractive

RANGYA DINGAL KINANG NINGNING

(Grandeur) (Magnificence) (Radiance) (Luster)

LAMBING AMO
(Affection) (Gentleness)
Affectionate feminine The charm of being
attractive behavior and ways gentle and docile
INAM KINTAB LUNINGNING
of speaking. Wholesomeness
(Goodness) (Radiance) (Luster)
in appearance or act that
draws the attention of
perceiver.
KISIG GILAS KISLAP
(Proportion) (Symmetry) (Radiance)

CATEGORIES OF GANDA
GANDA (Beauty)

The form of
beauty that
DILAG ALINDOG glows RIKIT
(Gorgeousness) (Charm) (Loveliness)

RANGYA DINGAL KINANG NINGNING

(Grandeur) (Magnificence) (Radiance) (Luster)
Kinang,
ningning,
kintab and
luningning all
LAMBING AMO
refer to
(Affection) (Gentleness)
glittering
beauty
INAM KINTAB LUNINGNING
(Goodness) (Radiance) (Luster)

Sparkling beauty, like

enthusiasm or
KISIG GILAS KISLAP
excitement
(Proportion) (Symmetry) (Radiance)

69

THE PHENOMENON OF
GANDA
As an affective phenomenon
Ganda is judged in terms of
the emotion or the sentiment it
evokes in the perceiver.
As an olfactory sense
phenomenon
Ganda is judged through
the sense of smell.
As behavioral, ethical
phenomenon
Ganda is judged in terms of
action, public appearance
or human relation (ugali).
As a physical phenomenon
Ganda is judged as a concrete
entity with physical attributes.
As a capability phenomenon
Ganda is judged as the ability
to perform work or do things.
02/10/2023
NAKAKABIGHANI: Ganda evokes desirability.
NAKAKAAKIT: It attracts.
NAKAKATAWAG NG PANSIN: It calls attention.
NANANATILI O NAMAMALAGI: Ganda makes its
presence felt (amoy bagong paligo).
MALINIS: It fells or smells clean (malinis
haplusin/amoy-malinis).
SARIWA: It smells or fells fresh (amoy-sariwa,
amoy-pinipig).
MAHINHIN: Coy, dainty, demure
MABAIT: Good-natured, considerate
MAGALANG: Respectful or polite
MAKINIS ANG BALAT: Smooth skin
MAAMO ANG MUKHA: Gentle, docile face
MATIPUNO ANG KATAWAN: Healthy body
MATIKAS ANG TINDIG: Refined, elegant bearing
MASIPAG MAGTRABAHO: Industrious
MAGALING MAGLUTO: A good cook
MAHUSAY KUMANTA: A good singer
70
 02/10/2023

MAHUSAY
MASIPAG
MAGPINTA
MAGTRABAHO

MATIPUNO
ANG KATAWAN MAKISIG

MARANGYA MARIKIT

MAALINDOG
MAAMO
ANG MUKHA

71
 02/10/2023

"[The women I paint should have] a

rounded face…. The eyes should be
exceptionally lively, not the dreamy,
sleepy type…. The nose should be of
the blunt form but firm and strongly
marked.... The ideal Filipina beauty
should not necessarily be white
complexioned, nor of the dark
brown color of the typical Malayan,
but of the clear skin or fresh colored
type which we often witness when
we met a blushing girl.“
FERNANDO AMORSOLO

Amorsolo, Girl with

a Basket of Fruits

Amorsolo,
The Fruit
Gatherer

72
 02/10/2023

Amorsolo,
The Fruit
Gatherer

Amorsolo,
Woman in a
Tobacco Field

73
 02/10/2023

Amorsolo, The
Smiling Palay Maiden

Amorsolo,
Girl with a Jar

74
 02/10/2023

Amorsolo,
Girl with a Coconut

Amorsolo,
Girl Taking a Bath

75
 02/10/2023

Amorsolo,
Girl on a Bath

Amorsolo,
Dalagang Filipina

76
 02/10/2023

All societies have aesthetic standards for

appreciating things. This appreciation is
essentially a collective formation, deeply
Jocano, embedded in symbols and meanings of
society. These symbols and meanings are
Filipino closely associated with the people’s
concept of ganda as this materializes in
Worldview their ways of experiencing the world or
rationalizing their relationship with it.
Ganda may be viewed not only as an
emotion experienced in the encounter of
what is pleasurable but also as a particular
cast of mind out in the world of objects.

77