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Pollarding ceased in 1878 when the Epping Forest Act appointed the Corporation of the City of
London as Conservators of the forest. In the upper course the river has a lot of potential energy and
is trying to reach base level, hence the main process is erosion. Water joins the main channel via
tributaries such as Loughton Brook. All sites were crammed into 800-900m of river because below
that point flood management schemes occurred. The sediment knocks against the bed or each other
and breaks apart becoming smaller and rounded. Therefore the particle will be trapped by the
vegetation which means that there will be a lot of vegetation in that area. This shows that there is a
meander where this measurement was taken. The north and south sections of the M25 orbital
motorway are linked by the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and a second crossing at the same point as the
Dartford Tunnel. This will show that the river is very effective as it erodes the edges of the stones
down. Epping Forest can be found on the same Ordnance Survey map as the settlements of Harlow,
Bishop's Stortford, Chelmsford and Braintree in Hertfordshire and Essex. In this section of my
coursework I and constructing the graphs which then I closely analyse for any sequences or patterns
or any anomalies. The River Roding then flows beside the M11 motorway south towards the River
Thames. The anomaly (1200, 0.53) may have been cause by geology as there might have been less
leaf litter in that area enabling it to travel at a greater speed. One of the largest is Loughton Brook
which rises near High Beach and flows through the urban area of Loughton in to the River Roding.
It also made my group work faster which means there could have been a chance of human error. The
area of Epping forest is part of the green belt land that forms a ring around the conurbation of
Greater London. However in site 2 and site 3 one side of the river is deeper and the opposite side is
shallower. If the gradient increases as we go downstream the water will be traveling at a high speed
this means that more water will travel through and again will prove that the river becomes more
efficient as we go downstream. To measure the pebble sizes we took 10 random samples from each
site and for each pebble we recorded its length, roundness and sphericity. As we move downstream
the depth of the river increases. Its 100m metres above sea level at the source and 10m above sea
level at the confluence 5. This is as I learnt before the coursework began is cause by the erosion of
the bank by the river. The conclusion makes sense because the water depth has increased bla bla. This
would have been useful to make a comparison with river efficiency. This proves that there is a link
between water depth and vertical corrasion because increased water depth shows the presence of
vertical corrasion. As the river is closer to sea level in the middle course there is increased lateral
erosion and less vertical erosion, This should result in the gradient becoming less steep in the middle
course. We used this technique so that we could use the results to draw a hydrograph and see the
shape of the banks and bed. This proves that as we go downstream the river becomes more efficient.
At Site 2 the rivers water width was 0.82m, whereas at Site 3 and Site 9 it was 0.98m and 1.85m
respectively. At Site 2 the rivers channel width was 1.7m, whereas at Site 3 and Site 9 it was 2.15m
and 3.07m respectively. Since the stream order increased as the river progressed (and so the Site
number increased) more water was present due to the various tributaries joining the river. Systematic
- With this method sampling points are evenly distributed or spaced in a regular fashion across the
study area Stratified - This method is preferred when the study area clearly includes significantly
different groups I used stratified to choose my sites, as they were all clearly different from each other.
In archaeological excavations in the City Roman docks have been discovered, which are on show in
the Museum of London. Water evaporates from the river channels and land surfaces. This tells us
that the river becomes more efficient as we move downstream therefore the pebbles are eroded and
form a round shape and deposited downstream. Then we will see whether the data collected was
enough to complete the investigation and to answer the set key questions. However in site 2 and site
3 one side of the river is deeper and the opposite side is shallower. From the evidence that I have
gathered I can now state that the river becomes more efficient as we move downstream. This will
gather evidence for the Second key question. The River load was measured by using the Powers’
Roundness Index and metre ruler. The main action is still erosion but this time it is more lateral
erosion taking place than the vertical erosion of the upper stage. Since our group didn’t particularly
want to get wet, they tried to estimate the water width by taking the tape measure out of the water
and reading it rather than try reading it underwater. ANALYSIS: SEDIMENT By analysing these
graphs I have noticed a distinct pattern. ANALYSIS OF RIVER EFFICIENCY To answer my key
questions I have gathered the appropriate information to construct graphs and analyse them. Erosion
on the outsides of the meander removes interlocking spurs, a feature of the valley profile in the upper
course. Epping Forest has mostly been removed to make way for much needed farming and
settlement. In this section of my coursework I and constructing the graphs which then I closely
analyse for any sequences or patterns or any anomalies. These measurements tell us the more
reasonable width and depth. Channel Roughness Velocity 0.72 0.05 0.16 0.12.1 0.03 0.63 0.07 0.75
0.04 0.65 0.11 0.87 0.1 0.4 0.11 0.4 0.11 0.49 0.53 0.1 0.25 This is a table for the graph for channel
roughness by velocity. The land provides the water source for the main river and its tributaries and
its size depends on the river size. We did this so that we can work out a rough estimate to the sized
rocks there is and compare then to the others collected up from the other sites. My results show that
most of my predictions were correct according to my hypothesis. How does Loughton Brook change
as it moves downstream? Due to its popularity there is great demand for land in this area for housing,
out-of-town shopping centers and retail parks and roads. The river becomes increasingly wider and
deeper the further downstream, until the sea is reached. The major process of the river becomes
lateral erosion, although vertical erosion does continue. So as the velocity increases as we move
downstream more and more pebbles rub against each other and wear each other down so that they
get rounder edges. To measure the bank full and low flow measurements we use a 3 meter tape
measurer which I used to measure the real width and depth. As you can see from the line of best fit,
the velocity increases as the distance becomes greater. The catchment is long, thin and approximately
11km long 4. If the channel roughness is high it means that there is more friction and the water will
be flowing through slower. A cork, timekeeping device and 1m ruler are required.
BANKFULL The 5 graphs above show the bank full measurements for each site. ANALYSIS OF
RIVER EFFICIENCY To answer my key questions I have gathered the appropriate information to
construct graphs and analyse them. We took one measurement of the gradient so that we can work
out how the speed is affected by the gradient. On the outside of the meander the current flows
fastest and the water is deeper. The data received from the guide was secondary i.e. it was collected
by someone else. How does efficiency change with distance downstream? 2. The M11 motorway
provides the link between London in the south, Epping Forest, Saffron Walden and Cambridge to
the north. Dis from S by Gradient Graph The graph above shows the Gradient by Distance from
source. My results show that most of my predictions were correct according to my hypothesis. When
two streams of the same stream order join the stream order will increase to two. As you can see from
the graph there is an anomaly at site 10. The results produced seem to agree with my statement. In
the lower stage we find flood plains, levees and deltas. This data supports the hypothesis made at the
beginning of the investigation. The longer that they have been transported, the smoother they are as
they have spent the maximum time in the water being rounded. The major process of the river
becomes lateral erosion, although vertical erosion does continue. Interlocking spurs can be seen in
site 1 of Loughton Brook but are not visible in site 2 and 3. To measure the bank full and low flow
measurements we use a 3 meter tape measurer which I used to measure the real width and depth.
Gradually the gradient becomes less steep and lower until the sea is reached. The catchment is long,
thin and approximately 11km long 4. The load size and shape side also comprises of the Powers
Roundness Index. Pollarding ceased in 1878 when the Epping Forest Act appointed the Corporation
of the City of London as Conservators of the forest. Transportation occurs through traction, saltation,
suspension and solution. There is a gradual increase in the wetted perimeter from site 1 to site 2. It is
continuous and has no starting or ending point. ANALYSIS OF RIVER EFFICIENCY To answer my
key questions I have gathered the appropriate information to construct graphs and analyse them. To
measure the bank full and low flow measurements we use a 3 meter tape measurer which I used to
measure the real width and depth. We took one measurement of the gradient so that we can work out
how the speed is affected by the gradient. The block bar chart I have drawn is very good in showing
so much information in just 1 graph. Below is a map showing the site where we done this part of the
investigation.
It is continuous and has no starting or ending point. Discharge by Dis from S Graph The graph above
shows the Discharge by Distance from source. We used a meter stick to measure the distance from
the bed to the water surface. Velocity is measured in seconds because we will use a stopwatch to
record the time it takes for the cork to go from one end of the metre ruler to the other end. We did
this so that we can identify any sequences or patters as we go downstream. The load size and shape
side also comprises of the Powers Roundness Index. The ranging pole is taken out of the water and
the wet part is measured with the measuring tape or 1m ruler. Dis From S Gradient 50 0.03 540 0.01
640 0.012 770 0.019 800 0.023 810 0.03 910 0.022 060 0.02 100 0 200 0.022 360 0.022 This is a
table for the graph for Distance from source by Gradient Dis From S Discharge 50 0.01 540 0.02 640
0.01 770 0.01 800 0.005 810 0.04 910 0.07 060 0.01 100 0.01 200 0.28 360 0.09 This is a table for
the graph for Distance from source by Discharge Shrikrishna Selvaratnarajah 10P Geography
Coursework Mrs Rae Page. Channel Roughness By Velocity Graph The graph above shows the
Channel Roughness by Velocity. Pebble Analysis (recording sheet) - this will be used in the data
presentation as it is a Results sheet Main recording sheet - this will be used in the data presentation
as it is a results sheet All the sheets that I obtained as secondary data was given to me by the staff at
the Epping Forest Field Centre and my school Geography Teacher. This shows that an anomaly
occurs at site 1 as there cannot be a very high amount of pebbles there. I think this will happen
because river discharge usually increases downstream due to the drainage basin becoming bigger,
and therefore the volume of water reaching the channel via tributaries, surface flow, through flow,
and groundwater flow increasing. To conduct my research I visited Loughton Brook in Epping
Forest. My results have been successful as they have provided me with the results that are
geographically correct. This meant that sometimes we had to wait for another group to finish
collecting their data so that we could use their equipment. Loughton brook Location of Loughton
brook Loughton Brook is located on the ordinance survey sheet 177. Debden Brook Rivers
Cousework Analysis and Conclusion. On the outside of the meander the current flows fastest and
the water is deeper. Again this graph provides me with the evidence I need to prove my predictions.
Epping Forest has mostly been removed to make way for much needed farming and settlement. The
increase means that there is more friction between the rocks which is of course caused by an increase
in velocity. A person held each ranging pole so that the tip was just touching the water surface. More
tributaries will join Loughton Brook, as can be seen on the map of Epping Forest, which means that
there should be more water in the channel. This supports my hypothesis made at the beginning of the
investigation. The boundary of the drainage basin is called the watershed and is usually a ridge of
high land. We did this so that we can work out a rough estimate to the sized rocks there is and
compare then to the others collected up from the other sites. Then we will see whether the data
collected was enough to complete the investigation and to answer the set key questions. At this area
there are new developments like the new town of Harlow which was built for the pupose to take the
overspill population of London in the 1950's whereas older settlements like Epping can also be
found. Epping. The beginning of the river is called the source and the end of a river i.e. where it
joins the sea, is called the mouth. This again shows the increase of the efficiency of the river.
This measurement was taken in three places so that an average depth could be calculated. If the
depth increases as we make our way downstream that means that the river is carrying more water so
this again will prove that the river becomes more efficient as it moves downstream. Tilbury further
downstream, to the east can be found. Therefore the particle will be trapped by the vegetation which
means that there will be a lot of vegetation in that area. The following characteristics of the river
were measured. Sphericity From looking at these pie charts There is a gradual decrease in Low
sphericity as we move downstream and there is a gradual increase in high Sphericity. We did this so
that we can identify any sequences or patters as we go downstream. We used a meter stick to
measure the distance from the bed to the water surface. For Sites 3 and 11 a group failed to gather
data on the pebbles therefore both sites were short on ten readings. My assessment is based upon my
opinion of everything that I did perhaps slightly inaccurately, and my results. Gradually the gradient
becomes less steep and lower until the sea is reached. The ground around it was muddy too so we
may have had a problem measuring the wetted perimeter. One was a river recording sheet on which
information on each site was to be written down. We could also explore other ways of improving my
work. More material in the water should result in more erosion and make the channel deeper. Epping
Forest has mostly been removed to make way for much needed farming and settlement. I think that
the data I gathered was more than enough to help me investigate the two key questions. I have come
up with results which support my hypothesis. The data received from the guide was secondary i.e. it
was collected by someone else. The wetted perimeter is significantly larger in site 3 then in site 1 and
2. Map of Loughton (sheet) - this was the most appropriate sheet to show the exact area of Loughton
Geology of Loughton (sheet) - will shows us the different types of soil and it can be. I will collect the
data as explained in my data collection. They also change from a high sphericity to a low sphericity.
This proves that there is a link between water depth and vertical corrasion because increased water
depth shows the presence of vertical corrasion. In preparation to take this measurement we cleared
the leaves from the river bed. Secondly, Gravel, sand and silt carried in a suspension with the water
are then deposited in lower reaches. Dis From S Velocity 50 0.05 540 0.12 640 0.03 770 0.07 800
0.04 810 0.11 910 0.1 060 0.11 100 0.11 200 0.53 360 0.25 This is a table for the graph for Distance
from source by velocity. They are each situated at different parts of Loughton Brook. A cork,
timekeeping device and 1m ruler are required. We then had to take measurements of 'low flow',
which was what it was on the day and 'bank full', which was when the river was about to over flow.