DEPARTMENT OF CYBER SECURITY

Subject Digital Logic Design Lab (EE-123L)

Submitted To Dr. Bahman R. Alyaei
Class & Section BSCYS-2-A
Submitted By:
Ahmed Mustafa (231306)
Alyan Gulzar (231304)
M. Saadullah (231)

Lab#02: To Implement the basic Logic gates using

transistors.

Date of submission 27th February 2024

Objectives:

• To understand the operation of SPDT switch.

• To understand the switching operation of BJT Transistor.
• To analyze, realize, and implement the basic logic gate using BJT
Switch.
Understanding the Operation of SPDT Switch:
 An SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) switch is a type of electrical
switch commonly used in circuits and control systems. It features
one input terminal and two output terminals, allowing it to
alternate between two possible output paths.
 SPDT switches find applications in various electronic and electrical
systems, including signal routing, and control circuits. They are
particularly useful in situations requiring switching between two
different modes or circuits.
Switching Operation of BJT Transistor:
 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are semiconductor devices
used for amplification and switching purposes. They consist of
three semiconductor regions: the Emitter, Base, and Collector.
 The operation of a BJT transistor involves controlling the flow of
current between the Collector and Emitter terminals by varying
the current at the Base terminal. Depending on the biasing
conditions applied to the Base, the BJT transistor can operate as
an amplifier or a switch.
 The behavior of a BJT transistor in switching applications is
characterized by its current-voltage characteristics, which depict
 the relationship between the input and output currents and
voltages under different biasing conditions.
NPN Transistor Operating Modes:
Active Mode (Amplification): In the active mode, the NPN transistor
functions as an amplifier when a small signal is applied to its base
terminal. This results in the amplification of the signal across the
collector-emitter terminals.
Saturation Mode (Switching): When utilized for switching applications,
the transistor is driven into saturation by supplying a sufficient base
current. In saturation mode, the collector current reaches its maximum
value, causing the transistor to behave like a closed switch.
Cutoff Mode (Switching): In cutoff mode, the transistor is turned off as
the base-emitter junction becomes reverse-biased. This configuration
leads to minimal or negligible collector current flow, effectively
interrupting the transistor's switching functionality.

CIRCUIT ELEMENT:
 A power source (Battery).
 Diode
 Resistors
 Transistor
 Ground connection
 Wires
 Switches
 LED bulb
Experimental Process: