CONSMT REVIEWER (FINALS PART 3) by Eingel Joy Pangilinan

ROOFING MATERIALS
- A roof is a structure forming the upper covering of a building or other shelter. Its primary
purpose is generally to provide protection from the elements, but it may also contribute to
safety, security, privacy, insulation, and so on.
- Roofs may have openings or windows within them to allow light into the buildings, as well as
providing, access, ventilation, views, and so on. They also frequently include other features
Roof
such as chimneys, communications infrastructure, building services, drainage, lighting,
access routes, and so on.
- Roofs can be constructed from a wide variety of materials and in a wide variety of shapes
depending on the requirements they have to satisfy, the local climate, the availability of
materials and skills, the span to be covered, and so on.
- In the process of building homes and other structures, one of the most important features is
the roof. The roof provides the building with interior protection from the elements by way of
a weatherproof outer shell. This protection is important, so roof construction is one of the first
things to be handled after the basic framing of the building's exterior and load-bearing walls
is in place on most construction sites. There are many different methods of roof construction
Roof Construction
that vary according to local conditions, product availability and local customs.
- The biggest component of roof construction is achieving a suitable design. The design of
roof includes three main elements: the roofing materials used, the construction process and
the overall durability and cost-effectiveness of the roof for the application. These three factors
are the deciding elements for the appropriateness of a particular roof for a given application.
BEST ROOFING MATERIALS FOR PHILIPPINE HOME
- Versatile, durable, robust and affordable, concrete is a relatively common and
1. Concrete on the traditionally popular material for roofing. Cement, sand, and water are combined in
Roof proportion to make the concrete roofing. It can be laid as an in-built roof over the house or
fixed as overlapping tiles over the existing roof surface. The concrete roofing can be further
weather-proofed by coating it or installing reflective tiles fixed on it.
- It is caused by excessive load. Heavy load creates deflection on the road surface, with
insufficient underlying strength.
2. Slate on the roof - Deflection on the road surface may be the effect of elastic deformation from the
consolidation of the base and subsoil or from the combination of elastic and plastic
deformation
- The common roofing material on the countryside homes, terracotta has become popular
3. Terracotta on the in city homes for the rustic charm it adds to the aesthetics. Terracotta is also a good shield
roof to protect the home from harsh rays of the sun, keeping it relatively cooler even in extreme
heat. Well-baked terracotta tiles can withstand all-weather and last longer.
- The best roofing choice that can go on for generations, wood brings in traditional houses'
aesthetic charm in modern homes. As wood shingles or shakes, wood fits perfectly in any
4. Wood on the roof
style of home. While the wood shakes are handmade and rustic, wood shingles are
machine cut and more refined.
- With the developing technology, glass is no longer a fragile, delicate material. A
5. Glass on the roof toughened glass on the roof brings in the natural light inside the house but protects it from
the rain. Use it as a sunroof or the roof over the portico, it will add to the house's aesthetic.
- Use the roof of your house to generate electricity for private use by installing solar panels
6. Solar technology or photovoltaic shingles. The recent development to harness the sun's energy has
on the roof revolutionized the technology and introduced new types of photovoltaic shingles that are
lightweight, affordable, and eco-friendly.
- Sustainable, durable, affordable, and low on maintenance, the plastic polymer roofing
7. Plastic polymer on
material is slowly becoming popular because it is recyclable too. The best thing about this
the roof
roofing is that it can be moulded according to your imagination.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROOFING DESIGNS
1. Gable Roof (Dos - It’s the most common type of roof. It is shaped like a triangle and that is formed by two
Aguas) sections of the roof sloping down. This type of roof is easy to build, can effortlessly shed
water, and allows good ventilation for the attic or vaulted ceiling.
- The hip roof usually has four (4) downward sloping sides. It may be more expensive to build
2. Hip Roof (Quatro
than the gable roof and does not put more ventilation, but it permits water to easily slide
Aguas)
off, and can perform better in high wind areas.
- Also known as French roof, it has four sides of roof with two slopes steeper on the bottom
3. Mansard Roof part. This French design creates flexibility in order to produce additional space at the top
portion of the house.
- It has two sides of roof with steeper on the lower part. Much like the Mansard roof, it
4. Gambrel Roof creates more space that is great idea for storage buildings and sheds. This roof design is not
ideal for wind areas and should be inspected yearly for damage from storm or rainfall.
NEW CONSTRUCTION
- Some possible building materials of the future
- Materials have been a difficult sticking point from the moment the laws of elasticity were
discovered. Before that, everything was simply a question of trial and error. Afterwards, it
The future of
was all about scientific methods, trials in test tubes, and materials science.
construction
- But it has only been in recent years that nanotechnology has allowed us to go deep into
the heart of atoms, so that we have envisaged not just the material, but the shape of that
material as an essential part of materials behaviour.
FUTURE INNOVATED MATERIALS
1. Bio-concrete
- A self-healing material.
 - In 2015, microbiologist Hendrick M. Jonkers presented a type of concrete which had the
capacity to repair itself to a certain extent. In other words, no more cracks and repairs, no
more leaks, no need for damp-proofing and no more energy loss through cracks.
- This concrete has bacteria which repair the material from within in a similar way to how
human tissue heals itself after a fracture. The bacteria remain dormant within the material
until the cracks let in the damp (water, the elixir of life) and the bacteria spring into action.
- Some years before this, a team of Spanish scientists presented a self-healing elastomer
which was highly resistant to traction. Meaning that with the right thickness, it could be used
for the cables in bridges.
- Reducing infrastructure maintenance requirements and cutting greenhouse gases.
- For a time, graphene has been considered as one of the strongest artificial materials on
Earth. However, graphene occurs as sheets or flakes, which renders its use in construction
rather complicated, if not altogether absurd.
- Towards the beginning of 2017, a team of engineers from the MIT published this article to
2. 3D-Printed
present a three-dimensional structure which, if built with graphene, would be 5% the weight
Graphene
of steel but 10 times stronger.
- Amazingly, this structure is hollow and porous. And contrary to what logic would tell us, it is
less resistant if made thicker.
- Lightweight materials for vehicles and potential supporting skyscrapers to 98,000+ feet.
- Scientists from Kiel University (KU) and Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) have
created the new material 'Aerographite' by carefully growing an interlinking chain of
Carbon nanotubes within a sacrificial template made from Zinc Oxide. Creating a network
of porous carbon tubes three-dimensionally interwoven at nano and micro level.
3. Aerographite - Weighing in at only 0.2 milligrams per cubic centimeter, Aerographite is officially the
lightest material in the world, reported to be 75 times lighter than Styrofoam. Not only is this
material extremely light, it is also extremely strong, based largely on the unique properties of
Carbon Nanotubes, but also on the innovative structure of the material.
- Potential use for aviation materials, satellites, and purification systems.
Aerographite is extremely lightweight but it also has a number of interesting properties
Including:
PROPERTIES OF
• Electrically conductive • Non-transparent - Jet black appearance
AEROGRAPHITE
• Highly ductile • Extremely strong
• Compressible • Is chemically stable
- A prefabricated timber with higher water resistance and strength over traditional wood.
4. Laminated Timber
- Potential to support skyscrapers and reduce 150 tons of carbon per story.
- CLT is a wood panel system that is rapidly gaining popularity in the U.S. after being widely
Cross-laminated adopted in Europe.
Timber (CLT) - The strength, dimensional stability, and rigidity of CLT allow it to be used in mid and high-
rise buildings.
- Low-cost and fast-growing material that can extend into different shapes and structures.
- Its uses are building earthquake-resistant buildings, creating new architectural forms, and
5. Modular Bamboo reinforcing steel bars.
-Bamboo is undoubtedly one of the strongest, most versatile materials for construction.
Lightweight, sturdy and renewable, the grass is perfect for sustainable building projects.
- Transparent aluminum is a form of aluminum that is see-through. Most commonly someone
speaking about transparent aluminum is referring to AION (aluminum oxynitride), a ceramic
alloy. However, aluminum can exist in an elemental, metallic form made transparent by
6. Transparent
bombarding with a soft x-ray laser.
Aluminum
- Ceramic alloy that is 85% harder than sapphire and resistant to corrosion, radiation, and
oxidation.
- Possible uses include windows and domes for undersea and space vehicles.
- Color-stripped wood with better insulation, strength, and biodegradability.
- A group of researchers from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm has developed
Optically Transparent Wood (TW), a new material that could greatly impact the way we
develop our architectural projects. Published in the American Chemical Society's journal
Biomacromolecules, the transparent timber is created through a process that removes the
7. Translucent Wood
chemical lignin from a wood veneer, causing it to become very white. This white porous
veneer is then impregnated with a transparent polymer, matching the optical properties of
the individual cells and making the whole material translucent.
- Used in solar panel cells, window glass replacement, natural indoor lighting, and
contemporary structures.
- Non-flammable concrete embedded with minuscule glass balls to reflect light.
- Used in signage systems, lighting underground spaces, and marking dangerous areas.
- Because concrete is the most used material within the built environment, it only seems
logical that designers and engineers research new ways to improve this material that we
rely so heavily on.
- Light-Generating Cement is a new take on cement, which is one of the key ingredients in
concrete. Traditional concrete undoubtedly has its benefits, but concrete made with this
new and improved cement is a groundbreaking innovation because it allows concrete to
8. Light-generating
harvest and reuse solar energy by providing light to its surroundings.
Concrete
- The implementation of this new cement still allows the prior uses of concrete, but it can be
a beautiful and environmentally-friendly alternative due to its massive energy saving
qualities. Instead of having to light up areas made from concrete, this new cement collects
solar energy and gives off a glow; In other words, additional energy and materials do not
need to be used in order to provide light to an otherwise dark space, because the
concrete itself has this power.
- Today, the primary uses for light-generating cement revolve around public spaces, like
roadways, parks, and commercial buildings, but this new technology has the potential to
 be used in all realms of the built environment, which would save countless amounts of
money, materials, and energy, ultimately benefiting everyone and everything involved.
- Mixture of bacteria, yeast, and, microorganisms able to form layered structures.
- BC, also called BNC, microbial cellulose, or biocellulose, is formed by aerobic bacteria,
such as acetic acid bacteria of the genus Gluconacetobacter xylinum, as a pure
component of their biofilms. These bacteria are widespread in nature where the
9. Microbial fermentation of sugars and plant carbohydrates takes place.
Cellulose - BC possesses a Young’s modulus of about 114 GPa with theoretical values between 130
and 145 GPa, depending on its crystallinity [35]. These values exceed those of synthetic
glass fibers (about 70 GPa) and aramid fibers (about 67 GPa), considering that BC has a
lower density (1.25 g/cm3) than glass fibers (2.5 g/cm3).
- Potentially used in applications for signage and contemporary building facilities.
- Provides 340 times more durability than steel and contains resonance properties
10. Spider Silk
- Synthetic spider silk variants could be used for acoustic building and laboratories.
- For a few decades, it circulated rather like a rumour, then it became a crazy idea,
Artificial spider silk followed by some serious research. Today, a Japanese company called Spider Inc. (a play
on words with spider and fibre) is now marketing it.