↳ Organ of corti sits on

basilar membrane

es
Translation of wave to
*
on
*
*
* nervous impulse done
④
by organ of corti

E
ta a
- -
 Organ of corti is made up of:

1.The >
tectorial membrane
2.Three rows of outer hair cells
-
-

3.One row of inner hair cells

4.The basilar membrane
activated
-
-
-

5.Supporting cells

&
o
d

Hair cells have stereocilia

S
clic
I I nosaee

brandere
serat
·
 Outer hair cells have a property
called electromotility.
-
-

0
They change their length in
response to electrical
stimulation.
-
This can mechanical amplifying
0 Esounds.

&
The inner hair cells transmit Ferra
b
- / -
signals to the brain while the

si
-
outer hair cells amplify sounds
- -

Damage to outer hair cells

⑧
results in significantly smaller

* vibrations being transmitted to

-

the inner hair cells.

I
->
 bending causing opening
of
mechanically g
ated kt

Hair cells do not fire an action chand

potential.

O -
Movement of stereocilia open
mechanically gated K+ channels.

The depolarization causes voltage

gated calcium channels to open.

Ca2+ causes vesicles with

neurotransmittor to fuse to the
brain
membrane and release it into the
synaptic cleft.
 Inside ~140

⑳
Outside 150
-
↓
situation where
unique
of kt
opening
channels depolarizes
-
-

>
Cochlear implant uses
microphone and
electrode to depolarize
cochlear nerves
Taste Taste buds are located primarily on
the surface of the tongue and are
associated with tiny elevations
called papillae.

The taste bud has an opening

called the taste pore.

Tiny projections called taste hairs

protrude from the outer ends of
the taste cells and extend from the
taste pore. These taste hairs are
the sensitive parts of the receptor
cells.
-

chemically gated
channel
-
-
typi

The five primary tastes:

1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Salty
4. Bitter
5. Umami (certain amino acids and their chemical relatives, such as monosodium
glutamate).
pain
Spicy (chili peppers) is simulation of a hear receptor by the molecular capsaicin.
-
-

Wasabe has a different pain receptor not for capsaicin

, .

Each taste cell has only one type of receptor (chemically gated ion channel) and only
responds to one sensation.
- - -

All five taste sensations are in all areas of the tongue, but are unevenly distributed such
that each sensation arises most strongly from a particular region.
dypo

Non-ionic tastes (sweet, bitter,

umami) activate receptors that
cause calcium release from inner
stores.

Sour (H+) and salty (Na+) can

depolarize cell directly.

Either way, Ca2+ causes vesicle

with neurotransmitter to fuse
with membrane and cause
⑳
neuron to dfire
Smell

Similar to taste, every olfactory receptor neuron binds and senses

only one odorant molecule.

Unlike other senses, the receptor cell is a neuron.

 neurons
Odorant located throughout olfactory
area, but the odorant for each
neuron come together in one
glomerula within olfactory bulb.

Humans have between 1100 and

1800 glomeruli (depending on
estimate).

From the glomeruli

with
goes
tract
to brain one

scent
per .
Odorants are not one
“smell”.. But activate a set
of different receptors.

Researchers are trying to

undersantand the
“olfactory code”.

The different receptors that

are activated are decoded
by higher brain centers
-> cilantur
-
 Sight
Cornea lets light into the eye.

Iris controls size of pupil, so

how much light gets in. -

Lens focuses light onto the

retina.

The retina has light receptors.

Photoreceptors are
actually at the base of the
retina.

Have rod and cones.

-
Rods more sensitive than
cones but do not detect
colour.
 t
Cones and rods contain photopigment.
• In rods, the photopigment is rhodopsin.
-Ber Sens
• Cones have three different kinds of photopigment (one for
-
each colour, blue, green, and red).
Tue
LadorSense -
ress
Activation
/
-
of the
photopigment and
-

activation of a second
messenger, which causes
-
Na + channels to close.

Wend
Closing of Na+ channels makes membrane potential
more negative.

o
-
So cones depolarization in
the dark (more
neurotransmitter release)
and hyerpolarization in
light.

11-cis/trans retinal is a
rhodopsin cofactor.

Carrots really are good for

your eyes.
Unlike other sensory organs,
the eye contains a complex
network of neurons that
processes the information from
photoreceptors before it enters
the optic nerve.

Different populations of nerve

cells communicate different
aspects of the visual stimulus
which is the beginning of
parallel processing in the visual
nervous system.
Review Question
1) Name three ways you can locate sound? How can neurons
measure interaural time differences?

2) How is tonotopic mapping achieved in the cochlea?

3) Taste and smell both detect chemicals, name two ways in

which they differ?

4) There are only 5 tastes, but a strawberry taste different

than a pear, banana, orange, mango or blueberry. How can
that be?
 virus sickee

D
Dou
-> COUD
.

19

Ge
S

feeti
-

E
HIV ->
S
Augre densen
coretis-
ereigen EeIranza ->
>
Flu