Lecture 12 - Section 13-3-13.4 - (Blank)

EN PH 131 (EB02) – Lecture 12 – Feb.
1st, 2023
Sections 13-3 (Kinematics of a Particle: Force and

Acceleration)
Prof. Charlebois (Dr. C)

Section 13.3
Equation of Motion for a System of Particles
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Equation of Motion for a System of Particles
The equation of motion can be extended to include a system of particles.
This includes the motion of solids, liquids, or gases.
As in statics, there are internal forces and external

forces acting on the system. What is the difference
between them?
Using the definitions of m = å mi

as the total mass of all particles and aG
as the acceleration of the center of mass G
of the particles, then m aG = å miai .
See last lecture for details, but for a system of particles: å F = ma G

where å F is the sum of the external forces (Fi) acting on the system.
Key Points
1. Newton’s second law is a “law of nature” - experimentally

proven, not the result of an analytical proof.
2. Mass (a property of an object) is a measure of the

resistance to a change in velocity of the object.
3. Weight (a force) depends on the local gravitational field.

Calculating the weight of an object is an application of:
F = ma, i.e., W = mg.
4. Unbalanced forces (or non-zero net force) cause the

acceleration of objects. This condition is fundamental to
all dynamics problems.
Procedure for the Application of the
Equation of Motion
1. Select a convenient inertial coordinate system. Rectangular, or
normal/tangential coordinates may be used.
2. Draw a free-body diagram (FBD) showing all external forces

applied to the particle. Resolve forces into their appropriate
components.
3. Draw the kinetic diagram (KD), showing the particle’s inertial force,
ma.
4. Apply the equations of motion in their scalar component form and
solve these equations for the unknowns (e.g., acceleration).
5. It may be necessary to apply the proper kinematic relations to

generate additional equations (e.g., to find position or velocity).
Concept Quiz #1 (Your Turn!)
1. The block (mass = m) is moving upward with a speed

v. Draw the FBD if the kinetic friction coefficient is μk
A) B)
C)
D) None of these
Example #1 - Problem
Given: A 25-kg block is subjected to the

force F = 100 N. The spring has a
stiffness of k = 200 N/m and is
unstretched when the block is at A.
The contact surface is smooth.
Find: Draw the free-body and kinetic diagrams of the block when
s = 0.4 m.
Plan:
Example #1 - Solution
Example #1 – Solution cont.
Section 13.4
Rectangular Coordinates
Equations of Motion: Rectangular
Coordinates
Objective:
1. Apply Newton’s second law to determine forces and
accelerations for particles in rectilinear motion.
Questions and Examples #1
If a person is trying to move a 100 lb crate, how large a force

F must they exert to start moving the crate? What factors
effect how large this force must be to start moving the crate?
Questions and Examples #2
Objects that move in air (or other fluid) have a drag force
acting on them. This drag force is a function of velocity.
If the dragster is traveling with a known velocity and the

magnitude of the opposing drag force at any instant is given
as a function of velocity, how can we determine the time
and distance required for dragster to come to a stop if its
engine is shut off? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B6gE29HghI
Rectangular Coordinates
The equation of motion, F = ma is best used when the problem
requires finding forces (especially forces perpendicular to the
path), accelerations, velocities, or mass.
Three scalar equations can be written from this vector

equation. The equation of motion, being a vector equation, may
be expressed in terms of three components in the Cartesian
(rectangular) coordinate system as
åF = ma or å FX i + å FY j + å FZ k = m(a x i + a y j + a z k )
scalar equations, å FX = maX , å FY = maY and

ororasasscalar åF Z
= maZ
Procedure For Analysis
• Free Body Diagram (FBD)
Establish your coordinate system and draw the particle’s

FBD showing only external forces. These external forces
usually include the weight, normal forces, friction forces,
and applied forces. Show the ma vector (a.k.a inertial
force) on a separate kinetic diagram.
Make sure any friction forces act opposite to the

direction of motion. If the particle is connected to an
elastic linear spring, a spring force equal to ks should be
included on the FBD.
Procedure For Analysis cont.
• Equations of Motion
If the forces can be resolved directly from the FBD (often the case
in 2D problems), use the scalar form of the equation of motion.
In more complex cases (usually 3D), a Cartesian vector is written
for every force and a vector analysis is often the best approach.
A Cartesian vector formulation of the second law is
å F = ma or
å F i + å F j + å F k = m( a
X Y Z X
i + aY j + aZ k )
Three scalar equations can be written from this vector equation.

You only need two equations if the motion is in 2D.
Procedure For Analysis cont.
• Kinematics
The second law only provides solutions for forces

and accelerations. If velocity or position have to be
found, kinematics equations are used once the
acceleration is found from the equation of motion.
Any of the kinematics tools learned in Chapter 12 may
be needed to solve a problem.
Use consistent positive coordinate directions as used in
the equation of motion part of the problem.
Concept Quiz #2 (Your Turn!)
1. In dynamics, the friction force acting on a moving object is always fill in the blank
A) in the direction of its motion. B) a kinetic friction.
C) a static friction. D) zero.
• If a particle is connected to a spring, the elastic spring force is expressed by

F = ks The “s” in this equation is the
A) spring constant.
B) un-deformed length of the spring.
C) difference between deformed length and un-deformed length.
D) deformed length of the spring.
Example #2 - Problem
Given: Motor winds in the

cable with a constant
acceleration such that
the 20-kg crate moves
a distance s = 6 m in
3 s, starting from rest µk = 0.3.
Find: The tension in the cable
Plan:
Example #2 - Solution
Example #2 – Solution cont.
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EN PH 131 (EB02) – Lecture 12 – Feb.

Sections 13-3 (Kinematics of a Particle: Force and

Prof. Charlebois (Dr. C)

Equation of Motion for a System of Particles

As in statics, there are internal forces and external

Using the definitions of m = å mi

See last lecture for details, but for a system of particles: å F = ma G

1. Newton’s second law is a “law of nature” - experimentally

2. Mass (a property of an object) is a measure of the

3. Weight (a force) depends on the local gravitational field.

4. Unbalanced forces (or non-zero net force) cause the

2. Draw a free-body diagram (FBD) showing all external forces

5. It may be necessary to apply the proper kinematic relations to

1. The block (mass = m) is moving upward with a speed

Given: A 25-kg block is subjected to the

If a person is trying to move a 100 lb crate, how large a force

If the dragster is traveling with a known velocity and the

Three scalar equations can be written from this vector

scalar equations, å FX = maX , å FY = maY and

Establish your coordinate system and draw the particle’s

Make sure any friction forces act opposite to the

A Cartesian vector formulation of the second law is

Three scalar equations can be written from this vector equation.

The second law only provides solutions for forces

A) in the direction of its motion. B) a kinetic friction.

C) a static friction. D) zero.

• If a particle is connected to a spring, the elastic spring force is expressed by

Given: Motor winds in the

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

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