GED Science

Posttest
38 items Time allowed: 90 minutes

1. Lobsters are crustaceans commonly found in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the North
American coast between Maine and North Carolina. Researchers studied the weights of these creatures
over a period of a few years. Some of the results are displayed in the table below.

The researchers hope to find the most commonly occurring lobster weight for the lobsters studied
during the five-year period shown above. The researchers must calculate the - —---- of the weights,
which is —-----.
Select 1:
• average
• mode
• median
• range
Select 2:
• 0.04
• 0.40
• 0.41
• 0.43

2. Blood is made up of two main elements: (1) plasma, which is largely water and proteins, and (2)
the solid components of blood—red blood cells, white cells, and platelets (important for forming clots).
If a patient has lost a lot of blood, he or she may receive a transfusion of “whole blood,” which includes
red blood cells and plasma. However, sometimes the patient needs only an increase in the volume of
liquid in the bloodstream, in which case plasma alone may be substituted.
A person must be tested for blood type before receiving certain kinds of transfusions because of
differences in the ways that red blood cells react to one another. Under what conditions would such
testing be necessary?
A. for whole blood transfusions only
B. for plasma transfusions only
C. for both whole blood transfusions and plasma transfusions
D. if the patient has not lost any blood
Questions 3 is based on the following information.
Coal is formed from the material of plants and other organisms that lived on land and whose remains
were covered by mud, which later became rock. Coal is classified by carbon content.
Types of Coal
Peat = The remains of plants and organisms that, because they were covered in bogs, were prevented
by a lack of oxygen from completely decaying. Still a porous, soft brown mass, peat has a carbon
content of 52%–60%.
Lignite = In time, peat turns into lignite, a soft coal-like substance that is 60%–65% carbon.
Subbituminous coal = With more time, heat, and pressure, lignite changes into subbituminous coal,
which is about 65%–75% carbon.
Bituminous coal = After even more heat and pressure, subbituminous coal turns into bituminous coal
with a carbon level of 75%–85%.
Anthracite = This is bituminous coal subjected to another million years of heat and pressure. Anthracite
has a carbon level of 85%–95% and will burn only at extremely high temperatures.
3. A researcher analyzes a piece of coal and finds that it is unusually dense and burns only when
subjected to very intense heat. What is the lowest percentage of carbon that this coal is likely to
contain?

4. In 1911, a British scientist called Ernest Rutherford directed a series of experiments that greatly
increased our understanding of atomic structure. During the experiment, his students fired positively
charged alpha particles (helium nuclei, each of which contains two protons and two neutrons) at an
extremely thin sheet of gold. (Gold is a very malleable metal that can be beaten into a foil that’s only
a few atoms thick.) Rutherford expected all the alpha particles to go through the gold foil with minimal
deflection, but to his surprise, a few alpha particles bounced straight back. Rutherford concluded that
atoms consisted mostly of empty space with a dense nucleus at the center and electrons orbiting the
nucleus.
Which of the following statements provides evidence that an atom has a nucleus that contains most of
the atom’s mass and all of its positive charge?
A. Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil.
B. Some alpha particles bounced straight back off the gold foil.
C. Gold is very expensive, so the gold sheet was very thin.
D. Alpha particles are very small.

Question 5 is based on the following passage.

Passive protection is a method by which organisms protect themselves from predators, not by fighting,
but by their appearance, smell, or sound. Protective resemblance is a type of passive protection in
which an animal’s coloring mimics the natural environment, acting as a kind of camouflage. Protective
mimicry is another type of passive protection in which a defenseless organism resembles a more
powerful organism. Another interesting example of passive protection is the Monarch butterfly, which
smells and tastes so bad to other organisms that virtually no other animal or insect will eat it.
5. Which of the following is NOT an example of passive protection?
A. A chameleon changes its color to blend in with a leaf in order to avoid predators.
 B. The nonpoisonous scarlet kingsnake develops coloration very similar to that of the poisonous
eastern coral snake.
C. An orchid flower mimics a female insect in order to lure male insects to it so the flower can be
pollinated.
D. An edible vine adapts its leaves to match the inedible plant that it is climbing.
Question 6 refers to the following scenario.
Researchers in a particular city theorize that decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions in that city will
result in better respiratory health for its citizens. In order to test this theory, they institute two programs.
The first program provides commuters with financial incentives to take public transportation, and the
second program initiates a respiratory care education campaign and provides free clinics for citizens
suffering from respiratory health issues.
During the five years after the researchers institute the two programs, greenhouse gas emissions in the
city decrease by 50%, and a citywide survey reveals that cases of illness due to respiratory problems
have decreased by 65%. Researchers therefore conclude that their theory was correct: Decreasing
greenhouse gas emissions resulted in better respiratory health for local citizens.
6. Which of the following best shows why the researchers’ conclusion is flawed?
A. They failed to compare the city’s air quality to that of any other towns, so they don’t know if
greenhouse gases decreased more or less than they should have.
B. They should have tested the city’s drinking water, too, since that has a greater effect on citizens’
health than air quality does.
C. Their conclusion doesn’t explain the 15% difference between the decrease in greenhouse gases
and the decrease in respiratory problems.
D. They instituted two programs instead of one, so they can’t be sure which is responsible for the
resulting health improvements.
Question 7 refers to the following graph.

7. According to the chart above, which of the following regions had the largest increase in the number
of AIDS deaths between 2011 and 2020?
A. Africa
B. South/Southeast Asia
C. Eastern Europe
D. North America/Northern Europe

8. Scientists classify stars according to the following categories: O, B, A, F, G, K, M. A star’s category

depends upon its spectral type, which is determined by its temperature. The chart below shows five
stars of different categories, along with their temperatures.
However, rather than measuring star temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, scientists typically measure
star temperature in units of Kelvin. The conversion from Fahrenheit to Kelvin is given by the following
formula:
K = 5/9 (°F – 32) + 273.
What is the approximate temperature of the A-type star in Kelvin?
You may use a calculator.
A. 2,569
B. 2,822
C. 2,929
D. 2,944

Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following article.

For years, paleontologists have debated whether the archaeopteryx, a creature that lived 150 million
years ago, was an early species of bird or a dinosaur that spent most of its time on the ground. Its
feathers and wings were of only limited use, they say, and could not sustain flight.
Ornithologists, on the other hand, believe that archaeopteryx was first and foremost a bird. As
evidence, they point to fossil remains of the creature that show its claws were curved so that it could
perch on tree limbs. Curved claws would have prevented the animal from walking or running quickly
on the ground.
9. According to paleontologists, the archaeopteryx was incapable of
A. perching.
B. running.
C. flying.
D. walking.

10. According to the theory advanced by ornithologists, which of the following is most likely to have
been a modern-day descendant of the archaeopteryx?
A. the lizard
B. the alligator
C. the crow
D. the mosquito

11. In science, work is defined as the component of force parallel to motion multiplied by
displacement. One reason that individuals use ramps, rather than lifting heavy items straight up, is that
using a ramp increases total displacement, but reduces the amount of force required to move an object
by exactly the same amount as the increase in displacement, provided that the ramp’s surface is
frictionless.
According to the information in the paragraph, using a ramp with a frictionless surface will have which
of the following effects?
A. The total amount of work required to move an object will decrease.
B. The total amount of work required to move an object will increase.
C. The total amount of work required to move an object will remain the same.
D. The amount of work required to move an object will initially increase, but will later decrease.

12. A solar eclipse is a celestial event during which the sun appears partially or totally obstructed
when viewed from a certain location on Earth. The diagram below shows a solar eclipse.

Based on the information above, which of the following is mostly likely to be true during a solar
eclipse?
A. The entire moon is in the penumbra, or shadow, of the earth, so that the moon is no longer
visible from the earth.
B. The moon is directly between the sun and the earth, thus placing certain regions of the earth
within the moon’s umbra, or deepest part of the shadow, so that the sun’s rays are not visible
from those regions.
C. Light rays from the earth intercept those from the sun, thus creating an umbra, or dark shadow,
around the moon so that the sun is no longer visible from the earth.
D. The sun is in the umbra, or deepest part of the shadow, cast by the earth, and is therefore
invisible from the earth.

Questions 13 and 14 refer to the following passage.

Pathogenic microbes, microorganisms that cause disease, include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and
protozoa. Such microbes can invade hosts through several pathways, including through the air, through
direct or indirect physical contact, through blood, and through other bodily fluids.
Medical researchers are currently attempting to find better treatments for microbial diseases by
developing new pharmaceuticals. Currently, many doctors prescribe penicillin, which is derived from
the spores of a fungus and which prevents the growth of new bacteria, to treat bacteria-induced
microbial diseases, and antiviral compounds to combat viruses. However, such treatments do not
always eradicate the relevant diseases, and while some microbe-induced illnesses, such as chicken
pox, may not be life-threatening, others, such as Ebola, can be deadly.

13. Below is a chart of some common microbe-induced illnesses and their causes.
Which of the following is most likely treatable with penicillin?
A. common cold
B. strep throat
C. athlete’s foot
D. malaria

14. Medical researchers fear that preventing those suffering from microbial diseases from having
physical contact with others may not be sufficient to stop the spread of such diseases. Which of the
following quotes from the passage supports this idea?
A. “Many doctors prescribe penicillin, which is derived from the spores of a fungus and which
prevents the growth of new bacteria, to treat bacteria-induced microbial diseases.”
B. “Such treatments do not always eradicate the relevant diseases, and while some microbe-
induced illnesses, such as chicken pox, may not be life-threatening, others, such as Ebola, can
be deadly.”
C. “Pathogenic microbes, microorganisms that cause disease, include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and
protozoa.”
D. “Such microbes can invade hosts through several pathways, including through the air, through
direct or indirect physical contact, through blood, and through other bodily fluids.”

15. Hemodialysis is a type of dialysis treatment for kidney failure. Over the course of four weeks,
patients with kidney failure received either hemodialysis with glucose added to the dialysis fluid or
hemodialysis without glucose added. The patients’ blood pressures were measured at the end of each
week.
Which of the following correctly identifies the independent and dependent variables?
A. The independent variable is kidney health, and the dependent variable is glucose concentration
of dialysis fluid.
B. The independent variable is kidney health, and the dependent variable is blood pressure.
C. The independent variable is glucose concentration of the dialysis fluid, and the dependent
variable is blood pressure.
D. The independent variable is blood pressure, and the dependent variable is glucose concentration
of the dialysis fluid.

16. Scientists calculate the buoyant force, the upward force that a liquid exerts on an object submerged
or floating in that liquid, by using the formula FB = ρfVg, where FB is the buoyant force, ρf is the
density of the fluid, and g is a constant and is the acceleration due to gravity.
Based on the information above, an object would experience a —---- in a fluid that had —-----.
Select 1:
• greater buoyant force
• lesser acceleration due to gravity
Select 2:
• greater density
• lesser volume
17. The term solubility refers to the amount of a substance (solute) that will dissolve in a given amount
of a liquid substance (solvent). The solubility of solids in water varies with temperature. The graph
below displays the water solubility curves for six crystalline solids.

Identify the substances with the least change in solubility and the greatest change in solubility. Drag
and drop your choices into the appropriate boxes.

18. Biologists have long known that some types of electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays and
gamma rays, can be dangerous to human beings.
However, until now, no one has ever suggested that microwave radiation might also be harmful. In
preliminary test-tube laboratory results, a scientist has found elevated growth rates in cancer cells
exposed to low doses of microwaves.
These results are only preliminary because, first, there has been no controlled study of the effects of
microwaves on human beings. Second, this study was of short duration, raising the possibility that the
dangers of long-term exposure have not yet been assessed.
Although federal guidelines for how much electromagnetic energy can be allowed to enter the work
and home environment have been made more stringent since they were first implemented in 1982, the
recent study poses troubling questions about the safety of microwaves.

Which of the following, if true, would lend weight to the scientists’ initial findings regarding
microwaves?
I. Individuals who extensively use point-to-point telecommunications, which heavily utilize
microwaves, have higher-than-average incidences of cancer.
 II. A long-term study of cancer cells exposed to microwaves in the laboratory shows the same
pattern of growth found in the short-term study.
III. A study of dental associates who regularly work with X-rays shows that such individuals have
higher-than-normal incidences of cancer.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. I and III

19. Scientists conducted a study to determine whether drinking a small amount of alcohol each day
reduces one’s chances of suffering from a heart attack. They tested 400 first-heart-attack survivors
who maintained daily fitness routines and healthy diets by giving these individuals one alcoholic drink
per day for 20 years. The results of the study are shown in the chart below, along with the incidence
of second heart attacks among first-heart-attack survivors nationwide.

Incidence of Second Heart Attacks Among Study Participants

Incidence of Second Heart Attacks Among Average First-Heart-Attack Survivors Nationwide

Based on the results of the study, scientists concluded that drinking alcohol in small amounts lowers
the risk of heart attack.
Which of the following represents a flaw in the study above?
 A. The sample size of the study was too small to be effective.
B. The study was not performed over a long enough period of time to provide reliable data.
C. The exercise and diet routines of the subjects may have affected their incidence of heart attack.
D. The scientists did not perform the study on animals before attempting to study humans.

Questions 20 and 21 refer to the following passage.

In the year 79 A.D., Mount Vesuvius erupted and covered the town of Pompeii in about 5 m of ash,
killing most of the inhabitants. However, much of the town was preserved under the volcanic debris,
which allowed researchers to learn a lot about the way of life in Pompeii when it was discovered 1,500
years later. Over the next two hundred years, it was determined that Pompeii must have had an intricate
system for transporting water as well as an amphitheater that was used for entertainment and even a
gymnasium for exercise.
Scientists found remains that also included many fossilized animals, which have been used to better
understand the wildlife that was present during that time period. Among the fossils was a bird that
scientists believe to be part of a species that is now extinct. The bird had a slightly longer wing-to-
body ratio than any known species that is alive today. It also has a stout and strangely pointed beak
that may have given it a foraging advantage over competitors.
20. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following scientific conclusions is the most
reasonable?
A. The volcanic eruption at Pompeii was responsible for the extinction of this species.
B. The bird did not live in Pompeii, but was on its way south for the winter.
C. No one survived the volcanic eruption at Pompeii.
D. The bird lived at the same time as the eruption.

21. Determine whether each of the following statements is a scientific observation or conclusion. For
this drill, write the letters of the statements in the appropriate boxes.

22. When a cell undergoes mitosis, it duplicates into two genetically exact replicas of itself, so that
the new cells have exactly the same number of chromosomes as did the original cell. When a cell
undergoes meiosis, it creates four cells, each with half the number of original chromosomes. Meiosis,
unlike mitosis, takes place in two rounds.
Scientists conduct an experiment on three different cells, and track the number of resulting cells and
chromosomes after each cell undergoes either meiosis or mitosis, according to the cell type. The results
are shown below.

In trial 3, the cell undergoes —---- and each resulting cell has —---- chromosomes.
Select 1:
• meiosis
• mitosis
Select 2:
• 23
• 46

23. Nearly 75% of plant and animal species on Earth, including all non-bird dinosaurs, went extinct
during the Cretaceous-Paleogene (or Cretaceous-Tertiary) extinction event. Scientists have spent years
speculating about what precipitated this extinction. Various hypotheses have been presented to account
for the disappearance of these huge creatures. The prevailing theory is that a large asteroid collided
with Earth and its impact raised a cloud of dust that reduced the amount of sunlight that reached the
planet’s surface for many years. Temperatures fell rapidly, and without the normal amount of sunlight,
much of the plant life on the planet’s surface disappeared. Unadapted for sudden lower temperatures
and a much smaller food supply, the dinosaurs, as well as many other species, became extinct.
In support of this theory, scientists have found a thin layer of sediment in marine and terrestrial rocks
that contains metals that are rare on Earth but abundant in asteroids. Additionally, a large crater was
found in the Gulf of Mexico that must have been formed when an asteroid hit Earth at roughly the
same time as the extinctions took place.

If Charles Darwin read this passage, would he agree with the statements made in the last paragraph?
A. No. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, organisms were destined to fulfill
specific niches only when it was best for their evolutionary fitness.
B. No. Darwin would not have considered a tragedy to be an opportunity.
C. Yes. Darwin believed that slight differences between organisms can be selected for through
natural selection and that this would be exacerbated in a time when there were many potential
ecological niches.
D. Yes. Darwin believed that individual organisms were capable of evolution.

24. The human body maintains itself through several systems. For example, the integumentary system,
which is composed of skin, hair, and nails, helps to protect the body from harm. The endocrine system
consists of glands that secrete hormones into your circulatory system, such as the pituitary glands,
thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. Lungs make up the respiratory system, and moderate intake of
oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide. The muscular system consists of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles, and allows humans to move and remain upright, and circulates blood through the body. These,
along with seven other systems, maintain homeostasis, or stable internal conditions. When the body is
no longer in homeostasis, these systems act to bring the body back to equilibrium.

After a large meal, glucose enters the bloodstream as carbohydrates are broken down. The rise in blood
sugar levels signals the pancreas to release insulin.
This is an example of the —---- system glands being activated to —----.
Select 1:
• muscular
• integumentary
• endocrine
Select 2:
• return the body to homeostasis
• circulate blood through the body
• expel carbon dioxide

25. Newton’s Law of Gravity states that the gravitational force that two objects exert on each other is
equal to the following:

In the equation,
F is the force of gravity;
G is a constant;
M is the mass of one of the objects;
m is the mass of the second object;
r is the distance between the centers of the objects.
If the distance between two objects doubles but the masses of the objects remain constant, then the
force between the two objects will

26. Bob pushes against a rock of mass 50 kg for 20 minutes exerting an average force of 100 N but
the rock never budges. He really wants to move the rock so he asks his wife Barbara to come out and
help. She pushes on the rock with another 100 N and eventually the rock starts to move. As the couple
keeps pushing, it becomes easier and easier to move.
At the end of the driveway is a ledge and the couple push the rock off the ledge. The rock falls for 3
seconds and eventually crashes into the riverbed below.
According to a physicist, work is defined as the force applied to an object multiplied by the distance
the object moves during the time the force is applied. Using this definition, how much work did Bob
do before Barbara helped him?
A. none
B. more than was necessary
C. enough work to get the job done
D. 20 minutes’ worth

Questions 27 & 28 refer to the following passage.

When an organism is buried shortly after its death, it fills with groundwater that contains many
minerals. Over time, these minerals precipitate, forming detailed fossils that can reveal fascinating
structural information about the organism. Oftentimes, the original remains of the organism dissolve
over time so all that remains is the fossil.
Over many years, several layers of material can form sediment over the fossilized organism, burying
it even further. Each of these layers is representative of a particular time period. Through carbon dating,
scientists can determine when a particular layer of sedimentary rock was formed. If a particular
organism was fossilized in that layer, the scientists can deduce that that organism most likely lived
during that time period.
The half-life of carbon-14 (the radioactive isotope of carbon) is approximately 5,000 years. The
following diagram depicts several rock layers.

27. The passage states that the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,000 years. This means that if you start
with a sample of carbon-14 and wait for 5,000 years,
A. you will have double the amount you started with.
B. you will have half the amount you started with.
C. the carbon-14 will have converted into carbon-7.
D. you will have the same amount of carbon.

28. If rock layer D contains fossilized bones from a woolly mammoth, which lived about 200,000
years ago, which of the following statements must also be true?
A. The rock formed over an area that was once a large ocean.
B. Rock layer D formed 250,000 years ago.
C. Rock layer A formed 10,000 years ago.
D. Rock layer D contained minerals that were capable of fossilization.

29. The mechanical advantage (MA) of a machine is a measure of how much the machine multiplies
the input force applied to it.
Based on the data in the table, what happens to the mechanical advantage of the pulley system as the
load size increases?
A. The mechanical advantage increases at a constant rate.
B. The system’s mechanical advantage does not change.
C. The pulley system multiplies the mechanical advantage.
D. The mechanical advantage decreases at a constant rate.

30. The chart below illustrates how the color of the light emitted by a star is dependent on the star’s
temperature.

Which of the following statements is supported by the data in the table?

A. In general, white stars are hotter than blue-white stars.
B. A star with a surface temperature of 3,700 K produces red light.
C. Yellow light is produced by stars within the narrowest temperature range.
D. The highest known surface temperature of a star is 25,000 K.
31. The amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a body of water can provide information about the health
of the aquatic ecosystem. In general, the closer the dissolved oxygen level to the maximum level, the
more productive and less polluted the ecosystem can be assumed to be.
The table below shows the maximum amount of oxygen gas that can be dissolved in water at various
temperatures.

The data in the table support which of the following statements about the relationship between water
temperature and oxygen solubility?
A. Bodies of water with a lower average temperature can support a higher concentration of
dissolved oxygen.
B. Bodies of water with an average temperature higher than 40°C contain no dissolved oxygen.
C. A 10°C increase in water temperature results in an approximately 3 mg/L change in oxygen
solubility.
D. The oxygen solubility of a body of water is affected by many variables, including water
temperature.

32. This illustration from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows how hookworm
infections occur.

What are the two most effective ways to prevent the spread of hookworm (choose two answers)?
A. wear tight-fitting clothes
B. wear shoes when walking outside
C. provide sanitary treatment of human wastes
D. wash fruit and vegetables thoroughly before eating
Question 33 & 34 refer to the following passage.
If we are what we eat, some lake fish, it turns out, are made of maple leaves. These fallen leaves play
an integral role in the food webs of lakes.
It has long been thought that aquatic plants form the base of a lake’s food web. The energy they
contain supports life, from invertebrates to the largest sport fish. Now, a study funded by the
National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Biological Sciences Directorate shows that aquatic plants are
receiving a little help from trees along the shoreline.
Scientists Michael Pace and Jonathan Cole of the Institute for Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New
York, found that a significant part of the aquatic food chain is supported by organic matter (“food”)
that originates on shore.
A building block of life, organic carbon is essential to aquatic food webs. In lakes, aquatic plants
produce this carbon by harnessing the sun’s energy through photosynthesis. Some of the carbon
supports the growth of fish and invertebrate populations.
In Lakes Peter and Paul at the University of Notre Dame Research Center, scientists conducted tests
to determine whether lake plant production was enough to support resident aquatic life.
The short answer: It’s not. Test results show that aquatic plants don’t produce nearly enough food to
support lake animals. Therefore, to survive and thrive, the lake animals are dependent on inputs from
the surrounding shores.
Leaves and other organic matter that enter lakes, it turns out, are ultimately incorporated into aquatic
animals. That maple leaves may eventually become perch, and that the vegetation around a lake can
have profound impacts on the animal life within that lake, blurs the boundaries between aquatic and
land-based ecosystems.
As naturalist John Muir once wrote, tug on one strand of nature, and you’ll find it connects to all
others.

33. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the evidence presented?
A. Aquatic plants do not produce enough organic matter to support resident aquatic life, so fish
must eat tree leaves.
B. Fish cannot obtain sufficient amounts of food from aquatic plants, so they need to eat aquatic
invertebrates to survive.
C. Aquatic plants do not produce sufficient carbon to support resident aquatic life, so the carbon
must be coming from plants along the shoreline.
D. Shoreline vegetation supplies sufficient energy to support resident aquatic life without the
addition of aquatic plant production.

34. Which of the following is a fact about food chains that caused researchers to question whether
aquatic plant production was sufficient to support resident aquatic life?
A. All energy in a food chain comes from the sun.
B. In lakes, aquatic plants produce all the food required to support resident aquatic life.
C. All aquatic animals obtain their energy directly from plants.
D. In food chains, secondary consumers eat primary consumers.

35. If an incandescent light bulb is made of a filament inside a glass enclosure from which all air has
been exhausted, what method(s) of thermal transfer would cause your fingers to warm up if you
touched the glass enclosure?
 A. conduction
B. convection
C. radiation
D. radiation and conduction

36. In a laboratory setting, concentration for solutions are measured in molarity, which is the number
of moles per liter (mole/L). Concentrations are often converted to more common units on the labels of
household products. For a particular bleach, the concentration of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is
reported on the bottle as 7.25 % by mass. The following information can thus be used to calculate the
molarity of NaClO in the bleach:
• 1L of bleach has a mass of 1,100 grams.
• 7.25 % of the mass of bleach is NaClO.
• 1 mol of NaClO has a mass of 74.44 grams.
What is the molarity (mol/L) of NaClO in the bleach?
You may use the calculator.
A. 0.097
B. 0.93
C. 1.07
D. 79.75

37. The following cladogram illustrates the evolutionary relationships and similarities of different
species. Based upon this information, which of the following statements is true?

A. All of the organisms evolved to have an amniotic egg.

B. The caiman is more similar to parrots than frogs.
C. Humans are more similar to sharks than hares.
D. All of the above.

38. Blond hair is a recessive trait, and brown hair is a dominant trait.
Janice created a chart showing the hair colors of herself, her parents, and her grandparents. Based on
this chart, which of the following is the best conclusion?
A. Grandpa Pearce carries a gene for blond hair.
B. Janice’s father has no genes for blond hair.
C. Janice’s mother inherited a gene for brown hair from her father.
D. Women are more likely to have blond hair than men.