HAN Automotive

SEV Lesson 6:
Thermodynamics I Basics and First Law

Saving Energy in a Vehicle

Note: most figures in this PowerPoint are from the reader SEV, others are directly sourced

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Thermodynamics
Content
• Thermodynamical quantities:
pressure, temperature, volume

• Specific heat

• Ideal Gas law

• Gas constant

• Energies: Work, Heat, Internal Energy

• Isobar, Isotherm, Isochore, Isentrope

• Adiabatic processes

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Nicolaus Otto and his first four-stroke engine (1877)
Two pictures showing the processes of internal and external combustion.

Throughout the history of combustion engines there has been a lot of

research into the thermodynamical processes.
Thermodynamics is not only necessary to describe

the operation of combustion engines but also for heat

transfer in materials.

For instance, the representation of the heat distribution

with the help of the so-called heat transfer equation.

 SI Units Prefixes
• Length l [m] Tera (T) 1012
• Mass m [kg] Giga (G) 109
• Time t [s] Mega (M)106
• El. Current I [A]
• Amt. of subst. n [mol] kilo (k) 103
• Luminousity I [cd] milli (m) 10-3
• Temperature T [K] micro ()10-6
nano (n) 10-9
pico (p) 10-12
It is important in measurements and calculations
to use the correct units

• 1 bar = 100.000 Pa
other units that are used: • 1 atm = 76 cm Hg  1013 mbar
• 0 K = -273.15 °C T = 273 + t
T in [K] and t in [ºC]

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

𝑇1 𝑡1
≠
𝑇2 𝑡2
T in [K] and t in [ºC]

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 Example:

𝑡1 = 0℃ → 𝑇1 = 273 K

𝑇1 𝑡1 𝑡2 = 25 ℃ → 𝑇1 = 298 K
≠
𝑇2 𝑡2
𝑇1 273 𝑡1 0
= = 0.92 = =0
𝑇2 298 𝑡2 25

and of course, 0.92 ≠ 0

Energy
• Chemical
• Heat
• Radiation
• Kinetic
• Electric
• Potential
• Spring
• Bio-chemical

Conservation
of Energy
In this lesson series we only look
at the following three types of energy

Q Heat

W Work

U Internal energy
 In Thermodynamics we often deal with changes between
situations where a notation is used to indicate the order

situation 1 𝑸𝟏𝟐 , 𝑾𝟏𝟐 , 𝑼𝟏𝟐 situation 2

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟐

Do not pronounce 𝑸𝟏𝟐 as ‘Q twelve’ !! 𝑸𝟐𝟑 , 𝑾𝟐𝟑 , 𝑼𝟐𝟑

but as ‘Q one two’

𝐞𝐭𝐜. situation 3

𝒑𝟑 𝑽𝟑 𝑻𝟑
Energy can be positive, negative or zero

Q12 > 0 heat supply

Q12 < 0 heat emission

Q12 = 0 adiabatic process

( isentrope )
Work

W12 > 0 work done by the system → expansion

W12 < 0 work done on the system → compression

W12 = 0 constant volume proces

(isochore)
Internal energy is a macroscopic quantity that is the total sum of
the microscopic kinetic and potential energy of the molecules.

U12 > 0 increase of internal energy

→ higher temperature

U12 < 0 decrease of internal energy

→ lower temperature

U12 = 0 remains the same (isotherm)

 definition of specific heat

heat energy
situation 1 𝑸𝟏𝟐 situation 2

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟐

𝑸𝟏𝟐 = 𝒎 𝒄 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏

specific heat
final situation minus initial situation
 𝑸𝟏𝟐
𝑸𝟏𝟐 = 𝒎 𝒄 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 𝒄=
𝒎 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏

𝐽 or the notation
specific heat unit
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
∆𝑸
𝒄=
𝒎∆𝑻

specific heat at constant pressure 𝑐𝑝

specific heat at constant volume 𝑐𝑉

𝒄𝒑
ratio 𝒌=
𝒄𝑽
Ideal gas: no internal friction and / or cohesion
Ideal Gas Law 𝑝∙𝑉 =𝑚∙𝑅∙𝑇

𝐽
Gas Constant 𝑅 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑘𝑔𝐾
 𝑐𝑝
𝑘 =
𝑐𝑉

𝑅 = 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑉
  J   J   J 
cp   cV   R 
 kg K   kg K   kg K 

O2 912 653 259.9

N2 1047 746 296.7

CO2 837 653 189.0

CO 1047 754 297.0
air 1005 716 287.0
Is indeed 𝑹 = 𝒄𝒑 − 𝒄𝑽 ?
  J   J   J 
cp   cV   R 
 kg K   kg K   kg K 

O2 912 653 259.9

N2 1047 746 296.7
CO2 837 653 189.0
CO 1047 754 297.0
air 1005 716 287.0
a difference of less
than 1 %
1005 − 716 = 289
 conclusion:

𝑅 ≠ 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑉

An ideal gas does not exist

 conclusion:

𝑅 ≠ 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑉

An ideal gas does not exist

but it is a very good simple approximation

The fundamental definition of Work has

to do with force and displacement

𝑊 = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑠 ⋅ cos 𝛼

a
s
 F

a
s

𝑊 = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑠 ⋅ cos 𝛼

if 𝛼 = 0° ⇒ cos 𝛼 = 1 ⇒ 𝑊 =𝐹∙𝑠

work pressure

displacement volume

transformation into

thermodynamical quantities
 force
area Δs

displacement
 A F
W = F  s =    F  s =    ( A  s )
 A  A

W = p  V
Thermodynamical Work pressure change of volume
 Internal energy

𝑈12 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐𝑉 ∙ 𝑇2 − 𝑇1

Δ𝑈 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ Δ𝑇
Conservation Law of Energy

Q Heat

W Work

U Internal energy

Everyone probably knows what

happens when you boil water

Forces occur, the water starts to
Work W is done by the system
move and turbulence is created

temperature is getting higher

Increase of internal energy U

Conservation Law
Input of heat energy Q
Q=W+U
 First Law of Thermodynamics
=
Conservation Law of Energy

Notations: ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑈

a process devided into sub-processes

𝑄12 = 𝑊12 + 𝑈12

𝑄23 = 𝑊23 + 𝑈23

𝑄34 = 𝑊34 + 𝑈34

 vertical line
isochore pV –diagrams are used to draw

(Volume = constant) thermodynamical processes

Hyperbole
isotherm
(Temperature = constant)

horizontal line
isobar
(Pressure = constant)

V
 adiabatic process
isentrope

(Energy = constant)
p

steeper than an isotherm

V
Homework Thermodynamics I Basics and First Law

Please study chapter 6 of the reader:

Saving Energy in a Vehicle-Reader 2022.pdf:

And do the exercises of week 6

see Education / Onderwijs Online

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