CONTENTS:

1. Enumerate, explain, define, and discuss all kinds of non-motorized transportation.

a. Internationally
b. Locally
2. Here in the Philippines, what are the particular places where non-motorized transportation are
being utilized, focus on 2 places only, what are the effect of these non-motorized vehicles to
such places. (ex. intra-kalesa)
3. In preparation on thesis, read and explain 10 journal / articles which discusses non-motorized
transportation.
4. Based on your own perception, what is the effect of e-vehicles (e-trikes, e-jeeps etc.) to non-
motorized transportation.

CONTENT (1)
Non-motorized transportation refers to modes of transport that do not rely on internal
combustion engines or motors for propulsion. These forms of transportation are often human-
powered, using physical effort from individuals or animals. Non-motorized transportation is
recognized for its environmental sustainability, promoting healthier lifestyles, and contributing to
reduced traffic congestion in urban areas. Now, let’s explore and discuss different types of non-
motorized transportation internationally and locally in the Philippines.

International Non-Motorized Transportation

1. Bicycles
- Perhaps the most widely recognized non-motorized mode globally, bicycles are
prevalent in urban and rural areas. Cities such as Amsterdam and Copenhagen have
extensive cycling infrastructure, promoting eco-friendly commuting.

2. Pedestrian Walking
 - The simplest and most traditional non-motorized transportation mode, walking is
prevalent worldwide. Pedestrian-friendly cities like Tokyo and New York prioritize
safe and accessible sidewalks.

3. Rickshaw
- Traditional in many Asian countries, the rickshaw is a human-powered cart used to
transport passengers short distances. Rickshaws remain a crucial means of transport
in cities like Kolkata, India, and Dhaka, Bangladesh.

4. Rollerblades/Skates
- Popular in North America and Europe, rollerblades and skates offer an active and
enjoyable mode of personal transportation. Parks and designated paths in cities like
New York and Berlin attract skaters.

5. Canoe/Kayak
- In water-rich regions like Scandinavia and Canada, non-motorized watercraft such as
canoes and kayaks are used for recreation and transportation along rivers and lakes.
 6. Horse and Carriage
- Still found in parts of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, horse-drawn carriages
provide charming and historical transportation, particularly in tourist destinations like
Vienna, Austria.

Local Non-Motorized Transportation

1. Bamboo Bikes
- In some rural areas, bamboo bikes are crafted and used as an eco-friendly alternative
for short-distance commuting.

2. Walkways and Footbridges

- In dense urban areas, walkways and footbridges are essential for pedestrian
movement, fostering a non-motorized commuting culture.
3. Karitela / Kalesa
- A traditional horse-drawn carriage, the karitela/kalesa was historically used for
transportation in the Philippines. While less common today, it is still found in some
rural areas.

4. Bamboo Raft
- In water-rich areas like the Cordillera region, bamboo rafts are used for transportation
across rivers and are often seen in tourist destinations.

5. Pedicab
- Found in some urban areas, the pedicab is a bicycle with a sidecar used for short-
distance transport, offering an eco-friendly alternative in congested city streets.
CONTENT (2)

Here in the Philippines, there are many non-motorized transportations being utilized daily by
Filipinos. For instance, here in Intramuros, are the pedicabs. Pedicabs are a good method of
transportation along the narrow streets of Intramuros. They produce fewer emissions than motorized
vehicles, which benefit both the environment and air quality. Aside from this, pedicab drivers in
Intramuros offer tour rides inside the historical place of Intramuros, giving tourists a first-hand
experience of public transportation here in the Philippines.

Non-motorized transportation can also be seen along main roads such as Taft Avenue. Here,
bike lanes are present. They provide an alternative method of transportation, especially for those who
find public transportation too expensive, or are too isolated from public transportation routes. Due to
the rise in popularity of using bicycles for transportation since the pandemic, the local government has
created dedicated bike lanes for those who opt to use their bikes. However, many motorized-vehicle
drivers continue to hog these lanes, exposing cyclists to even more danger.

CONTENT (3)
10 JOURNALS / ARTICLES WHICH DISCUSSES NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION.

1. A Study on Non-Motorized (NMT) Activities for Urban Environment

 Reference:

Salleh, B. S., Rahmat, R. a. a. O., & Ismail, A. (2014). A study on Non-Motorised (NMT)

Activities for Urban Environment. Research Journal of Applied Sciences,

Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 290–295. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.253

(Salleh et al., 2014)

In this study on non-motorized (NMT) activities in the urban environment, the researchers

aim to address the challenges posed by the dominance of private cars in Asian cities, particularly in

Malaysia. The negative consequences of heavy motorized traffic include congestion, road safety

issues, air pollution, and contributions to climate change. Despite various policy measures to alleviate

these problems, there's a noticeable lack of emphasis on promoting non-motorized modes of transport,

such as cycling and walking. The study underscores the importance of reforming traditional views on

highway provision and proposes strategies to encourage the integration of cycling and walking into

the urban transport framework.

The authors suggest that a comprehensive cycling and walking strategy should be developed

with the purpose of positioning these non-motorized modes as sustainable feeder options for public

transport and preferred choices for short-distance trips. The inadequacy of infrastructure and facilities

for cyclists and pedestrians in Malaysia is highlighted, along with the existing challenges in public

transport accessibility. The study advocates for a shift in focus towards creating a conducive

environment for non-motorized travel, offering insights into areas like improved convenience,

enhanced transport options, building attractive communities, ensuring basic mobility for non-drivers,

and promoting efficient land use. The ultimate goal is to provide a framework for urban planners and

policymakers to rethink transportation strategies and prioritize non-motorized modes, contributing to

a more sustainable and livable urban environment.

 2. Urban Roads and Non-Motorized Transport: The Barrier Effect and Challenges in the Search
for Sustainable Urban Mobility

Reference:

Maciorowski, M. M., & Souza, J. C. (2018). Urban Roads and Non-Motorized Transport: The

Barrier Effect and Challenges in the Search for Sustainable Urban Mobility.

Transportation Research Procedia, 33, 123–130.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.10.084

(Maciorowski & Souza, 2018)

In this study, the focus is on addressing the adverse effects of large-scale urban roads on non-

motorized transport, particularly the Barrier Effect, aiming to enhance the overall quality of the urban

environment. The research begins with a comprehensive literature review on sustainable urban

mobility, non-motorized transport, and the Barrier Effect, laying the theoretical foundation for the

subsequent investigation. The authors propose a research method involving opinion polls in an area

affected by the Barrier Effect, which unfolds in two stages: identification of factors contributing to the

Barrier Effect using Likert's recommendations and the Successive Intervals Method and the

application of the stated preference technique to propose sustainable mobility solutions for

minimizing the consequences of the Barrier Effect. The chosen case study is the SC 401 highway in

Florianópolis, Brazil, a major road connecting the central region with northern neighborhoods, where

the authors analyze the perceptions and opinions of the local population to identify the existence of

the Barrier Effect and its causes.

The theoretical references in the article emphasize the importance of sustainable urban

mobility, highlighting the need for measures that reduce private vehicle use and promote non-

motorized transport. The study delves into the concept of non-motorized transport, emphasizing the

vulnerability of pedestrians and cyclists in urban areas and the lack of attention they receive in

conventional transport planning. The Barrier Effect is introduced as a phenomenon inhibiting

pedestrian and cyclist movement due to traffic and road infrastructure, leading to a segregation of the

population and impacting urban mobility. The proposed methodology involves a detailed analysis of

the chosen case study, including demographic profiles, perceptions of the Barrier Effect, and the
application of the stated preference technique to offer solutions for minimizing its impact. The

ultimate goal is to provide recommendations for policymakers to develop more sustainable and

humanized cities by addressing the challenges posed by the Barrier Effect and prioritizing non-

motorized transportation systems.

3. Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning in the Port Area: A Case Study

Maslarić, M., Bojić, S., Mirčetić, D., Nikoličić, S., & Todorovic, R. M. (2024). Sustainable

urban mobility planning in the port Areas: a case study. Sustainability, 16(2), 514.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020514

(Maslarić et al., 2024)

In this study, the focus is on advancing sustainable urban mobility planning (SUMP) in port

areas, recognizing the unique challenges posed by pollution and noise from shipping activities. The

paper proposes a methodology for developing a territorial SUMP specifically tailored to address the

distinctive needs of a port and its connected urban regions. The approach emphasizes the

interconnectedness of the port and the city, viewing them as nested systems, and aims to establish

sustainable transportation guidelines for harmonious integration between the port area and its

surroundings. The proposed two-stage approach involves a city-wide SUMP as the first stage,

followed by a micro-SUMP within the port area, ensuring a localized focus on the challenges specific

to the port. The methodology is applied in a practical case study in the Port of Bar (Montenegro),

where steps are systematically followed, resulting in a sustainable mobility solution – using a hybrid

bus for internal employee transportation within the port area. The study highlights the proposed

methodology's simplicity, practical applicability, and adaptability, providing valuable insights for

future SUMP development in port areas.

The materials and methods section outlines the general approach to micro-SUMP

development, emphasizing the interdependence of port and city systems. The methodology seeks to

align urban policies with the concept of a sustainable city and port policies with the notion of a

sustainable port. The two-stage approach involves integrating the micro-SUMP with the broader city-

wide SUMP, addressing localized issues in the port area. The research concludes with an application
of the proposed methodology in the Port of Bar, underscoring its ease of use and practical

applicability despite certain limitations in the case study. The methodology aims to facilitate the

design and implementation of measures aligned with the specific needs of both the port and the city,

emphasizing that it should be an integral part of the city-wide urban mobility planning strategy. The

study contributes to sustainable urban mobility planning by offering a tailored methodology for

addressing the complexities of port areas and fostering sustainable development.

4. Modelling of Pre and Post Covid-19’s Impact on Employee’s Mode Choice Behavior

Reference:

Srikanth, S., Kanimozhee, S., & Sushmitha, R. (2022). Modelling of pre and post Covid-19’s

impact on employee’s mode choice behavior. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions,

8(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00990-x

(Srikanth et al., 2022)

This study delves into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employees' mode choice

behavior, particularly in the context of transportation. Through a web-based survey distributed via

various social media platforms, the researchers collected responses to understand how the pandemic

influenced individuals' transportation preferences. The findings reveal a noticeable shift from public

transportation to private modes, attributed to concerns about the spread of the virus. Additionally,

there's a marginal increase in the preference for non-motorized transportation modes post-COVID-19.

The study underscores the significance of factors related to infection spread, safety, and social

distancing in influencing transportation choices. Multinomial logistic regression and artificial neural

network models were developed to analyze pre and post-COVID-19 mode choices, providing insights

into the factors affecting transportation decisions during and after the pandemic.

The introduction highlights the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various aspects

of daily life, emphasizing the specific challenges faced in India, the second-most populous country.

The government's measures, including lockdowns and social distancing protocols, affected travel

behavior and preferences and had broader implications for the economy. The study narrows its focus

to employees' primary trips to work, aiming to assess the influence of socio-demographic

characteristics on mode choice behavior during different phases of the pandemic. The methodology
involves a web-based survey in Bangalore, India, employing statistical analysis, factor analysis, and

tests like McNemar's to evaluate changes in mode choices. The study concludes by presenting the

methodology's limitations and discussing the models developed for predicting mode choices pre and

post-COVID-19, demonstrating their reliability and offering valuable insights into the evolving

landscape of transportation preferences in the wake of the pandemic.

5. The Use of Non-Motorized For Sustainable Transportation in Malaysia

Reference:

Mat Yazid, M. R., Ismail, R., & Atiq, R. (2011). The Use of Non-Motorized For Sustainable

Transportation in Malaysia.

The article focuses on the importance of sustainable transportation to Malaysia’s economy,

energy consumption, and environmental impacts. It points out how technology has made many

transportation systems in the country unsafe and unsustainable due to overuse of natural resources,

increasing deaths and injuries, and traffic congestion and accidents. Carbon emissions have also

impacted the atmosphere and contribute to environmental pollution that affects mobility of life.

The goal of the study was to design sustainable transportation through the use of non-

motorized vehicles. The researchers have looked at non-motorized transportation of other countries,

such as Germany, Netherlands, and Japan, and provided strategies to change the choice of transport

modes through integration of land use and transportation planning. Understanding the requirements

and constraints of the user group and local physical environment have also helped the researchers give

a better idea in creating sustainable transportation. By improving pedestrian paths and cycling zones

to increase non-motorized travel and reduce motor vehicles travel. The use of non-motorized

transportation such as cycling and walking is not only to reduce carbon but also healthy lifestyle and

physical activity.

6. Improving Non-Motorized Transportation Provision in a Socially Inclusive Way—the Case of

Cape Town
 Reference:

Vanderschuren, M., Newlands, A., & Wheeldon, A. (2022). Improving Non-Motorized

Transportation Provision in a Socially Inclusive Way—The Case of Cape Town.

The article is a case study on non-motorized transportation in Cape Town, the capital of South

Africa. According to Vanderschuren et al. (2022), walking is the most important mode of

transportation. Depending on the location, the mode accounts for between 33 and 90% of trips.

Despite its importance and the notion that walking is available to all, there are vast parts of the

population that cannot use the mode as infrastructure is not conducive. The gender and ability neutral

approach to infrastructure provision ignores the needs of up to 75% of inhabitants, leading to isolation

and the inability to access services.

The study uses various types of literature and secondary sources of data to conduct a

qualitative assessment of the inclusivity of non-motorized transportation and vulnerable population

groups such as women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Interviews with experts that

have a long-standing relationship with the City of Cape Town, spanning a two-decade period, through

serving on committees, conduction projects, and lobbying officials, were also conducted.

Gender neutral planning and roll out of infrastructure has been slow and there is no evidence

at all that women, children, and the elderly are considered in the “Global South” context. Regarding

people with disabilities, there has been some progress. Tactile paving and drop curbs are occasionally

included. However, due to a lack of training of contractors and personnel that audits implementation

projects, the quality of infrastructure for people with disabilities is poor. Vanderschuren et al. suspect

that the situation in other cities would be even worse. They recommend that management structure

must be changed and embrace the input of representatives of vulnerable groups during infrastructure

design and implementation. Increasing the budget for non-motorized transportation is also a must.

7. Biking and Walking: The Position of Non-Motorized Transport Modes in Transport Systems

Reference:
 Rietveld, P. (2001). Biking and Walking: The Position of Non-Motorized Transport Modes in

Transport Systems.

The article focuses on the importance of biking and walking as non-motorized transportation

modes. The paper discusses the possibilities of substitution between non-motorized and motorized

transport. In addition, attention is paid to the issue of complementarity between motorized and non-

motorized transport modes.

According to the article, with the increase of incomes in most countries, the share of

motorized transport modes has also increased, allowing people to travel longer distances. Thus, in

terms of the contribution of non-motorized transport modes to the total number of passengers, one can

observe a continuous decline. However, elements of non-motorized transportation can still be found.

Examples include walking from the parking place and biking to the railway station. The contribution

of non-motorized transport modes to the urban quality of life is gaining increasing attention at the

level of national and local governments in many countries.

The research also provided factors that may stimulate improvement of non-motorized

transportation. These include improved image and health, introduction of new types of bicycles, and

better government policies.

8. Urban Roads and Non-Motorized Transport: The Barrier Effect and Challenges in the Search

for Sustainable Urban Mobility

Reference:

Maciorowski, M. M., & Souza, J. C. (2018). Urban Roads and Non-Motorized Transport: The

Barrier Effect and Challenges in the Search for Sustainable Urban Mobility.

Transportation Research Procedia, 33, 123–130.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.10.084

(Maciorowski & Souza, 2018)

 The article delves into the central theme of sustainable urban mobility and, in particular,

explores the concept of the "Barrier Effect" in the context of transportation planning. It underscores

the need to adopt sustainability concepts to address worsening transport problems, advocating for a

reduction in private vehicle usage and increased reliance on alternatives like public transport, walking,

and cycling. Emphasizing the often-overlooked significance of non-motorized transport modes, such

as walking and cycling, the study points out the inadequacies in current transport planning, which

tends to underestimate the importance of these modes and neglect their infrastructure.

A focal point of the document is the Barrier Effect, described as a hindrance to pedestrian

movement caused by traffic and roads, leading to physical and social separation. The case study

focuses on the SC 401 highway in Florianópolis, Brazil, illustrating the impacts of the Barrier Effect

on urban mobility. The methodology involves a comprehensive approach, including a literature

review, a case study with field surveys, and the application of the Stated Preference Technique (SPT)

to gauge public preferences for potential solutions.

The analysis of collected data reveals insights into the socio-economic profiles and

perceptions of the population affected by the Barrier Effect. Major causes identified include the lack

of crossing options and inadequate infrastructure, such as sidewalks and cycle paths. The document

underscores the urgent need for public policies prioritizing sustainable urban mobility. It highlights

the significance of proper infrastructure, particularly sidewalks and bicycle paths, as essential

elements in minimizing the Barrier Effect. Based on a coherent analysis of survey data and preference

evaluations, the research results advocate for holistic and sustainable solutions that prioritize non-

motorized transport in urban development. Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into the

challenges the Barrier Effect poses and advocates for a paradigm shift in urban mobility planning

toward sustainability.
 9. Impact of public transport and non-motorized transport infrastructure on travel mode shares,

energy, emissions and safety: Case of Indian cities

Reference:

Tiwari, G., Jain, D., & Ramachandra Rao, K. (2016). Impact of public transport and non-

motorized transport infrastructure on travel mode shares, energy, emissions, and

safety: Case of Indian cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and

Environment, 44, 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.11.004

(Tiwari et al., 2016)

` The research article "Impact of public transport and non-motorized transport infrastructure on

travel mode shares, energy, emissions, and safety: Case of Indian cities" by Geetam Tiwari delves into

the current transportation landscape of Indian cities, spotlighting the prevailing use of non-motorized

transport (NMT) and public transport (PT) despite historical declines. Focusing on the cities of

Udaipur, Rajkot, and Vishakhapatnam, the study investigates the potential effects of enhancing built

environments and infrastructure on travel patterns, fuel consumption, emissions, and traffic safety.

The study develops three scenarios, each targeting specific improvements: solely focusing on NMT

infrastructure, exclusively enhancing bus infrastructure, and simultaneously improving both.

The results underscore the pivotal role of NMT infrastructure in preserving favorable travel

mode shares and achieving maximum reductions in CO2 emissions, particularly when combined with

enhancements in PT infrastructure. Safety indicators also exhibit the most significant improvements

in this combined scenario. The research suggests that to sustain the current dominance of NMT and

PT, it is imperative to establish safe and convenient facilities for users, preventing a potential shift

towards personal motorized vehicles. The article critiques the existing poor condition of NMT and PT
infrastructure in Indian cities, pointing out the discomfort and heightened risk of road traffic accidents

for users, primarily from low-income groups.

The lack of investment in basic transport infrastructure for pedestrians, bicyclists, and bus

users is highlighted, emphasizing the urgent need for improvement. In conclusion, the article

advocates for prioritizing walking, bicycling, and public transport as environmentally friendly modes

of travel. It underscores the importance of bolstering NMT and PT infrastructure to sustain usage,

reduce emissions, and mitigate adverse environmental impacts, promoting a more sustainable and

eco-friendly urban transportation system.

10. Economic impact of non-motorized transportation in Indian cities

Reference:

Rahul, T. M., & Verma, A. (2013). Economic impact of non-motorized transportation in

Indian cities. Research in Transportation Economics, 38(1), 22–34.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.05.005

(Rahul & Verma, 2013)

The article "Economic Impact of Non-Motorized Transportation in Indian Cities" delves into

the often-overlooked economic consequences of non-motorized transportation modes in the urban

development agenda of Indian cities. In its first section, the paper scrutinizes the historical trajectory

of non-motorized traffic in India, revealing a decline attributed to economic growth and urbanization.

It emphasizes the necessity of redefining the role of non-motorized modes for effective infrastructure

implementation and policy development.

The favorable conditions for non-motorized development are explored, focusing on the high

percentage of low and middle-income groups and the prevalence of short trips in Indian cities. Despite

the potential, the article highlights significant barriers, primarily the lack of proper infrastructure, such

as footpaths and cycle tracks. Data presented in the figures illustrate walking and slow-moving

vehicle indices in Indian cities, underlining the urgent need for infrastructural provisions.
 The article then presents two case studies centered on Bangalore, quantifying the economic

benefits associated with a shift to non-motorized modes. The first case study introduces a framework

for monetizing benefits, considering factors like congestion and air pollution reduction and accident

and vehicle cost reduction. Notably, a savings of Indian Rupees 250,000 is identified for a

hypothetical 1% shift to non-motorized modes in a single day. The second case study focuses on the

economic benefits achievable through pedestrianizing a major commercial hub, M.G Road, estimating

a daily savings of 1611.4 Rs. due to reduced air pollution and accidents.

The article concludes by summarizing its key findings and proposing that the economic

benefits uncovered could serve as persuasive tools for policymakers. It asserts the necessity,

problems, favorable conditions, and economic benefits of non-motorized traffic in the Indian context.

By providing a framework for monetization and proposing strategies for sustainable urban transport,

the article contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on transportation development.

However, it acknowledges limitations, particularly the need for more comprehensive studies that

account for the diverse nature of non-motorized traffic entities across different regions in India.

CONTENT (4)

In both the Philippine and international settings, the introduction and widespread adoption of
e-vehicles, such as e-trikes and e-jeeps, can have various effects on non-motorized transportation.
Based off on our own perception, some potential impacts are listed below:

PHILIPPINE SETTING:

Pros:

1. Environmental Benefits:
○ Pro: Reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions can positively impact the
health of pedestrians and cyclists in densely populated urban areas.
2. Improved Infrastructure:
○ Pro: The adoption of e-vehicles may stimulate the development of better
infrastructure, including dedicated lanes and charging stations, benefiting both
motorized and non-motorized commuters.
3. Noise Reduction:
 ○ Pro: E-vehicles are generally quieter than traditional vehicles, contributing to a
quieter and more pleasant environment for pedestrians and cyclists.
4. Economic Opportunities:
○ Pro: The shift towards e-vehicles can create opportunities for green jobs, including
those related to manufacturing, maintenance, and support services, benefiting a
broader range of people.

Cons:

1. Infrastructure Challenges:
○ Con: The transition to e-vehicles may face challenges in terms of building the
necessary infrastructure, potentially causing disruptions and inconveniences for all
transportation users, including non-motorized commuters.
2. Initial Costs and Affordability:
○ Con: The initial costs of e-vehicles may be high, making them less accessible to a
significant portion of the population, potentially leaving non-motorized transportation
as the more affordable option for some.
3. Resource Constraints:
○ Con: The production and disposal of electric vehicle batteries may pose
environmental challenges, including resource constraints and concerns about proper
recycling practices.

INTERNATIONAL SETTINGS:

Pros:

1. Global Environmental Impact:

○ Pro: The widespread adoption of e-vehicles contributes to global efforts to reduce
carbon emissions and combat climate change, indirectly benefiting non-motorized
transportation users worldwide.
2. Technological Advancements:
○ Pro: The shift to e-vehicles can stimulate innovation and technology transfer,
potentially leading to advancements that benefit various forms of transportation,
including non-motorized options.
3. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels:
○ Pro: E-vehicles contribute to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, potentially
enhancing the overall stability of transportation systems, and benefitting non-
motorized options.
4. Policy and Planning Improvements:
○ Pro: The adoption of e-vehicles often prompts the development of supportive policies
and regulatory frameworks, which may lead to improved infrastructure and safety
measures for pedestrians and cyclists.

Cons:

1. Energy Grid Challenges:

○ Con: In some regions, the current energy grid may not be well-equipped to handle a
large influx of electric vehicles, potentially causing strain and limiting the
effectiveness of the transition.
2. Transition Period Challenges:
○ Con: During the transition from traditional to e-vehicles, there may be challenges
such as the coexistence of different types of vehicles on the road, leading to potential
safety concerns for pedestrians and cyclists.
3. Global Supply Chain Issues:
○ Con: The global supply chain for electric vehicle components may face disruptions,
affecting the availability and affordability of e-vehicles and potentially leaving non-
motorized transportation as a more viable option in certain circumstances.
4. Job Displacement in Traditional Industries:
○ Con: The shift to e-vehicles may lead to job displacement in traditional automotive
industries, potentially impacting the economic well-being of communities dependent
on those industries.