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Desingconstructionof33kv11kvlines 150329033645 Conversion Gate01
Desingconstructionof33kv11kvlines 150329033645 Conversion Gate01
OF SUB TRANSMISSION,
DISTRIBUION LINES & SUB-
STATIONS
Er. K.V. Surya Prakasa Rao, Former
SE/APTRANSCO
Design of Electrical Sub
Transmission and
Distribution LinesRules.
Design aspects Power Distribution System
governed by Indian Electricity
is
mts
b) For high voltage lines (up to 33 KV) – 6.096 mts
2. Along a street:
(8) Crossings.
(9) Guardings.
(10) Earthings.
Pully
The fixing of guys stays will involve (i) pit digging and fixing
stay rod (ii) fastening guy wire to the support (iii) Tightening
guy wire and fastening to the anchor. The marking of guy pit,
digging and setting of anchor rod must be carefully carried
out. The stay rod should be placed in a position so that the
angle of rod with the vertical face of the pit is 30°/ 45° as the
case may be.
G.I. stay wires of size 7/3.15 mm (10 SWG) or 7/2.5
mm (SWG 12), and 16 mm 720 mm stay rods are to
be provided. For double pole structure (DP), four
stays along the bisectional the each direction and two
stays along the bisection of the angle of deviation or
as required depending on the angle of deviation are
to be provided.
1. Pin type
2. Strain type
3. Shackle type
The pin type insulators are generally used for
straight stretch of line. The insulator and its r.. pin
should be mechanically strong enough to withstand
the resultant force due to combined effect , of wind
pressure and weight of the conductor in the span.
The strain insulators are used at terminal locations or
dead end locations and where the angle of deviation
of line is more than 10°.
The shackle type of insulators is used for LT. lines.
The pins for insulators are fixed in the holes provided
in the cross-arms and the pole top brackets. The
insulators are mounted in their places over the pins
and tightened. In the case of strain or angle
supports, where strain fittings are provided for this
purpose, one strap of the strain fittings is placed
over the cross-arm before placing the bolt in the hole
of cross-arms. The nut of the straps is so tightened
that the strap can move freely in horizontal direction.
Tying of Conductor on Pin
Insulators
Conductors should occupy such a position on the
insulator as will produce minimum strain on the tie
wire. The function of the wire is only to hold the
conductor, in place on the insulator, leaving the
insulator and pin to take the strain of the conductor.
In straight line, the best practice is to use a top
groove insulator. These insulators will carry grooves
on the side as well. When the conductor is placed on
the top groove, the tie wire serves only to keep the
conductor from slipping out.
On corners and angles (below 5 deviation) the
conductor should be placed on the outside of the
insulators. On the far side of the pole, this pulls the
conductor against the insulators instead of away
from the insulator.,
Kind and Size of Tie Wire to
be used
In general the tie wire should be the same kind
of wire as the line wire i.e., aluminium tie
wire should be used with aluminium line
conductor. The tie should always be made of
soft
annealed wire so that it may not be brittle and
injure the line conductor. A tie wire should never
be used for second time. Good practice is to use
no. '6' tie wires for line conductor, (i) The length
of the wire varies from 1 m for simple tie of a
small insulators (Lt pin insulators) to 3 m (33 pin
insulators)
Rule of Good Tying
Practice
(i) Use only fully annealed tie wire.
(ii) Use that size of tie wire which can be readily handled yet
one which will provide adequate strength.
(iii) Use length of tie wire sufficient for making the complete
tie, including an end allowance for gripping with the hands.
The extra length should be cut from end if
the tie is completed.
(iv) A good tie should
(a) Provide a secure binding between line wire insulators
and tie wire.
(b) Have positive contacts between the line wire and the tie
wire so as to avoid shifting contacts.
(c) Reinforce line wire if the vicinity of insulator.
There are two important factors which vary the sag and
tension : (i) Elasticity of the conductor and (ii) Temperature.
Sag is directly proportional to Wand inversely proportional to
T. If the length of the conductor increases due to temperature
increase then sag will increase. This may be the case in
summer, while it may be reverse in winter. The tension
accordingly decreases or increases.
In order that the sag and tension values under varied working
conditions may be kept according to the regulations, Sag-
Tension charts are prepared for different spans and
temperatures for ACSR, AAAC & AAC conductor.
Special Crossings
(A) In case the lines cross-over the other lines or buildings, safe
minimum clearances are to be maintained as per IE Regulations.
The clearances have been tabulated for this purpose under design
aspects. These clearances should be maintained. The crossings
could be for j
(i) Telephone/telegraph lines.
(ii) Buildings..
(B) River Crossing: Data for the highest flood-level should be obtained
'for previous years. For medium voltage minimum clearance of 3 m
be kept over the highest floor level. Double pole or 4 pole structure
would be required to be specially designed, depending upon the
span and conductor size for the river crossing. The structures
should be located at such places that they could be approached
under flood condition, also. The foundation of structures should be
sound so that it may not get eroded or damaged due to rain water
Guarding
Guarding is an arrangement provided for the lines, by
which a live conductor, when accidentally broken, is
prevented to come in contact with other electric lines,
telephone or telegraph lines, railway lines, roads, and
persons or animals and carriages moving along the
railway line or road, by providing a sort of cradle below
the main electric line. Immediately after a live conductor
breaks it first touches this cradle guard of G.I. wires
before going down further. This, in turn, trips the circuit
breakers or H.T7L.T. fuses provided for the H.T7L.T. lines,
and the electric power in the conductor or the line is cut
off, and danger to any living object is averted.
Guarding is not required for crossings of 66 kV and
higher voltage lines where the transmission line is
protected by fast acting, relay operated circuit breaker
of modern design with a tripping time of even less than
the order of 0.25 sec. from occurrence of fault to its
clearance. For all other crossings, nice Railway Tele-
communication lines and major road crossing guarding is
essential
The minimum height between any guard wire and
live crossing conductor shall not be less than 1 .5 m
in case of a railway crossing.
The guarding consists of 2 G.I., bearer wires strung
between the two line supports, and G.I. Cross-
lacings connecting two-bearer wires at definite
intervals. The bearer fixed to the guarding cross-
arms on the line supports by means of threaded
eyebolts for proper tightening. In minor L.T. Lines,
only two guard-stirrups 600 mm long on either side
are normally used with
single G-.I. wire cross-lacing on either side, as a
measure of economy. Due to electrification of
railway-tracks nowadays, 1 1 kV & L.T. crossings
have to be through under-ground cables.
Earthing
Earthing shall generally be carried out in accordance with the
requirements of Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 and the relevant
regulations of the Electricity Supply Authority concerned and as
indicated below:
1 All metallic supports shall be earthed.
2. For RCC/PCC poles the metal cross-arms and insulator pins shall be
bonded and 5 earthed at every pole for HT lines and at every
5th pole for L T lines.
3 All special structures on which switches, transformers, fuses, etc.,
are mounted should be earthed.
4 The supports on either side of the road, railway or river crossing
should be earthed.
5 All supports (metal, RCC/PCC) of "both HT and L T lines passing
through inhabited areas, road crossings and along such other
places, where earthing of all poles is considered desirable from
safety considerations should be earthed.
In special locations, railway and telegraph line crossings, special
structures, etc., pipe/rod earthing should be done.
At other locations the coil earthing may be adopted. The coil
earthing consists of 10m length of 8 SWG. G.I. wire compressed into
a coil 450 mm length and 50 mm dia and buried 1500 mm deep.
Anti-climbing Devices
In order to prevent unauthorised persons
from climbing any of the supports of HT
& L T lines without the aid of a ladder or
special appliances, certain anti-climbing
devices are provided to the supports.
Two methods generally adopted are (i)
barbed wire binding, for a distance of 30
to 40 cm a height of 3.5 to 4 m from
ground level, (ii) clamps with protruding
spikes at a height of 3 to 4m.
Testing and Commissioning
12 Fixing of V cross arm top clamp and DC cross arm X Supervision - Sample Check
Bentonite power
PIPE/ROD EARTHING
COIL EARTHING
Earthing Spiral
Bentonite power
PIPE/ROD EARTHING
Construction Standard
EARTHING ARRANGEMENT F-5
Transformer Body /AB Note:
Handle /Earth 1. The connections To The Three_earth
Terminal of Pole Electrodes Should Be As Follows;
(a).To one of The Earth Electrodes On
Either Side Of Double Pole Structure
(X OR Y)
J2 (1).One Direct Connection From Three
11Kv Lightning Arresters.
(11).Another Direct Connection From The
6500mm 6500mm L.T Lightning Arresters, If Provided
(b).To Each Of The Remaining Two Earth
Electrodes.
(1). One Separate Connection From The
2400mm Neutral (On The Medium Voltage Side
) Of The Transformer
J2 (11). One Separate Connection From
J2 The Transformer.
Neutral (111) One Separate Connection From
6500mm HV/LV
Lightening The
arresters Earthing Terminal Of The pole
2. 4mm (8Swg)G.I.Wire Should Be Used
11KV /433-250V Distribution For Earth Leads.
All Dimensions in mm
Substation
Location Of Earth Pits And
Connections
33KV and 11KV Line Maintenance
Required to minimize interruptions and improve efficiency of power
supply.
Nature of faults-
loose sags, snapping of conductors, tree branches touching line
conductors, tilting of cross arms, insulator failures (puncture) etc
1.Generation
2.Transmission
3.Sub transmission
4.Distribution
1. Power Station Stepup Sub Station
2. Primary transmission line
3. Grid Sub Station
4. Secondary transmission line
5. HV Sub Station Primary Distribution
line
6. Primary Distribution Line
7. Distribution transformer Station
8. Secondary Distribution Lines
Classification of Distribution
System
Type of Electric System -> AC or DC ; if
AC single Phase or Polyphase
Type of Delivery System-> Radial, loop
or network; Radial Systems include
duplicate or throw over systems
Type of construction: over load or
underground
Principal features desired ->
Safety, smooth and Even flow of Power ;
Economy,
Primary Distribution.
Secondary Distribution.
There are three different ways
through which the primary
distribution lines can be laid
1.Radial System
2.Looped System
3.Net work system
The main purpose of
planning is
1. to make the system economical while
conforming to electricity rules of the
country/state.
2. to minimize looses and maintain
regulations within the permissible
limits
For proper planning of a distribution system
load survey and load fore casting of area are
necessary.
In planning of an electrical distribution
system it is necessary to know three basic
things.
The quanitity of the product or service desired
( per unit of time)
The quality of the Product or service desired
The location of the market and the individual
consumers.
Connecting loads.
Lighting loads
Power loads
Heating loads
Electronic loads
Consumer factors.
Maximum Demand
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Utilization factor
Power factor
Over Head Lines:
The rules have seen framed for
Safety
Providing quality service to the people
to lay down technical parameters and
specifications of materials to follow
standards in construction, installation
protection, operation & maintence.
to follow laid – down principles &
procedures with accountability to people.
The main features fo O.H lines
in the rules are
Supports - Factor of safety 2 to
3.5
Conductors - Factor of safety 2.0
Stay wires, Guard & Bearer wires - 2.5
Wind load - 50 to 100 Kgs/m2 ( 150
Kg/m2)
a)Ground clearances
Across Street Along Street Else where
Earthing
Lightning Protection
Insulator & Insulator fittings
Protection.
Planning the 33/11 KV Sub
Station
Involves the following Steps:
1. Tentative location based on available
data of the 11 KV Network
2. Capacity of the Sub Station
3. Selection of site
Orientation of the Sub Station
Planning of the Sub Station
Main equipments of Sub Station
are 1.Structures
2.Power Transformers
3. A) Circuit Breakers
B) HT fuse (HG Fuses)
4.Isolating Switches (Isolators)
6.Insulators
7.Lightening arrestors
8.Instrument transformers
a) Current transformers
b) Potential transformers
9.Control and relay panels with relays, meters etc.,
11.Cables
i) Power Cables
ii) Control Cables
12.Earthing arrangement
13.Station Transformer
14.Control room
15.Communication Equipment
16.Fencing, Retaining wall
17.Illumination, firefighting equipment, quarter
BASIC CONCEPT OF PLANNING
2. The Sub Station should be far away from the obstructions to have
permit easy and safe approach of HV over heads transmission lines.
3. The Sub Station should be easily accessible to the road to facilitate
transport of equipment
4. As far as possible near a town and away from built up areas
5. Sufficiently away from the areas where military rifle practices are
held
6. The Site should have as far as possible good drinking water supply
7. The Sub Station should not be located within two miles of any
aerodrome
8. The site selected should have sufficient area to properly
accommodate the Sub Station equipment, Structures, Buildings and
also future extensions.
9. SITE REQUIREMENTS OF SUBSTATIONS:-
11. 400KVSS-50to75Acers,
DESIGN & LAYOUT
3.Soil resistivity
railway track shall not be less than 1.5 times the height of the tower.
The Railway crossing span shall be strung with double tension
side.
The clearance over the Railway Track and the
bottom most conductor for different
Transmission lines shall not be less than the
distances below under max. sag conditions.
Statement 2-1:
For 132 KV Lines : 14.60 Metres.
For 220 KV Lines : 15.40 Metres
For 400 KV Lines : 17.90 Metres.
STRUCTURES
DESIGN LOADS:
WIND PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES: In regions other than coastal regions
125 Kg/Sq. m. on 1.5 times the projected area of members of one face for
latticed structures and other non-cylindrical objects and on single
projected area in the case of other structures. In coastal regions the wind
pressure may be assumed as 260 Kg./Sqm.
WIND PRESSURE ON CONDUCTORS : In regions other than coastal and hilly
regions, 75 Kg/Sq.m on two thirds projected areas. Coastal areas 125/150
Kg. / Sq.m. In hilly regions 90 Kg. / Sq.m
Maximum tension per conductor of transmission line conductors strung
from terminal towers to station structures or strung buses :
1) 33 KV and 11 KV 450 Kg.
2) 66 KV – 450 Kg.
3) 132 KV and 220 KV – 900 Kg.
4) 400 KV – 1000 Kg.
5) Ground wire Tension – 450 Kg.
MAXIMUM SPANS OF LINES ADJACENT TO STATIONS
33 KV and below – 60.00 m
Indoor busbars
Low High
11 & 33 2.8 to 4.0 5.5 to 6.5 9.0 6.5 to 8.5
66 4.0 6.0 to 7.0 9.0 to 10.5 9.5
132 3.7 to 5 8.0 to 9.5 13.5 to 14.5 12.0 to 12.5
220 4.9 to 5.5 9.0 to 13.0 18.5 15.0 to 18.5
STRINGING TENSIONS:
The insulators, bus bars and connections
should not be stressed to more than one
fourth of the breaking load or one third of
their elastic limit whichever is lower.
CLEARANCES: The following are the
minimum clearances for out-door
equipment and rigid conductors in air.
Rated BIL Basic Minimum Clearance Phase to phase
voltage insulation between spacing in isolators
(KV) level (KV) and switches
Phase to Phase to
phase earth
(mm) (mm)
11 75 400 310 610 920
11 3700 2600
33 3700 2800
66 4600 3000