FAQIR JADAM PUBLIC

SCHOOL UMERKOT
Class 7th note chapter 3rd
Transition to the modern world (Medieval History) (500CE to 1400 CE)
Q:1 What was the medieval age?
And: The medieval era, often called The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages, began around
476 A.D. following a great loss of power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor.

Q:2 What are the 3 medieval periods?

Ans: Generally, the medieval era is divided into three periods: the Early Middle Ages, the
High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages.

Q:3 What is the medieval period best known for?

Ans: In the central, or high, Middle Ages, even more dramatic growth occurred. The
period was marked by economic and territorial expansion, demographic and urban
growth, the emergence of national identity, and the restructuring of secular and
ecclesiastical institutions.

Q:4 Why is it called medieval?

Ans: With its roots medi-, meaning “middle”, and ev-, meaning “age”, medieval literally
means “of the Middle Ages”.

Q:5 What was the religion in the Middle Ages?

Ans: The church became dominant in Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire. The
only religion recognized in Middle Ages Europe was Christianity and specifically
Catholicism. Christianity in the middle ages dominated the lives of both peasants and the
nobility.

Q:6 What is meant by feudal system?

Ans: Feudalism was a system in which people were given land and protection by people
of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return.
➡️The rise of Islamic culture in western Europe:
Q:7 How did the rise of Islam affect Western Europe?
Ans: The Islamic world also influenced other aspects of medieval European culture, partly
by original innovations made during the Islamic Golden Age, including various fields such
as the arts, agriculture, alchemy, music, pottery, etc.

Q:8 How did Islamic Spain affect Western Europe?

Ans: The Effects of Islam in Spain
Significant advances in technology were made in this period, including in astronomy and
surgery.

Q:9 What was the greatest contribution of Islamic culture to the West?
Ans: One of the Islamic world’s most significant contributions to modern science was the
translation of mathematical, medical, and astronomical texts from their original
languages into Arabic.

Q:10 What was the rise and spread of Islam?

Ans: The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. Muslim conquests following Prophet
Muhammad’s death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical
area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories
and building imperial structures over time.

Q:11 What are the factors behind the rise of Islamic civilization?
Ans: Freeing human intellect from superstitions, as argued by Iqbal (2010) and existence
of ijtihad and productive creativity

➡️The Umayyad Succession:

Q:12 How did the Umayyads take over?

Ans: Umayyad dynasty, (661–750) First great Muslim dynasty. It was founded by
Muʿāwiyah I, who triumphed over the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law, ʿAlī, to become
the fifth caliph.

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Q:13 Who succeeded the Umayyads?
Ans: The Umayyad dynasty lasted less than a century in Damascus before it was driven
out in 750 by the ʿAbbāsid dynasty.

➡️The Abbasids and Islamic civilization:

Q:14 What changes did the Abbasid rulers bring to the world of Islam?
Ans: They broke down distinctions between Arab and non-arab Muslims, opening up the
culture to the influence of other civilizations.

Q:15 Why is Abbasid era considered as the golden age of Islamic civilization?
Ans: The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) is considered the Golden Age of Islam because it
was a long period of stability in which centers of trade became wealthy centers of
learning and innovation.

➡️The ottoman Empire and its Expansion:

Q:16 What was the expansion of the Ottoman Empire?

Ans: At its greatest extent, the empire extended to three continents – stretching from the
Balkans in southeastern Europe across Anatolia, Central Asia, Arabia, and North Africa,

Q:17 How did the Ottomans build and expand their empire?
Ans: Osman built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326. His
successors expanded it by buying land, forming alliances with some emirs, and
conquering others. The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on the use of
gunpowder.

Q:18 What 3 events allowed the Ottoman Empire to expand?

Ans: 1389 – The Ottomans conquer most of Serbia. 1453 – Mehmed II captures
Constantinople putting an end to the Byzantine Empire. 1517 – Ottomans conquer Egypt
bringing Egypt into the empire.

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Q:19 Who started Ottoman expansion?
Ans: Osman Gazi
Osman Gazi (reigned 1299–1324)—known in Italy as Ottomano, hence the English term
Ottoman—was a Turkish tribal leader and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty. Through
both warfare and diplomacy, he was able to unify inherited and captured lands under his
rule.

➡️Conflict in Islamic World:

Q:20 what is Crusades?

Ans: The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between the 11 th and 13th
centuries, initiated by European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim
rule. The Crusades had significant political, economic, and social impacts on both the
Western and Eastern worlds.

Q:21 Who is Seljuk turk?

Ans: The Seljuk Turks were a medieval Turkish Sunni Muslim empire that emerged in the
11th century. They played a crucial role in the Islamic world, contributing to the spread of
Islam and engaging in conflicts, including the Crusades. The Seljuks established a
powerful empire that spanned a vast territory, influencing the cultural and political
landscape of the time.

Q:22 What are the Islamic movements?

Broadly “Islamic movements” refer to the diverse religious trends in the Muslim world
that want to reorganize society with reference to Islam.

Q:23 What is the principle of movement in the structure of Islam?

The principle of movement in the structure of Islam is known as ‘ijthihad’—means ‘to
exert’. In the terminology of the Islamic law it means to exert with a view to form an
independent judgment on a legal question.

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Q:24 What are the reasons for the rise of Islamic reform movements in the
world?
Ans: Various scholars have argued that Islamist movements emerged in reaction to the
failure of state-led modernization projects and to general socioeconomic problems such
as youth unemployment and poverty.

➡️Economy and trade in Islamic world:

Q:25 What was the economy and trade in the Islamic world?
Ans: Islamic merchants dealt in a wide variety of trade goods including sugar, salt,
textiles, spices, slaves, gold, and horses.

Q:26 What is the economy of Islam?

Ans: The central features of an Islamic economy are often summarized as: (1) the
“behavioral norms and moral foundations” derived from the Quran and Sunnah; (2)
collection of zakat and other Islamic taxes, (3) prohibition of interest (riba) charged on
loans.

Q:27 What is the relationship between Islam and trade?

Ans: After the advent of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century, Islam started
its expansion towards eastern regions through trade encouraged by the development of
the maritime Silk Roads.

➡️ Islamic influence on western Europe:

Q:28 How did Islam influence Western Europe?
Ans: The large Muslim contribution to Sicilian architecture was noted in the West,
especially in Italy, while the Muslim buildings of Spain and those seen by Italian traders
in the East had their effect on later Gothic and Renaissance building.

Q:29 Which Western European place was especially influenced by Islam?

Ans: In the early centuries of Islam, the most important points of contact between the
Latin West and the Islamic world from an artistic point of view were Southern Italy,
Sicily, and the Iberian peninsula.