COMPILED NOTES ON ACTIVITY - PHYSICAL ASPECTS: structural and

design features
ANALYSIS FOR EFFICIENCY
IN SHELTER
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS AND LINKAGES FOR
EFFICIENCY IN SHELTER
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
- examination of the process steps within a selected
area of an organization
LINKAGE
- means “connection”
- the act of linking or the fact of being
linked—specifically the kind of connection where
one thing follows the other, as if in a chain
- the existence of forming a connection between two
or more things so that one thing happening or
changing depends on the other thing happening or
changing
EFFICIENCY
- the state or quality of being efficient, or able to
accomplish something with the least waste of time
and effort; competency in performance
- BASIC SERVICES: electricity, adequate
access to safe water, adequate access
to sanitation, and adequate access to
other basic infrastructures
- SOCIAL SERVICES: school,
hospitals/dispensaries and recreation
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS: security,
control, sense of attachment,
permanence, and continuity
FUNCTIONAL GROUPING AND ZONING OF SPACE
TRAFFIC CIRCULATION
- Is a way of controlling and managing access to
spaces.
- Planning for potential circulation should consider
the economy and directness of circulation
PLANNED CIRCULATION PATTERN
- is dictated by the function of the
building, the desired shape of the
spaces, and the relationship between
the different areas.
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISPOSITION
- Refers to the arrangement of the spaces

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS ZONING

- Identifies the physical and temporal requirements
for the activity, as well as the needed client factor
and performance skill requirements for the activity,
as well as the therapeutic benefit of the activity.
CATEGORIES that relate them to the initial
stage of the design process:
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Psychological
- Interpersonal
- Act of dividing or assigning spaces into groups
based on identified parameters like, function, an
effect produced, etc.
CIRCULATION AND THE VISIBLE STRUCTURE
MORPHOLOGY (in architecture)
- the study of the evolution of form within the built
environment
- used to define the overall shape of the building
structure or its internal configuration

A successful analysis of activity in different places will WAYFINDING

provide opportunities for different levels of interaction
between all its users. Thus, the arrangement of different
design elements based on activity analysis together with
behavioral analysis leads to better efficiency in the planning
and design of our structures in the built environment.
- process or activity of ascertaining one’s position
and planning and following a certain route
- encompasses all of how people (and animals)
orient themselves in a physical space and
navigate from place to place

Some activities are ideal for specific locations, while some
locations may be distinguished by specific activities.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF ENGAGEMENTS:
1. PASSIVE ENGAGEMENT - type of
engagement with the environment
relates to a sense of relaxation which
will require appropriate physical settings
in a place while there is no need to
become actively involved.
2. ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT - type of
engagement represents an active
experience within a place and will often
result in social interaction among the
involved people; the condition when
someone is not feeling either too hot or
too cold.
BUILDING GEOMETRY
LINKAGES
- The basic “right to shelter” associated with
informal housing needs to include the “right to the
city”
PROCESS OF WAYFINDING:
● ORIENTATION
- the attempt to determine one’s
location concerning objects
that may be nearby and the
desired destination.
● ROUTE DECISION
- the selection of a course of
direction to the destination
● ROUTE MONITORING
- is checking to make sure that
the selected route is heading
towards the destination
● DESTINATION RECOGNITION
- is when the desired
termination point is sighted
- relates to the shape and relative arrangement of
the parts of something.
- branch of mathematics concerned with the
properties and relationship of points, lines,
surfaces, and solids
- arrangement of the parts of the visible structure

An EFFICIENT SHELTER must include:

 ENCLOSURE
- is the term given to any part of the
building that physically separates the
external from the interior environment
- is often referred to as the building
envelope
- in architecture, it is a representation of
spatial arrangement
FENESTRATION
- refers to the design and arrangement of windows
and other openings in a building
DEFINING ELEMENTS OF AN ENCLOSURE:
● DOORS
- offer entry and exit to spaces,
and determine the patterns of
movement and use within it
● WINDOWS
- allows light to penetrate into
the spaces, and illuminate the
surfaces within an area, offer
exterior views, establish visual
relationships between the
interior and the adjacent
spaces, and provide interior
ventilation
SPACE PROGRAMMING
- the research and decision-making process that
identifies the needs of the building and allows the
design to take place
- involves groups of end users (the people that will
be using the building) gathering to discuss how
they plan to use the building and what they will
need from the space to make it as effective as
possible
PROGRAM
- lists that itemizes the spaces that must be in the
building
- serves as an outline and square footages and
descriptions can be added to each item to keep
you more organized
BUBBLE DIAGRAM
- a very simple hand drawing that consists of
roughly drawn bubbles (representing spaces)
connected by solid lines, broken lines, or wavy
lines etc. to specify the type of relationship
between the spaces
MATRIX DIAGRAM
- a tool that allows a tem to identify the presence
and strengths of relationships between two or
more lists of items
- It provides a compact way of representing
many-to-many relationships of varying strengths
- other five differently shaped matrixes: L, T, Y,
X, C
COMPILED NOTES ON DESIGN AND
PUBLIC POLICIES
PUBLIC POLICY
- an institutionalized proposal to solve relevant and
real-world problems, guided by a conception and
implemented by programs as a course of action
created and/or enacted, typically by a government
or non-profit organization,in response to social
issues
MACRO VIEW
- public policies are the result of decisions made
by government, including all public agencies
vested with the power to do so
- public policy-making involves not only
governments’ decisions to do something but also
the decisions to do anything about a particular
situation
- public policy is a conscious choice made by
governments
GOAL ORIENTED COURSE
- a proposed course of action of a person, group, or
government within a given environment to utilize
and overcome in an effort to reach a goal or
realize an objective or a purpose
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9266
- An act providing for more responsive and
comprehensive regulation for the registration,
licensing and practice of architecture, repealing for
the purpose of Republic Act No. 545, as
amended, otherwise known as “an act to regulate
the practice of architecture in the Philippines”,
and for other purposes.
THE ARCHITECTURE ACT OF 2004
- is clear and categorical — only architects can
prepare and sign architectural documents. There
are no ifs or buts about it. The law does not
provide for any exception. Only architects. No one
else can prepare or sign architectural documents.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1581
- an act to amend section 34 of Republic Act No.
545, entitled “An act to regulate the practice of
architecture in the Philippines”
"Sec. 34. Corporations cannot register”
The practice of architecture is a
professional service, admission to which shall be
determined upon the basis of individual, personal
qualifications. No firm, company, partnership,
association or corporation may be registered or
licensed as such for the practice of architecture:
Provided, However, That persons properly
registered and licensed as architects may, among
themselves or with a person or persons properly
registered and licensed as civil engineers, form,
and obtain registration of, a firm, partnership or
association using the term "Architects" or
"Architects and Engineers," but, nobody shall be a
member or partner of such firm, partnership or
association unless he is a duly registered and
licensed architect or civil engineer, and the
members who are architects shall only render
work and services proper for an architect as
defined in this Act, and members who are civil
engineers shall also only render work and services
which are proper for a civil engineer as defined
under the law regulating the practice of civil
engineering; individual members of such firm,
partnership or association shall be responsible for
their respective acts.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 545
- “An act to regulate the practice of architecture in
the Philippines”
LAWS AFFECTING ARCHITECTURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES

ACRONYMS TO REMEMBER
● TLA - Total Lot Area
● BHL - Building Height Limit
● FLAR - Floor to Lot Area Ratio
● GFA - Gross Floor Area
● TGFA - Total Gross Floor Area
● PSO - Percentage of Site Occupancy
● MACA - Maximum Allowable COnstruction Area
● USA _ Unpaved Surface Area
● ISA - Impervious Surface Area
● OSL - Open Space within Lot
● TOSL - Total Open Space within Lot
● AMBF - Allowable Maximum Building Footprint
BUILDING CODES
- also building control or building regulations
- a set of rules that specify the standards for
constructed objects such as buildings and
non-building structures
- Main purpose is to protect public health, safety,
and general welfare as they relate to the
construction and occupancy of buildings and
structures
- It becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when
formally enacted by the appropriate givernmental
or private authority
- the earliest known written building code is included
in the Code of Hammurabi which dates from circa
1772 BC
CODE OF HAMMURABI
● 228 - If a builder build a house for a man and
complete it, if that man shall pay him two shekels
of silver per sa (12 sq. ft.) of house as his wage
● 229 - If a builder build a house for a man, and
does not construct it properly and falls, then the
builder shall be put to death
● 230 - If it kills the son of the owner, the son of that
builder shall be ouot to death
● 233 - If a builder builds a house for someone, and
he did not construct it properly he shall re erect the
house by his own means
COMPILED NOTES ON ENERGY
CONSERVATION &
THE DESIGN PROCESS
ENERGY CONSERVATION
- the reduction in building energy consumption
without reducing thermal comfort
- it usually results in better indoor air quality and
occupant’s productivity
- the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy
used
- the prevention of the wasteful use of energy,
especially in order to ensure its continuing
availability
ENERGY CONSERVATION (IN BUILDINGS)
- refers to using energy-saving building materials in
the design and construction if buildings, improving
building insulation and sealing performance and
enhancing the efficiency of heating systems to
reduce energy consumption
DESIGN PROCESS
SITE ANALYSIS
- the process of researching and analyzing the
social, historical, climatic, geographical, legal, and
infrastructural characteristics of a given site, and
synthesizing these analyses into visual information
— usually in the form of site analysis diagrams
FENESTRATION
- in architecture, refers to the most openings in a
building’s envelope, most notably the windows,
doors, skylights, and curtain walls
- in layman’s term, is anything that allows for
passage from outside to inside
- usually viewed as an aesthetic feature, but it also
affects the performance of the building
WINDOW GLAZING
- can also refer to the glazing putty used to seal the
glass of a window to the frame, but that’s usually
just called “putty”
- A solid piece of glass: reduces sun and weather
damage inside your home
- Improves the environmental impact of your home
- Creates an aesthetically pleasing atmosphere in
your home
SHADING
- The use of sun shading devices and sun control is
an important consideration for architects while
designing an energy efficient building
- They can reduce a building’s overall cooling
requirement, thus saving energy as a result
MASSING STUDY
- An examination of the project’s overall shape,
form, and scale
- It is frequently used as the beginning point for
architectural design
- In general, masses are studied at a large scale so
that important details can be seen easily. At this
scale, relationships between elements can be
observed closely and specific details can be added
later when they become relevant
- To use least energy, you’ll need to minimize
building loads (HVAC, lighting, water heating).
- Building shape, envelope design (includes
fenestration design), sitting and orientation et. will
dictate how you minimize building loads
GUIDELINES ON ENERGY CONSERVING DESIGN
OF BUILDINGS
AMBIENT AIR
- air surrounding a building; the source of outdoor
air brought into a building.
EXHAUST AIR
 - air removed from a space and discharged to
outside the building by means of mechanical or
natural ventilation.
INDOOR AIR
- air in an enclosed occupiable space.
OUTDOOR AIR
- ambient air that enters a building through a
ventilation system, through intentional openings for
natural ventilation, or by infiltration.
RETURN AIR
- air removed from a space to be recirculated, or
exhaust air.
SUPPLY AIR
- air delivered by mechanical or natural ventilation to
a space and composed of any combination of
outdoor air, recirculated air, or transfer air.
VENTILATION AIR
- supply air that is outdoor air plus any recirculated
air that has been treated for the purpose of
maintaining acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
AIR CONDITIONING
- the process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution to meet the
requirements of conditioned space.
AIR HANDLING UNIT
- a device used to regulate and circulate air through
a duct as part of an air conditioning system.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING
AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS (ASHRAE)
- global society founded in 1894, advancing human
well-being through sustainable technology for the
built environment with focus on building systems,
energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration,
and sustainability within the industry.
BEST EFFICIENCY POINT (BEP)
- the point along a pump curve where efficiency is
the highest. It is the factor to properly assess a
pump's operation.
BOILER
- a self-contained, low-pressure appliance for
supplying steam or hot water.
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)
- amount of heat energy needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of water by one degree
Fahrenheit.
BUILDING
- a permanent structure, whether private or public,
enclosed within exterior walls and a roof, and
including all attached apparatus, equipment and
fixtures, used for any of a wide variety of activities,
such as dwelling, entertainment, worship,
commercial, industrial, transport, agriculture,
public service, education, health care, etc.
CERTIFIED ENERGY CONSEIVATION OFFICER (CECO)
- a professional who obtains a certification as a
CECO after demonstrating high levels of
experience, competence, proficiency, and ethical
fitness in the energy management profession. The
CECO is responsible for the supervision and
maintenance of the facilities of Type I
establishments for the proper management of
energy consumption and such other functions
deemed necessary for the efficient and judicious
utilization of energy.
CERTIFIED ENERGY MANAGER (CEM)
- a licensed engineer who obtains a certification as
a CEM after demonstrating high levels of
experience, competence, proficiency, and ethical
fitness in the energy management profession, and
who is chosen by Type 2 designated
establishments to plan, lead, manage, coordinate,
monitor and evaluate the implementation of
sustainable energy management within their
organizations.
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)
- ratio of heating or cooling provided to electrical
energy consumed, where higher COPs equate to
lower operating costs.
COLOR RENDERING
- the general expression for the effect of the light
source on the color appearance of objects in
conscious or subconscious comparison.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
- the measure of the degree of color shift, which
objects undergo when illuminated by the light
source. Values for common light sources vary from
20 to 99. The higher the number, the better the
color rendering or color appearance (i.e., less
color shift or distortion occurs).
COOLING SEASONAL PERFORMANCE FACTOR (CPSF)
- quotient of Cooling Seasonal Total Load (CSTL) in
(kWh) divided by the Cooling Seasonal Energy
Consumption (CSEC) in (kWh).
CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)
- the absolute temperature (in Kelvin) of the light
source. This indicates visual "warmth" or
"coolness." The chromaticity of general lighting
lamps falls in the range of 2200 to 7500 K. For
interior lighting, the chromaticity values of 4000 K
and above are usually described as "cool." Around
3500 K, light sources have a neutral appearance
but, at 3000 K and below, the lighting effect is
usually judged as "warm." Hence, the lower the
number, the warmer the light (more red content)
and the higher the number, the cooler is the light
(more blue content).
COVERED BUILDINGS
- buildings and their systems, which are still to be
constructed or under construction, or existing
buildings and their systems, which are to undergo
or is undergoing expansion and/or modifications,
with at least 112.5 kVA of designed total
connected electrical loads or has at least 10,000
square meters (m2) Total Gross Floor Area
(TGFA).
DELTA CONVERSION ON-LINE LININTERRUPTIBLE
POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
- a new technology introduced to eliminate the
drawbacks of the Double Conversion On-Line
design and is available in the range of 5kVA to 1
MW. Similar to the Double Conversion On-Line
design, the Delta Conversion On-Line UPS always
has the inverter supplying the load voltage.
However, the additional Delta Converter also
contributes power to the inverter output. Under
conditions Page 2 of 74 of AC failure or
disturbances, this design exhibits behavior
identical to the Double Conversion On-Line. In the
Delta Conversion On-Line design, the Delta
Converter acts with dual purposes. The first is to
control the input power characteristics. This active
front end draws power in a sinusoidal manner, by
minimizing harmonics reflected onto the utility.
This ensures optimal conditions for utility lines and
generator systems and reduces heating and
system wear in the power distribution system. The
second function of the Delta Converter is to charge
the battery of the UPS by drawing power and
converting it to the appropriate direct current (DC)
charging voltage.
DESIGN CONDITION
- specified environmental conditions, such as
temperature and light intensity, required to be
produced and maintained by a system and under
which the system shall operate.
DESIGNATED ESTABLISHMENT
 - a private or public entity in the commercial,
industrial, transport, power, agriculture, public
works and other sectors identified by the
Department of Energy (DOE) as energy-intensive
industries based on their annual energy
consumption in the previous year or an equivalent
annual index; the amount of consumption as
indicated in Republic Act (R.A.) No. 11285 and
subject to adjustment by the DOE as it deems
necessary.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE)
- the agency created through R.A. No. 7638,
otherwise known as the "Department of Energy
Act of 1992", and whose functions were expanded
by R.A. No. 9136, otherwise known as the
"Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001", R.A.
No. 9513, otherwise known as the "Renewable
Energy Act of 2008," and R.A. No. 11285
otherwise known as the "Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Act".
DUCTWORK
- system of ducts for distribution and extraction of
air.
DOUBLE CONVERSION ON-LINE UPS
- the most common type of UPS above I 0kVA. In
the Double Conversion On-Line design, failure of
the input AC does not cause activation of the
transfer switch, because the input alternating
current (AC) is not the primary source, but is rather
the backup source. Therefore, during an input AC
power failure, on-line operation results in no
transfer time. The on-line mode of operation
exhibits a transfer time when the power from the
primary battery charger battery/inverter power path
fails. While a Standby and Line Interactive UPS
will exhibit a transfer time when a blackout occurs,
a double conversion on-line UPS will exhibit a
transfer time when there is a large load step or in
rush current. This transfer time is the result of
transferring the load from the UPS inverter to the
bypass line. Generally, this bypass line is built with
dual Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), which
are very fast, so similar to the Standby and Line
Interactive UPS, the transfer time is very brief,
usually 4-6 milliseconds. Both the battery charger
and the inverter convert the entire load power flow
in this design, which causes reduced efficiency
and increased heat generation.
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE LAMP
- produces light by the passage of an electric
current through a vapor or gas, initiating the
discharge to fluoresce or light up. There are two
kinds of electric discharge lamp; Low Intensity
Discharge (e.g., Fluorescent) and High Intensity
Discharge (e.g., Mercury vapor, Metal Halide, High
and Low Pressure Sodium).
END USER
- any person or entity requiring the supply and
delivery of electricity for its own use.
ENERGY
- the capacity to do work. Energy takes a number of
forms that may be transformed from one into
another such as thermal (heat), mechanical
(work), electrical and chemical (BTU or kwh). It
refers to all types of energy available
commercially, including natural gas (liquid natural
gas and liquid oil gas), all heating and cooling
fuels (including district heating and district
cooling), coal, transport fuels, and renewable
energy sources. Page 3 of 74.
ENERGY AUDIT
- the evaluation of energy consumption and review
of current energy cost to determine appropriate
intervention measures and efficiency projects in
which energy can be judiciously and efficiently
used to achieve savings. It may refer to a
walk-through audit, a preliminary audit, or a
detailed audit.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
- the reduction of losses and wastage in various
energy stages from energy production to energy
consumption through the adoption of appropriate
measures that are technologically feasible,
economically sOund, environmentally friendly, and
socially affordable.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
- the way of managing and restraining the growth in
energy consumption resulting in the delivery of
more services for the same energy input or the
same services for less energy input.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASS (EEC)
- the level of the product's class, which is based on
the Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF)
display on its energy label.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSIFICATION
- the tiers of EEC according to the ranges of CSPF.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO
- the ratio of net cooling capacity (BTU per hour) to
total rate of electric input (Watt) under designated
operating conditions.
ENERGY RECOVERY
- includes any technique or method of minimizing
the input of energy to an overall system by the
exchange of energy from one sub-system of the
overall system with another.
ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION SYSTEM
- a device or combination of devices applied to
provide the outdoor air for ventilation, in which
energy is transferred between the intake and
exhaust air stream.
ENTHALPY RECOVERY WHEEL
- an energy recovery device that transfers outgoing
or exhaust air, i.e. temperature and humidity, to the
incoming outdoor air.
EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (TDEQ)
- the temperature difference which results in the
total heat flow through a structure as caused by
the combined effects of solar radiation and outdoor
temperature.
GREEN ENERGY OPTION PROGRAM (GEOP)
- a mechanism to empower end users to choose
renewable energy (RE) in meeting their energy
requirements.
HEATING, VENTILATING ANDAIR CONDITIONING
(HVAC)
- system that helps maintain good indoor air quality
through adequate ventilation with filtration and
provide thermal comfort.
ILLUMINANCE (E
- a measure of the amount of light falling on a
surface. It is the average illumination of a surface
and its unit of measure is Lux (lx) = lm/m2.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
- produces light by the passage of an electric
current through a filament, which heats it to
incandescence (e.g.., tungsten and
tungsten-halogen).
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (LEQ)
- condition inside the building that includes air
quality, access to daylight and views, pleasant
acoustic conditions, and occupant control over
lighting and thermal comfort.
LINE INTERACTIVE UPS
- the most common design, where the battery-to-AC
power converter Page 4 of 74 (inverter) is always
connected to the output of the UPS. Operating the
inverter in reverse during times when the input AC
power is normal provides battery charging. When
 the input power fails, the transfer switch opens and
the power flows from the battery to the UPS
output. With the inverter always on and connected
to the output, this design provides additional
filtering and yields reduced switching transients
when compared with the Standby UPS topology. In
addition, the Line Interactive design usually
incorporates a tap-changing transformer. This
adds voltage regulation by adjusting transformer
taps as the input voltage varies. However, the
inverter can also be designed such that its failure
will still permit power flow from the AC input to the
output, which eliminates the potential of single
point failure and effectively provides for two
independent power paths. This topology is
inherently very efficient which leads to high
reliability while at the same time providing superior
power protection.
LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY
- the ratio between the luminous flux emitted by the
luminaire and the luminous flux of the lamp (or
lamps) installed in the luminaire.
LUMINANCE (L)
- the brightness of an illuminated or luminous
surface as perceived by the human eye and its
unit of measure is cd/m2.
LUMINOUS EFFICACY (Q)
- the efficiency with which the electrical power
consumed is converted into light and its unit of
measure is lm/W.
LUMINOUS FLUX (0)
- the light output of a light source and its unit of
measure is Lumen (Im).
LUMINOUS INTENSITY (I)
- the measure of light output in a specified direction
and the unit of measure is Candela (Cd).
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- ventilation provided by mechanically powered
equipment such as motor-driven fans and blowers
but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine
ventilators and mechanically operated windows.
MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE
- a performance standard which prescribes a
minimum level of energy performance for the
commercial, industrial and transport sectors, and
energy consuming products including appliances,
lighting, electrical equipment, machinery and
transport vehicles that shall be met or exceeded
before they can be offered for sale or used for
residential, commercial, transport, and industrial
purposes.
NATURAL VENTILATION
- ventilation provided by thermal, wind, or diffusion
effects through doors, window, or other intentional
openings in the building.
NET METERING
- a system, attributed to distributed generation, in
which a distribution grid user has a two-way
connection to the grid and only charged for his net
electricity consumption and is credited for any
overall contribution to the electricity grid.
OVERALL THERMAL TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (OTTC)
- thermal performance of the building envelope
(walls or roof) considering all types of thermal
transfer.
PUMP
- a rotating machine consisting of an impeller, a
pump casing, bearings, bearing frame, shaft and a
mechanical seal. The operating principle is to
convert mechanical energy to pressure. The pump
impeller accelerates a liquid and as the area of the
pump casing expands, the velocity of the fluid is
converted to pressure. As a result, pressurized
fluid exits the pump discharge. Pump is basically
an electro-mechanical device.
RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) RESOURCES
- energy resources that do not have an upper limit
on the total quantity to be used. Such resources
are renewable on a regular basis, and whose
Page 5 of 74 renewal rate is relatively rapid to
consider availability over an indefinite period of
time. These include, among others, biomass,
solar, wind, geothermal, ocean energy, and
hydropower conforming with internationally
accepted norms and standards on dams, and
other emerging renewable energy technologies.
RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS (RPS)
- a market-based policy that requires electricity
suppliers to source an agreed portion of their
energy supply from eligible RE resources.
SEASONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (SEER)
- energy efficiency rating for central air conditioners.
SOLAR FACTOR
- the factor for vertical surfaces, which has been
experimentally determined for this geographical
zone.
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC) OF GLAZING
- the ratio between the incoming solar radiation
behind a glazing and the incoming solar radiation
in front of a glazing.
STANDBY-FERRO UPS
- was once the dominant form of UPS. This design
depends on a special saturating transformer that
has three windings (power connections). The
primary power path is from AC input, through a
transfer switch, through the transformer, and to the
output. In the case of a power failure, the transfer
switch is opened, and the inverter picks up the
output load. In the Standby-Ferro design, the
inverter is in the standby mode, and is energized
when the input power fails and the transfer switch
is opened. The transformer has a special
"Ferroresonant" capability, which provides limited
voltage regulation and output waveform "shaping."
Even though it is a standby UPS by design, the
Standby-Ferro UPS generates a great deal of heat
because the Ferro-resonant transformer is
inherently inefficient. The principal reason why
Standby-Ferro UPS systems are no longer
commonly used is that they can be fundamentally
unstable when operating a modern computer
power supply load: All large servers and routers
use "Power Factor Corrected" power supplies
which, when coupled with the Ferro transformer,
can give rise to spontaneous and damaging
oscillations.
STANDBY ON-LINE HYBRID
- the topology used for many of the UPS under 1
OkVA which are labeled "online." The standby DC
to DC converter from the battery is switched on
when an AC power failure is detected, just like in a
standby UPS. The battery charger is also small, as
in the standby UPS. Due to capacitors in the DC
combiner, the UPS will exhibit no transfer time
during an AC power failure. This design is
sometimes fitted with an additional transfer switch
for bypass during a malfunction or overload.
STANDBY UPS
- the most common type used for Personal
Computers, the transfer switch is set to choose the
filtered AC input as the primary power source
(solid line path), and switches to the battery!
inverter as the backup source shall the primary
source fail. When that happens, the transfer switch
shall operate to switch the load over to the battery
/ inverter backup power source (dashed path). The
 inverter only starts when the power fails, hence the
name "Standby."
STEAM SYSTEM
- a steam piping system and controls that work
together to supply steam or hot water to heat input
devices remote from the Boiler.
SUPPLIER
- refers to any person or entity authorized by the
Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) to sell,
broker, market or aggregate electricity to the end
users.
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTERIOR
AND INTERIOR (AT)
- the average annual temperature difference
between the outside and inside of an
air-conditioned building.
TYPE I DESIGNATED ESTABLISHMENTS
- are those with an annual energy consumption of
500,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) to 4,000,000 kWh
for the previous year.
TYPE 2 DESIGNATED ESTABLISHMENTS
- are those with an annual energy consumption of
more than 4,000,000 kWh for the previous year.
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM
- HVAC System that controls the dry-bulb
temperature within a space by varying the
volumetric flow of cooled supply air to the space.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD) OR ADJUSTABLE
FREQUENCY DRIVE (AFD),
VARIABLEVOLTAGE/VARIABLE-FREQUENCY (VVVF)
DRIVE, VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE (VSD), AC DRIVE,
MICRO DRIVE OR INVERTER DRIVE
- a type of motor drive used in electra-mechanical
drive systems to control AC motor speed and
torque by varying motor input frequency and
voltage.
VENTILATION
- the process of supplying or removing air by natural
or mechanical means to or from any space. Such
air is not required to have been conditioned.
VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE (VLT)
- used to determine the amount of light transmitted
through the glass.
WATER HEATER
- vessel in which water is heated and is withdrawn
for use external to the system.
COMPILED NOTES ON
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPT OF
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
THE IMPORTANCE OF GREEN DESIGN
● REDUCES ENERGY CONSUMPTION
- Green design also reduces construction
and operating costs. Innovation such as
adding a special insulating film to
windows, can reduce building heating
and cooling costs by more than 30
percent. Green design can include
cheap or self-contained energy sources
such as solar roofs or peat furnaces that
bring down the cost of heat and
electricity.
● MINIMIZES DAMAGE TO ENVIRONMENT
- Green design’s most importance is to
minimize harm to the local health and
environment, and in many cases
benefits the environment. Green
designers protect the natural
environment by selecting development
sites with respect to local ecosystems
and plan construction that minimizes
carbon dioxide emissions by using local
vendors as well as organic and recycled
materials.
● PROVEN COST EFFECTIVE
- Conventional construction practices
contribute to significant environmental
degradation and resource use.
According to the U.S. Green Building
Council, in the United States alone,
buildings account for 72% of electricity
consumption, 39% of energy use, 38%
of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,
and 40% of raw materials use.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPT DESIGN
AR. KENGO KUMA
Japanese Architect
Skylines are soaring higher and higher, and cities
are awash in concrete. But world famous
Japanese architect Kengo Kuma is bucking the
urban trends. He is designing low-rise buildings
and using sustainable, locally sourced materials
like wood and bamboo. We visited Kuma in Tokyo
to talk about the philosophy behind his design and
marvel at the natural beauty of his work.
BJARKE INGELS
Founder and Creative Director
BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group, defines architecture as
the art and science of making cities and buildings
fit with the way we want to live our lives. At WIRED
Live 2020, he explains the importance of
sustainability in architecture and design.
BARKER ASSOCIATES
“Sustainable Architecture”
Sustainability is a buzzword that has already infiltrated many
industries. With construction being a major contributor in
global energy consumption, it is then no surprise that
sustainable architecture has become a leading consideration
in how buildings and cities are being built.
Now, architects are challenged not only in crafting a design
that excels in form and function, but also in being able to
come up with integrated solutions that take into account
environmental factors.
To better understand this concept. It’s important to discuss
what sustainability in architecture really means.
What is Sustainable Architecture?
The World Commission on Environment and Development
defines sustainability as development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
When applying this complex concept to architecture, it then
refers to design that creates healthy living environments
while aiming to minimise negative environmental impacts,
energy consumption, and use of human resources.
Sustainable architecture is reflected in a building’s materials,
construction methods, resource use and design in general.
The design must also facilitate sustainable operation during
the building life cycle, including its ultimate disposal. While it
has to be functional and aesthetically superior, the space has
to be constructed with the mind-set of achieving long-term
energy and resource efficiency.
Sustainable architecture is also referred to as green
architecture or environmental architecture. It challenges
architects to produce smart designs and use available
technologies to ensure that structures generate minimal
harmful effects to the ecosystem and the communities.
If you are not from the construction world, it may be difficult
to get your head around this concept so giving an over
simplistic example at this stage may be necessary.
Imagine that there is a plot of land that you think is
conveniently located for you to build your house. The
problem, however, is that there are 100 trees planted on it
and that these trees are the last of their kind. If sustainability
is not a concern, what you’ll probably do is cut down all the
trees to clear the space and use all the lumber to build your
house – not caring if nobody else gets the chance to use the
same kind of trees in the future.
This is the opposite of sustainable architecture. Sustainable
architecture means putting environmental factors into
consideration:
● Is there a nearby piece of land you can use
instead?
● How can you use some of the wood from the trees
without completely depleting the entire plantation
so others can also benefit?
● Could you perhaps still build your house in the
space without cutting down all the trees?
These are just some factors that should be considered when
approaching the sustainable concept in design and
construction. Sustainable architecture needs to recognize
the existing natural resources and environmental conditions
in the construction site and how to incorporate these into the
build.
Why is sustainable architecture important?
“Buildings and construction account for more than 35% of
global final energy use and nearly 40% of energy-related
CO2 emissions.” -UN Environment, Global Status Report
2017
While metropolises are continuously expanding, the Earth
itself is not getting any bigger. This growth has a huge
impact on the environment because the process of
developing new habitats for our communities constantly
requires a huge chunk of our natural resources. The Earth is
not an unlimited well that can replenish itself to match the
pace of modernisation.
According to the UN Environment Global Status Report
2017, building and construction account for more than 35%
of global final energy use and for nearly 40% of energy
related CO2 emissions. While these numbers are lower than
those in 2010 due to a higher awareness regarding
sustainability, there’s still a long way to go.
Designing a building’s form and appearance can no longer
be carried out in isolation. Building services, fabric and
controlled fittings are now all intrinsically linked. A delicate
balance now needs to be made between a building’s form,
function and interactions with its surrounding environment to
be considered sustainable development.
In implementing sustainable architecture whether in new or
old builds, there are accompanying environmental, economic
and social benefits. \
ENVIRONMENT
- Means everything around to a living being
especially the circumstances of life of people or
society in their life conditions
- It comprises the set of natural, social, and cultural
values existing in a place at a particular time, that
influences in the life of the human being and in the
generations to come.
- Space in which some kind of natural exchange
that makes possible the life takes place
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPT
- A principle or an idea in architecture that is related
to or involving every factors we have and we can
see in our environment
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The architect usually begins to work when the site and the
type and cost of a building have been determined.
Thus, planning is the process of particularizing and
harmonizing the demands of the environment, use, and
economy.
This process has a cultural as well as a utilitarian value, for
in creating a plan for any social activity the architect
inevitably influences the way in which that activity is
performed. This is the whole essence of architecture. We
plan people's indoor environment. A person's relationship to
the site is also necessarily the subject of planning. Neighbors
are important. Much consideration is due to other people a
no to the buildings that adjoin any project. Finally, nature has
long since given us an environment. We shall now study the
inter relationship of nature and the interior environment.
Historic Architectural design reacted to its environment
without reliance on mechanical assistance which, in those
early times, was not available. These design considerations
included:
- Siting and orientation: The relation of the building
to the land, the sun, and the wind.
- Building Shape: The less skin, the less exposure.
- Nature of the Envelope: Fenestration, insulation,
thermal mass. wall shading, color and reflectivity,
openings, and penetrations.
PLANNING THE ENVIRONMENT
The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a help,
and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its
attacks. To make buildings habitable and comfortable, the
architect must control the effects of heat, cold, light, air,
moisture, and dryness and foresee destructive potentialities
such as fire, earthquake, flood, and disease.
SITE AND ORIENTATION
- The relation of the building to the land, the sun,
and the wind.
SITE SELECTION
Selection options, if there are any at all, are usually limited to
a few sites within a community.
Most commonly, the client has already selected the site
before coming to the architect to discuss the proposed
building; and the design consideration becomes one of
developing the site and the building as harmoniously as
possible to minimize ultimate energy consumption.

ORIENTATION TO THE SUN
The sun is regular in its course; it favors the southern and
neglects the northern exposures of buildings in the Northern
Hemisphere so that it may be captured for heat or evaded for
coolness by turning the axis of a plan toward or away from it.
The general strategy for the placement of windows calls for
the largest window area on the side where the sun exposure
minimizes combined heating and cooling needs sunlight
transmission will be a net benefit on an annual basis if the
winter (cold months) solar heat gain exceeds (winter) cold
months heat loss and summer solar heat gain. The
percentage of the incident solar energy that a window
transmits for any given day depends on the angle at which
rays of sunlight intercept the window and for how many
hours the window receives sunlight.
In general, buildings located in southern latitudes (like in
Manila) should have window areas concentrated on the
northern and southern exposures (ideally with a projecting
horizontal shading device over south-facing windows) to
minimize the air-conditioning burden. To obtain the greatest
benefit from the sun as a cold month (winter) heat source,
buildings located in northern latitudes (like in Baguio) should
have window areas concentrated on the south (with minimal
window areas to the north).
ORIENTATION TO THE WIND
Orientation may control air circulation and reduce the
disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow since in most climates
the prevailing currents can be foreseen. When window
placement on opposite sides of an interior space is possible,
the building should be oriented slightly askew to the direction
of the wind. When window placement on opposite sides of
space is not possible but placement on the adjacent side is
possible, the building should face directly into the wind. The
characteristics of the immediate environment also influence
orientation: trees, land formations, and other buildings create
shade and reduce or intensify wind, while bodies of water
produce moisture and reflect the sun.
It will be seen if the wind encounters an inlet and an outlet in
alignment with its outside direct.
Windbreaks consist of either a fence or a row of trees or
shrubs which reduce air filtration through windows by
diminishing the wind pressure. The most effective location
for a windbreak is upwind a distance of 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 times
the height of a building. At this distance, the wind will be
deflected up and well over the building, reducing the pushing
action on the building's windward side and the pulling action
on its leeward side. A windbreak is more effective if it allows
part of the wind to penetrate. A solid windbreak creates a low
pressure area on its leeward side with resulting strong eddy
currents. These may be as destructive as a direct wind in
eroding the still air at the surface of the window. Allowing a
portion of the wind to pass through the windbreak tends to
relieve this leeward suction.
Overall ventilation is consequently better, where the building
interior is subdivided into a series of interconnecting spaces,
placement of interior partitions can provide the disruption of
the otherwise straight path of airflow between upwind and
downwind windows.
Landscaping can also improve performance; shade trees
can seasonally control direct radiation from the sun; ground
surfaces can control reflected radiation, planted ground
cover can moderate air temperature and windbreaks can
diminish the force of the wind.
ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
We have discussed how the environment controls our design
and now we will discuss how we control the environment by
the design of architectural forms that may modify the effects
of natural forces. For example, overhanging eaves,
moldings, projections, courts, and porches give shade and
protection from the rain.
COMPONENTS OF THE ENVELOPE
● Roofs - are designed to shed snow and drain or
preserve water.
● Walls - control the amount of heat lost to the
exterior or retained in the interior by their thickness
and by the structural and insulating materials used
in making them. Walls, when properly sealed and
protected, are the chief defense against wind and
moisture.
● Windows - are the principal means of controlling
natural light; its amount, distribution, intensity,
direction, and quality are conditioned by their
number, size, shape, and placement and by the
characteristics of translucent materials (e.g.,
thickness, transparency, texture, color).
The windows can include skylights, clerestories, screens,
shutters, drapes, blinds, diffusing glass, and reflecting a
glass-an array of components that determined more exactly
how the envelope does its job of making the transition
between inside and outside. A component also should be
thought of by its function in the exchange of energies: as a
filter, connector, barrier, or switch.
● Filter - a means to make the connection indirect
(Controlled)
● Connector - a means to establish a direct
connection
● Switch- a regulating connector
● Barrier - separating element
An opaque wall thus serves as a filter to heat and cold, and
as a barrier to light. Doors and windows have the character
of switches because they can stop or connect at will.
But the planning of fenestration is influenced by other
factors, such as ventilation and heating. Since most
translucent materials conduct heat more readily than the
average wall, windows are used sparingly in extreme
climates. Finally, since transparent windows are the medium
of visual contact between the interior and exterior, their
design is conditioned by aesthetic and practical demands.
TWO DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF ENVELOPE DESIGN
● The Closed Shell
○ Arid
○ Cold
● The Open Frame
○ Hot-Humid
○ Temperate
● Connectors
○ are strong indicators that something
outside is welcome inside.
○ They are characteristic of regional
architecture in milder climates, but sun
connectors are dominant in solar-heated
buildings anywhere.
○ Connectors, being open to outside
influences, are often one position of a
switch that in other positions becomes a
filter or barrier.
 ● Filters
○ represent decisions about how much or
what kind of outdoor condition is to be
admitted. They are found in some form
in all building envelopes and in all
climates, and they include a wide variety
of types. Because they admit desired
amounts or qualities of light, air, and
sound, they offer an opportunity for an
enhanced awareness of selected
outside conditions from inside the
building. For example, the stained glass
of a church selects the blue of a north
sky, or the warm reds and oranges of a
sunset; the 'texture' of the sky's cloud
patterns is not admitted to the interior
-only its color comes through. Often the
filter is one of the positions of a switch,
as in the case of the windows of
buildings which have venetian blinds or
jalousies.
● Barriers
○ are more drastic in their complete
severance of the outdoor-Indoor
relationship. They are characteristic of
regional architecture in harsh climates
but are also common to spaces needing
a tightly controlled environment (such as
auditorium). Barriers to rain are an
almost universal building features;
barriers to wind are at least seasonally
common in all climates, except
hot-humid ones. Barriers to sun are
more likely to be one position of a switch
unless a building is suffused with electric
light or other plentiful sources of internal
heat that make solar heat permanently
unwelcome. In practice, cultural
influences often override those of
climate, barriers to sun are erected even
in cold, damp environments.
● Switches & User’s Choice
architectural forms and creates new control problems of its
own: smoke, dirt, noise, and odors.
INTERIOR CONTROL
The control of the environment through the design of the
plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete,
since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate
the interior, where they can be further modified by the
planning of spaces and by special conditioning devices.
Temperature, light, and sound are all subject to control by
the size and shape of interior spaces, the way in which the
spaces are connected, and the materials employed for
floors, walls, ceilings, and furnishings. Warm air may be
retained or released by the adjustment of ceiling heights and
sources of ventilation.
Light reflects in relation to the color and texture of surfaces
and may be reduced by dark, rough walls and increased by
light, smooth ones. Sounds are transmitted by some
materials and absorbed by others and may be controlled by
the form of interiors and using structural or applied materials
that by their density, thickness, and texture amplify or restrict
sound waves.
Conditioning devices played only a small part in architecture
before the introduction of mechanical and electrical systems
in the 19th century. The fireplace was almost the only
method of temperature control (though the ancient Romans
anticipated the modern water system for radiant heating);
fuel lamps and candles had to be movable and were rather
in the sphere of furnishings than of architecture; the same is
true of the tapestries and hangings used for acoustical
purposes and to block drafts.
Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and
acoustical methods have become basic parts of the
architectural program. These defenses and comforts of
industrialization control the environment so efficiently that the
contemporary architect is free to use or to discard many of
the traditional approaches to site and interior planning.

COLOR, MATERIALS, AND TECHNIQUES

COLOR

Color has a practical planning function as well as an

expressive quality because of the range of its reflection and
its absorption of solar rays. Since light colors reflect heat and
dark colors absorb it, the choice of materials and pigments is
an effective tool of environmental control.

MATERIAL

The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to

withstand the environment as well as by properties that
make them useful to human beings.

One of the architect’s jobs is to find a successful solution to

both conditions; to balance the physical and economic
advantages of wood against the possibility of fire, termites,
and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals
against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar
conflicts. The more violent natural manifestations, such as
heavy snow loads, earthquakes, high winds, and tornadoes,
are controlled by special technical devices in regions where
they are prevalent.

Any number of these controls may be out of reach of the

planner for several reasons. The urban environment, for
example, restricts freedom of orientation and design of