1. **Question:** What is the definition of a disease?

- **Answer:** A disorder or illness that disrupts the normal functioning of the body or
mind.

2. **Question:** What are infectious diseases, and what causes them?

- **Answer:** Infectious diseases are transmissible diseases caused by pathogens.
Pathogens are microorganisms that invade the body.

3. **Question:** What are non-infectious diseases, and what are some categories of non-
infectious diseases?
- **Answer:** Non-infectious diseases are diseases not caused by pathogens.
Categories include genetic diseases (inherited) and deficiency diseases (caused by
malnutrition).

4. **Question:** Name some examples of infectious diseases.

- **Answer:** Cholera, malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and measles.

5. **Question:** How is Cholera transmitted, and what are the control measures?
- **Answer:** Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water or food. Control
measures include oral rehydration therapy and sanitation improvements.

6. **Question:** What causes malaria, and how is it transmitted and controlled?

- **Answer:** Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female
Anopheles mosquitoes. Control includes insecticide spraying, mosquito nets, and drugs.

7. **Question:** Explain HIV and AIDS, including transmission and control measures.
- **Answer:** HIV is a virus that leads to AIDS by destroying the immune system. It's
transmitted through certain body fluids. Control measures include barrier methods and
education.

8. **Question:** Can HIV/AIDS be cured, and is there a vaccine?

- **Answer:** There's no cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Treatment involves drug
combinations to suppress the virus.

9. **Question:** What causes tuberculosis (TB), and how is it transmitted?

- **Answer:** TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through
airborne droplets when infected people cough or sneeze.

10. **Question:** How is TB treated, and what is the BCG vaccine?

- **Answer:** TB is treated with drugs, and the BCG vaccine provides some
protection. Treatment can take several months.

11. **Question:** What causes measles, and how is it transmitted?

 - **Answer:** Measles is caused by the Morbillivirus virus and transmitted through
airborne droplets.

12. **Question:** What are some public health measures for controlling infectious
diseases?
- **Answer:** Public health measures include contact tracing and understanding the
pathogen's life cycle.

13. **Question:** What are antibiotics, and how do they work against bacteria?
- **Answer:** Antibiotics are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. They
interfere with various aspects of bacterial growth and metabolism.

14. **Question:** How does penicillin work as an antibiotic?

- **Answer:** Penicillin prevents the synthesis of crosslinks in bacterial cell walls,
weakening them and causing cell lysis.

15. **Question:** Are antibiotics effective against viruses?

- **Answer:** No, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses as viruses lack cell
structure and metabolism.

16. **Question:** What is vertical transmission of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

- **Answer:** Vertical transmission occurs when bacteria inherit resistance genes
during reproduction.

17. **Question:** How does horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance occur in

bacteria?
- **Answer:** Horizontal transmission involves the transfer of resistance genes, often
via plasmids, between different bacteria.

18. **Question:** What is selection pressure in the context of antibiotic resistance?

- **Answer:** Selection pressure is any factor that alters the behavior and fitness of
organisms. Misuse of antibiotics increases selection pressure for bacteria to evolve
resistance.

19. **Question:** What is multiple resistance in bacteria, and can you provide an
example?
- **Answer:** Multiple resistance involves bacteria having multiple resistance genes,
making them resistant to multiple antibiotics. An example is MRSA.

20. **Question:** How can bacterial resistance to antibiotics be reduced?

- **Answer:** Reducing resistance involves using antibiotics appropriately, ensuring
patients complete their medication, using narrow-spectrum drugs, and reducing antibiotic
use in agriculture.
1. **Question:** What is the distinction between infectious and non-infectious diseases?
- **Answer:** Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can spread from person
to person, while non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and do not spread in
this manner.

2. **Question:** Can you name some organisms that cause infectious diseases?
- **Answer:** Some examples of organisms causing infectious diseases include
bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

3. **Question:** How is cholera transmitted, and what factors influence its prevention
and control?
- **Answer:** Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water or food. Factors
influencing prevention include access to clean water and sanitation, as well as education
on hygiene practices.

4. **Question:** How is measles transmitted, and what factors influence its prevention
and control?
- **Answer:** Measles is transmitted through airborne droplets. Prevention and control
depend on vaccination programs, especially in crowded and unsanitary conditions.

5. **Question:** How is malaria transmitted, and what factors influence its prevention
and control?
- **Answer:** Malaria is transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Prevention involves
mosquito control, bed nets, and drug prophylaxis, while factors include climate and
healthcare accessibility.

6. **Question:** How is TB transmitted, and what factors influence its prevention and
control?
- **Answer:** TB spreads through airborne droplets. Control measures include early
diagnosis and treatment, as well as addressing overcrowded living conditions.

7. **Question:** How is HIV/AIDS transmitted, and what factors influence its

prevention and control?
- **Answer:** HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids. Prevention involves safe
sex practices, education, and contact tracing. Economic and social factors play a
significant role.

8. **Question:** What factors influence global patterns of malaria, TB, and HIV/AIDS?
- **Answer:** Factors include climate, healthcare infrastructure, socioeconomic status,
and access to prevention measures and treatment.
9. **Question:** How does penicillin act on bacteria, and why are antibiotics ineffective
against viruses?
- **Answer:** Penicillin weakens bacterial cell walls. Antibiotics target bacterial
processes, while viruses lack these processes, making antibiotics ineffective.

10. **Question:** How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

- **Answer:** Bacteria can develop resistance through genetic mutations or acquiring
resistance genes from other bacteria. This can occur through vertical or horizontal
transmission.

11. **Question:** What are the consequences of antibiotic resistance, and how can its
impact be reduced?
- **Answer:** Consequences include harder-to-treat infections. Reducing impact
involves responsible antibiotic use, completing prescribed courses, and developing new
antibiotics.