Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anderson, Megory and Philip Culbertson. “The Inadequacy of the Christian Doctrine of
Atonement in Light of Levitical Sin Offering.” Anglican Theological Review 68
(1986): 303-28.
Barth, Karl. The Epistle to the Romans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933.
Ben Ezra, Daniel Stökl. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity: The Day of
Atonement from Second Temple Judaism to the Fifth Century. Translated by
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Tübingen, Germany:
Mohr Siebeck, 2003.
Black, Matthew. Romans. New Century Bible. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1973.
Bruce, F.F. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. London: Tyndale, 1969.
Büchsel, Friedrich. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament 3:319. Edited by G. Kittel
and G. Friedrich. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans (1964-1976).
Collins, Adela Yarbro. “The Metaphorical Use of ἱλαστήριον in Romans 3:25.” Sōtēria:
Salvation in Early Christianity and Antiquity, 175 (2019): 273-286.
Cranfield, Charles Ernest. B. “A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the
Romans” International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd., 1975.
------------------. The Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. Einburgh: T & T Clark, 1975/79. vol. 1.
Craven, Toni. Jewish Women’s Archive. “Martyred mother with seven sons (4MACC):
Apocrypha.” accessed 19 April 2023, https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/martyred-
motherwithsevensons4maccapocrypha#:~:text=4%20Maccabees%20praises%20the
%20mother,the%20promise%20for%20eternal%20life.
1
Davies, W.D. Paul and Rabbinic Judaism. London: SPCK, 1948.
Dianzon, Sr. Bernardita, FSP. “Class Notes in Pauline Literature.” Unpublished notes. Divine
Word School of Theology, 2022.
Dodd, C.H. “Hilaskesthai: its cognates, derivatives, and synonyms, in the Septuagint.”
Journal
of Theological Studies, 32, 128 (1931):352-60. Accessed 21 April 2023.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23952615.
--------------------. The Bible and the Greeks. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935.
Dunn, James D.G. “Paul’s Understanding of the Death of Jesus.” Edited by Robert Banks.
Reconciliation and Hope. New Testament Essays on Atonement and Eschatology
Presented to L.L. Morris on his 60th Birthday. Carlisle: The Paternoster Press, 1974.
--------------------. “Romans 1–8.” Word Biblical Commentary 38A. Dallas: Word, 1988.
--------------------. The Theology of Paul the Apostle. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
Erickson, MJ. Christian Theology. 7th ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House,
1989.
Finlan, Stephen. The Background and Contents of Paul’s Cultic Atonement Metaphors.
Leiden,
The Netherlands: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.
Flores, Fr. Randolf, SVD. “Ezekiel.” Unpublished notes. Divine Word School of Theology,
2023.
Foote, D. “Romano Guardini: The Essence of a Catholic Worldview.” The Crisis Magazine.
Accessed 2 September 2013. http:// crisismagazine.com.
Fryer, Nico S. “The meaning and translation of Hilasterion in Romans 3:25.” Evangelical
Quarterly 59 (1987): 99-116.
2
“Habakkuk 3:22.” Intertextual Bible. Accessed 17 April 2023. https://intertextual.bible/text/
habakkuk-3.2-lxx-habakkuk-3.23
Hengel, Martin. The Atonement: The Origins of the Doctrine in the New Testament. London:
SCM, 1981.
Hultgren, Arland J. Paul’s Gospel and Mission: The Outlook from His Letter to the Romans.
Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.
Hultgren, Stephen. “Hilastērion (Rom. 3:25) and the Union of Divine Justice and Mercy. Part
I: The Convergence of Temple and Martyrdom Theologies.” The Journal of
Theological Studies 54, 1 (2009): 1-41. Accessed 10 April 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/fly166.
--------------------. “Hilastērion (Rom. 3:25) and the Union of Divine Justice and Mercy. Part
II: The Atonement in the Old Testament and in Romans 1-5,” The Journal of
Theological Studies 70, 2 (2019): 1-54. Accessed 10 April 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/flz082.
Janowski, Bernd. Sühne als Heilsgeschehen: Studien zur Su€hnetheologie der Priesterschrift
und zur Wurzel KPR im Alten Orient und im Alten Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn:
Neukirchener Verlag, 1982.
Kraus, Wolfgang. Der Tod Jesu als Heiligtumsweihe: Eine Untersuchung zum Umfeld der
Sühnevorstellung in Römer 3,25–26a. Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1991.
Ledwik, Lisa Mari. “Propitiation of expiation: reconciling God’s love and justice.” Accessed
April 20, 2023. https://www.academia.edu/24016457/Propitiation_or_expiation_
reconciling_Gods_love_and_justice.
Lenski, Richard C.H. Commentary on the New Testament. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson
Publishers, 1936.
Longenecker, Bruce W. “ΠΙΣΤΙΣ in Romans 3:25: Neglected Evidence for the ‘Faithfulness
of
Christ’?” New Testament Studies 39 (1993): 478-80.
Lookado, Jonathon. The High Priest and the Temple Metaphorical Depictions of Jesus in the
Letters of Ignatius of Antioch. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018.
3
Lyonnet, Stanislas. “The Terminology of Redemption.” Sin, Redemption and Sacrifice: A
Biblical and Patristic Study in Analecta Biblica 48 (1970): 61-284.
Manson, T.W. “ἹΛΑΣΤΉΡΙΟΝ,” Journal of Theological Studies or JTS, 46, 4 (1945): 1-10.
McLean, Bradley Hudson. “The Cursed Christ: Mediterranean Expulsion Rituals and Pauline
Soteriology.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series 126
(1996), 45-46.
Meyer, Ben F. “The pre-Pauline Formula in Rom. 3. 25-26a.” New Testament Studies 29, 2
(2015): 198-208. Accessed 19 April 2023.
http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0028688500010717.
Michel, Otto. Der Brief an die Römer. Reprint. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963.
Monera, Arnold T. “Guidelines for Writing an Exegetical Paper.” Unpublished notes. Divine
Word School of Theology, 2023.
Moo, D. The epistle to the Romans (The new international commentary on the New
Testament).
Edited by N. Stonehouse, B. F, & F. Gordan. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B.
Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996.
Moo, Douglas J. The Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996.
Mounce, Bill. “Getting to the Heart of Atonement.” Accessed 4 March 2023. https://www.the
gospelcoalition.org/article/getting-to-the-heart-of-atonement/.
Mulder, Michael C. “Divine Righteousness and Forgiveness: The Old Testament Background
of Hilastērion in Romans 3:25.” Unio Cum Cristo 7, 2 (2021): 51-63.
New Revised Standard Version (Bible). National Council of the Churches of Christ in the
USA.
1989.
New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (Bible). Friendship Press Inc., 1st ed. 2021.
Perkins, Pheme. Reading the New Testament. Makati City: St. Pauls Philippines, 1994.
4
Porter, Nathan. “Between the Cherubim: The ‘Mercy Seat’ as Site of Divine Revelation in
Romans 3.25.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 44, 2 (2021): 1-26.
Ricoeur, Paul. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and
Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Roloff, J. “Mk. X. 45 und Lk. XII. 27.” NTS 19 (1980): 36-64. royaltyr/AncientCities/web
/bradleyj/Project%201/The%20Epistle%20of%20Ignatius%20to%20the
%20Romans.html.
S. Zodhiates, ed. The complete wordstudy dictionary: New Testament (Word study series).
Reprint. Chattanooga, Tennessee: AMG Publishers, 1993.
Schneiders, S.M. The Revelatory Text: Interpreting the New Testament as Sacred Scripture.
New York, Harper Collins, 1991.
Schökel, Luis Alonso and José Maria Bravo. A Manual of Hermeneutics. England: Sheffield
Academic Press Ltd, 1998.
Schlatter, Adolf. Der Brief an die Römer. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1948.
Stowers, Stanley K. A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles. New Haven, Conn.:
Yale University Press, 1994.
Stuhlmacher, Peter. “Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments; Band 1.” Von Jesus zu
Paulus. Göttingen, 1992.
Sykes, Stephen W. “Sacrifice in the New Testament and Christian Theology,” Sacrifice.
Edited
by M. Bourdillon. London: Academic Press, 1980.
5
Talbert, Charles H. Romans in Smyth & Helwys Bible commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth &
Helwys, 2002.
Theobald, Michael. “Das Gottesbild des Paulus nach Röm 3,21-3.” Studien zum Römerbrief 6
(1981): 131-168.
Tiwald, Markus. “Christ as hilastērion (Rom 3.25). Pauline Theology on the Day of
Atonement
in the Mirror of Early Jewish Thought,” in The Day of Atonement: Its Interpretations
in Early Jewish and Christian Traditions. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Williams, Sam K. “Jesus’ Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept.”
Harvard Dissertations in Religion 2, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1975.
Wilson, Mark. “Hilasterion and imperial ideology: A new reading of Romans 3:25,” HTS
Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 73, 4 (2017), 1-9.
Wright, Nicholas Thomas. Paul and the Faithfulness of God. Indianapolis: Fortress Press,
2016
Young, Norman H. "The Impact of the Jewish Day of Atonement upon the Thought of the
New
Testament.” Dissertation, University of Manchester, 1973.