INTEGRATION – Process that ams to unify
PROF ED - FOUNDATION OF
SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE
EDUCATION
TERMINOLOGIES
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 3 TIER TERM:
• IMPAIRMENT – loss or abnormality in
functioning.
• DISABILITY – Limitation of functioning
because of impairment
• HANDICAP – Disadvantage that occurs
as a result of disability.
• EXCEPTIONAL LEARNERS – Different
from “NORMAL” or “AVERAGE” learners.
• LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL
NEEDS – Refers to learners who need
additional support in their learning.
• PERSON’S WITH DISABILITY (PWD’s) –
Those who have long-term physical,
mental, intellectual or sensory
impairments that may hinder their full
and effective participation in society on
an equal basis.
CONCEPTS of SPECIAL EDUCATION and
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
INCLUSION
- The act or practice of including and
accommodating people who have
historically been excluded
- Attending a regular classroom for their
social and academic benefits, but these
children are not expected to learn the
same material as the rest of the class
(included)
MAINSTREAMING – Attending a regular
classroom for their social and academic benefit
but expected to learn the same material as the
rest of the class.
ordinary and special education with the aim of
offering a set of services to all children.
CONCEPT OF EQUALITY AND EQUITY
EQUALITY – learners are given the same
resources or opportunities
EQUITY – recognize that each person has
different circumstances and allocates the exact
resources and opportunities needed to reach an
equal outcome.
CLASSROOM – a room in a school where a groups
of students are taught.
MODELS OF DISABILITY
MEDICAL (BIOMEDICAL) MODEL
PERSONAL TRAGEDY MODEL
Disability as a disease
Disability is caused by: physical limitations,
mental instability, sensory loss.
Focus on medical professionals to:
- Cure
- Alleviate through rehabilitation
- Segregate for protection.
PROBLEMS:
• Special Transport
• Special School
• Cure and Care
• Patient case
• Social Services
• Therapist Doctors
SOCIAL MODEL
DISABILITY
- Disability is the product of social
condition
- Surroundings society and environment
are more limiting than the disability itself
Society’s failure to provide adequate services to
ensure the needs of disabled people:
RA 9442 ((RA 7277) MAGNA CARTA FOR
DISABLED PERSON)
RA 10754 (EXPANDING ACT)
REASONS OF EARLY DEATH OF PERSON WITH
- Lack of medical understanding and
technology
- Complications such as infections
- Killed for economic reasons
- Killed for religious reasons
Ex: mental illness (demonic possession)
- Eugenic
- Starved
- Infants with disabilities were routinely
killed or abandoned
2. ERA OF RIDICULE

Problem: - Amusement as court Jesters (Roman)

• Passivity Dependency - Permitted to live and often became
• Prejudice Discrimination beggars (Greek)
• Inaccessible Transport
• Inaccessible buildings 3. ERA OF ASYLUM
• Inadequate service
• Poverty and economic dependency - During the renaissance period, PWDs are
cared by the catholic church
- They are seen as helpless people, thus
unteachable
HISTORY OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE 4. ERA OF BEGINNING
EDUCATION
3 PIONEERS OF SPED
1. ERA OF EXTERMINATION
1. PEDRO PONSE DE LEON
EARLY CIVILIZATION (BCE-CE 500) - Educated deaf people from the noble
- People with disability sometimes class
survived adulthood but still not normal
life expectancy. 2. ABBE CHARLES MICHEL D L’EPEE
- Loved ones must have taken care of their - Institute for the Deaf
disabled members
- Lack of medical understanding and 3. LOUIS BRAILLE
technology, people with congenital - Tactile system of reading and writing for
disabilities either died or complications the blind
such as infections shortly after birth or
were killed for economic, eugenic, or
religious reason.
PHILIPPINES HISTORY OF SPED
- American colonial period
- 1st sped class was established in 1898
ate the university of the Philippines
- Class with physical disabilities
- Early 1900s, classes for students with
intellectual disabilities were also
established
- 1908, Philippines began providing
education to children with special needs
at the Harrison International in Pasay
city
- 1898, a social school for the deaf and
blind was officially opened in the
Philippines
- 1972, Schooling for the handicapped
children should be required under the
Law
- 1975, Education for all Handicapped
Children Act of 1975
- President Richard Nixon on November
19, 1975
- Martial Law period, special education
classes were abolished
- Special education programs were not
implemented again until the late 1980s.
- 1988 DECS issued the Special Education
Guidelines framework for the
development of special education
programs in the Phil.
PRACTICE OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
KEY DEVELOPMENTS:
• ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM (ALS)
• SCHOOLS FOR HANDICAPPED
• DISTANCE LEARNING MODALITIES
RA 3562 - An act to promote the Education of
the Blind in the Philippines (1962)
Permanent government commitment to the
traning of SPED, teachers for the..
RA 5250 – Act 10 year training program for
teachers od Special and Exceptional children in
the pphilippines and authoorizing of the
appropriation of Funds (1968)
Social Concern for the welfare and integration
of people with disabilities
- Training of tteacher
- Expences dispursed by the Director of
Public School
- Setting up of pilot classes
- Set up research and survey projects
- Scholarship should be created every
year
PD 603 s. 1974 – child and youth welfare code
Where needs warrants, there shall be at least
one special class in every province, and if
possible, special schools for the physically
handicapped, the mentally retarded, the
emotionally disturbed and the specialy gifted.
RA 9344 Ameded PD 603 juvenile Justise and
Welfare Act of 2006
Children at risk and children conflict with the
law, which provides child-appropriate
proceeding to ensure the porotection and safety
of juvenilees that commit crimes
Ex. Children 9 yrs and older who were arrested
waited in jail until sentencing.
RA 7277 – The Magna carta for Disabled GIFTEDNESS
Persons. (1991)
FATHER OF IQ
The seven types of disabilities: ALFRED BINET
A. Psychosocial disabiliity - He made questions
B. Disability due to chronic illness
C. Learning disability FATHER OF MODERN IQ
D. Mental Disability LEWIS TERMAN
E. Visual Disability - He made IQ Formula
F. Orthopedic Disability
G. Communication Disability FORMULA OF IQ:

RA 9442 – act Amending RA no. 7277 the IQ = MA/CA (100)

Magnata Carta for Disables Persons, And For
Other Purposes (2008) CA - CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
MA - MENTAL AGE
To pprovide person with disability, the
opportunity to participate fully into the
mainstream os society by granting them alteast
IQ LEVEL
20% discount in all basic services.ADD
140 – GENIUS
RA 10754 – RR of RA 10754 – Expanding the
130-139 – VERY SUPERIOR
Benefits and Privilages of persons with
120-129 – SUPERIOR
Disability (2016)
110-119 – ABOVE AVERAGE
90-109 – AVERAGE
Participated fully into the mainstream of society
80-89 – BELOW AVERAGE
by granting them at least twenty (20%) discount
70-79 – BOARDER LINE
and exemption from the value added tax on the
60 below – MENTALLY RETARTED
sale of certain goods and services identified
under RA no. 9442 for the exclusive use,
BLEND IQ AND EQ
enjoyment or availment of persons with
disability.
POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS
• MOTIVATION
SENATE BILL NO. 1414 INCLUSIVE DUCATION
FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH SPECIAL • COMMUNICATION
NEEDS ACT • LEADERSHIP
• INISIGHT – global thinkers
- Inclusive Education Learning resource • PROBLEM HANDLING
- all public school • CREATIVITY
- 17th Congress filed on April 4, 2017, by Paolo
Benigno Aquino IV
NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS Includes :
Being emotionally Getting angry easily ALS
sensitive PEOPLE EDUCATION
Tendency to question Uses humor to put OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH
authority down others MUSLIM EDUCATION PROGRAM INDIGENOUS
Stubbornness Perfectionist COMMUNITY LEARNNING
Non participation in Tactless
class activities PARENTAL INVOVEMENT
Easily distracted Crying if things go
DepEd Order 72, s. 2009 inclusive education as
when not interested wrong/ Over reacting
strategy for increasing participation rate of
Inappropriate Monopolized
children.
questioning discussion
HOMOGENOUS
HETEROGENOUS
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Perfectionist
ENRICHMENT TRATEGIES
• Maturity beyond age
• Library and Internet
• Abstract thinkers
• Research project
• Heightened sensitivity to their
• Scientific Research Projects
• Mentorship
AREAS WHERE GIFTEDNESS CAN BE FOUND:
• Creative thinker
CATEGORIES OF EXCEPTIONALITIES
• Leadership
BY: JEANNE ORMROD
• General intellectual ability
• Psychomotor A. SPECIFIC COGNITIVE OR ACADEMIC
• Specific academic ability DIFFICULTIES
• Visual/ performing arts
1. Learning Disabilities
TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT – PROGRESSION IS • Dyslexia – reading disoreder
NORMAL COMPARED TO OTHER CHILDREN • Dysgraphia – writing disorder
• Dyscalculia – arithmetic disorder
ATYPICAL – UNSUAL
• Dyspraxia – psychomotor disorder

PRES. RODRIGO DUTERTE signed on 2. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

MARCH11, 2022 • Difficulty in focus
• Recurrect hyperactive and impulsive
RA 11650 - instituiting a Policy of inclusion and behavior
services for learners with disabilities in sppport
of inclusive Education Act 3. Speech and communication
• Difficulty in spoken language
DepEd Order 023 s. 2022 - Child Find Policy for (slurred/stuttering)
learners with disabilities towards inclusive • Dysarthria
education • Aphasia
• Speech delays
 B. EMOTIONAL/ CONDUCT BEHAVIOR Gifted with Learning Disability
Posses an outstanding gift or talents and are
1. Autism capable of high performance but has disability
• Different levels of impaired social
interactionand communication. Qualities:
• No eye contact • Easily distracted
• Hyper talkative
2. Mental Retardation • Exaggerated emotional responses
• Intellectual Difficulty (ID) • Appears withdrawn
• Sub-average intellegence and defecits in • Forgetful
adaptive behavior • Ar more vulnerable

3. Emotional conduct disorder List of Disabilities

• Presence of emotional states like • Autism
depression ang aggression. • Deaf-blindness
• Deafness
• Emotional disturbance
C. PHYSICAL ABILITIES AND HEALTH • Intellectual disability
IMPAIRMENTS • Hearing impairment
• Physical and health impairments • Multiple disabilities
• Limited energy and strength • Orhopedic impairement
• Severe and Multiple Disability • Other health impairment
• Presence of two or more
TYPES OF CAUSES
D. SENSORY IMPAIRMENT
1. Visual Blurred vision (refractive error)
2. Hearing
Near sightedness (myopia)– Clearly up close,
TWICE EXCEPTIONAL OR DUAL EXCEPTIONAL blurry in the distance
Child who is not onlly exceptionally able but has Far sigdness (Hyperopia) – clearly in distance,
additional learning diifficulies or disability. blurry up close
Presbyopia – trouble reading small print 1:3
Twice exceptional Astigmatism – condition due to shape f the
Auditory - processing problem cornea.
Visual
Crossed Eyes (Strabismus)
Possible signs:
• Very low self-steem with flashes of Esotropia – One or both eyes turn inward
brillance towards the nose
• Disorganized with self-control Exotropia – One or both eyes turn out; also
• Good problem solver called wall eyes
• Conceptual thinking Hypertropia – One or Both eyes turn up
• Clowning around in class Hypotropia – one or both eyes turn down
• Written and verbal work out of sync
• Test results at odds with knowledge of a
subject
Physical Signs: LANGUAGE
- Crossed eyes
- Clumsy-bumping LEARNERS WITH AUTISM SPCTRUM DISORDER
- Like to sit
- Stand and go ASD (AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) – is
- Poor eye-hand condition relateed to brain dev that imapact
how a peson perceives ad socializes with other,
causing roblems in social interction and
TYPES AND CAUSES commuication

DEAFNESS – Hearing loss is active 90 decibels Includes:

Limited and repitive patterns of behavior
HEARING IMPAIRMENT - Hearing loss is below
90 decibels

1-15 – total silence

15-20 – quite
20-40 – whisper
40-60 – normal decibels
60-70 – Noisy
70-90 – can lead to damage of hearing
90-100 – damage hearing

SIGNS:

• Speaking loudly
• Positioning air towards speaker
• Asking for information to be repeated
• Delayed dev of speech
• Watching the face or speaker
• Favoring on ear
• Not responding when called
• Has difficulty in direction

SPEECH VS LANGUAGE

SPEECH – is the expression of language with

sound/ oral production

Produced through physiological and

1. Respiration
2. Phonation
3. Articulation