Summary Ch 1-2

The Nucleons:

- The Atoms is made up of 3 sub-atomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

- Proton’s charge is positive. +e = +1.6 x 10−19 C

Proton’s mass is: MP = 1.6724 x 10−27 Kg = 1 a.m.u

- Neutron is a neutral particle.

Mass: MN = 1.6747 x 10−27 Kg = 1 a.m.u

- The mass of a nucleon is considered as equal to 1.67 x 10−27 Kg = 1 a.m.u

- C is the symbol for Coulomb, the unit of electrical charge.

- Atomic Mass Unit is (a.m.u)

- The mass of the nucleus in a.m.u is equal to the number of nucleons it contains.

- DENSITY:

Mass
P=
Volume

Sub Energy Level (Sub Shell):

- Electrons on a shell might have different values of energy, they are classified sub-shells.

- There are 4 subshells:

−¿¿
1. S maximum number of e = 2
2. P maximum number of e−¿¿ = 6
−¿¿
3. D maximum number of e = 10
−¿¿
4. F maximum number of e = 12
Diagonal Rule:

1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f

1s / 2s / 2p 3s / 3p 4s / 3d 4p 5s / 4d 5p 6s / 4f 5d 6p 7s / 5f 6d 7p / 6f 7d / 7f /

- Exception:

24 Cr : 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p6 4 s 1 3 d 5

28 Cr : 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p6 4 s 1 3 d 10

Location of an element in the PT:

- Coulomb: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

- Coulomb 1: Alkali Metals

Coulomb 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
Coulomb 3-12: Transition Metals
Coulomb 17: Halogens
Coulomb 18: Noble Gasses (Inert Gases)

- 4f: Lanthanides
5f: Actinides

- Last number (power) of the configuration is known as Coulomb

- The biggest number in the configuration is known as Row

Molar Volume (Vm):

m V N
n= = =
M Vm NA

- n= number of moles (mol)

- m= mass (g)
- M= Molar Mass (g/mol−1)
- V= Volume (L)
- Vm= Molar Volume (L/mol−1)
- N= number of particles (atoms/molecules)
- NA= Avogadro’s number
= (Atom/mol−1)
= (Ion/ mol−1)

Vm= 22.4

NA= 6x1023