Section 17.

TRANSVERSE STANDING WAVES

The frequencies forms series of loops which are called harmonics=n f 1, the
lowest frequency f 1 is called 1st harmonic which correspond to the number of
loops n. The first frequency is called the fundamental frequency and the
preceding frequencies are called overtones.

Standing wave can be produced with the string fixed on both ends and the
standing wave will be defined by

f n=n ( 2vL ) ; n=1 ,2 , 3 … ..

Example 4

√
F
Use the two equations f n=n ( );
v
2L
v=
m
L
LONGITUDITAL STANDING WAVES

e.g flute, columns tubes

Standing wave can be produced with the tube open at both ends and the
standing wave will be defined by f n=n ( 2vL ) ; n=1 ,2 , 3 … ..

See example 6, which is

easy to follow.

Standing waves can also exist in a tube with open at only one end
f n=n ( 4vL ) ; n=1 ,3 , 5 … ..

CYU No. 11, 12 , 14 ( 13 ex )

Example 8th ed. No. 32 and 9th ed No. 33

Ex . 9th ed No. 28.

Example 8th ed. No. 56 and 9th ed No. 47

Ex . 9th ed No. 42.