10 "u 12 13 . Rigidity of Machine Components / 601 . Stability of Machine Elements / 606 . Design of Elastic Elements: Springs / 624 . Design of Machine Mounts and Foundations / 634 References / 645 Problems / 646 DESIGN OF DRY FRICTION ELEMENTS 656 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. Overview / 656 Dry Friction / 657 Clutches and Brakes / 667 Friction Belts / 688 References / 709 Problems / 710 LUBRICATION AND BEARING DESIGN 719 IL. 11.2. 11.3. 114. 11s. Overview / 719 Bearings and Lubrication / 720 Theory of Hydrodynamic Lubrication / 723 Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings / 735 Externally Pressurized (Hydrostatic) Bearings / 765 Computer Methods / 774 References / 778 Problems / 779 DESIGN OF CONTACT ELEMENTS 787 12.1. 12.2. 12.3. 124. Overview / 787 Dry Contacts / 788 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication / 790 Rolling Bearings / 794 Application of Rolling Bearings / 824 References / 830 Problems / 831 DESIGN OF FIXED SPEED DRIVES 836 13.1, 13.2. 13.3. 13.4, 13.5. Overview / 836 General Design Considerations / 837 Design of Spur Gears / 839 Design of Helical Gears / 860 Design of Bevel Gears / 869 Design of Crossed Gearing / 87413.6. Design of Worm Gear Drives / 877 13.7. Chain Drives / 891 References / 903 Problems / 903 14 DESIGN FOR TORSION: SHAFTS, COUPLINGS, AND PINS Overview / 912 14.1, Rotary Motion / 913 14.2. Shaft Design / 914 14.3. Couplings / 934 144. Keys / 937 References / 941 Problems / 942 APPENDIX A STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS APPENDIX B STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CRACKED STRUCTURES APPENDIX C STANDARDIZED MACHINE ELEMENTS APPENDIX D HOT ROLLED SECTIONS APPENDIX E PROPERTIES OF SOME ENGINEERING MATERIALS APPENDIX F PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS INDEX CONTENTS 912 987 xixiv PREFACE with the most traditional mechanical engineering courses such as Machine Design (or Design of Machine Elements) came rather late. The purpose of this textbook is exactly the introduction of computer methodology in the design of machines and machine elements. The need to rewrite such a classical subject from the new point of view created the opportunity for a fresh look at the presentation of the subject. All over the world, machine design textbooks have presented the material with component orientation, such as bolts, shafts, bearings, and gears, following the structure of the classical Reuleaux text of 1854. However, with the vast number of different elements of machines now available, such presentations are in any case incomplete. This has led the author to try a unifying approach, dividing the material from the point of view of design methodology rather than element function, to the extent possible. Therefore, the material is presented as, for example, design for strength. The student has the opportunity to observe the common features of de- signing different elements with the same methods and with the same considerations. The aim is to guide the student through the design methodology rather than merely to teach how to design particular machine elements. Emphasis is given to subjects more particular to computer application. It was natural also to emphasize design methods that are particularly suitable for computer implementation. However, since learning in depth is achieved through full student involvement in the design process, the book does not rely exclusively on computers but first presents the methodology for longhand calculated solutions of machine design problems in the tradition of Reuleaux and the newer texts by Niemann and Shigley. The text is supplemented by appropriate software and spreadsheet solutions and templates. The spreadsheets listed are not intended to substitute for design calcu- lations nor to be a complete design system, although they cover a wide range of machine design applications. They have a dual purpose: 1. To serve as a guide and a base for the development of design applications by the student. Most of them can be modified and extended for particular applications. 2. To form the basis for design automation, since most solid modelers, such as SOLID EDGE, UNIGRAPHICS, and PRO ENGINEER, accept spreadsheet inputs for basic dimensioning. This can lead towards complete design auto- mation. The latter is left to the individual instructor because it depends on the software available Most of the chapters of this book are self-contained. Therefore, the text can be used flexibly manner to meet specific requirements. Every chapter concludes with a selected list of references, not as a general bibliography on the subject but for referencing purposes and as a guide for further reading. This text was intended to be timely and teachable and to lead the student to become acquainted with modern machine design and computer methods in machine design and, furthermore, to develop skills for applying contemporary CAMD meth- odology in practice.