ETHICS: FOUNDATIONS OF MORAL VALUATION

ACTIVITIES CHAPTER 2 (SOURCES OF AUTHORITY)

PILAPIL, MARIA ANGELICA V.

BSA

1. Write and explain at least 2 laws of the land stated in the country’s criminal and civil codes.
- The first laws indicated the people have a different religion like Buddhism and Christianism
but they are the same worship from their god but they are different in activities do to her
worship, however there are some problems with this First on the practical level we realize the
presence of multiplicity of religions, each faith demands differently for, its adherents which
would apparently results in conflicting ethical standard. And with the second laws the culture
indicated a collective way of life away of doing things it is sum of attitudes, values, goals and
practices organization or society culture reflects the moral attitudes and ethical belief on how
people showed interact with each other .
2. Can be our Law be the basis of Ethics?
The relationship between law and ethics is complex and multifaceted. While there are instances
where laws reflect ethical principles, it is not always the case that the law serves as the sole
basis of ethics. Let's explore this further:
1. Overlapping Principles: In many cases, laws are designed to uphold ethical principles and
promote values such as justice, fairness, and human rights. For example, laws against murder
and theft align with the ethical principles of respecting human life and property rights. In such
cases, the law can be seen as an expression of widely accepted ethical norms.
2. Ethical Considerations Beyond the Law: Ethics, however, encompasses a broader scope
than what is codified in laws. Ethical principles often extend beyond legal requirements and
provide guidance for moral decision-making in areas where the law may not explicitly dictate a
particular course of action. Ethical considerations may involve questions of personal integrity,
honesty, compassion, and empathy, among others.
3. Evolving Ethical Standards: Ethical standards can evolve over time as society progresses,
while laws may lag behind. Certain actions that were once legal may later be considered
unethical, such as past instances of racial discrimination or gender inequality. In such cases,
ethics can serve as a driver for legal reform and the creation of new laws that align with
changing ethical values.
4. Cultural and Individual Variations: Ethics can vary across different cultures and individuals,
while laws are specific to particular jurisdictions. What is considered ethical in one culture or by
one person may not align with the laws or ethical standards of another culture or individual. This
highlights the subjective nature of ethics and the limitations of relying solely on the law as the
basis for ethical judgment.
5. Legal Limitations: Laws are not always perfect reflections of ethics. Legal systems may have
limitations, inconsistencies, or biases that make them fall short of being perfectly ethical. There
may be instances where laws are considered unjust or oppressive, and individuals may be
compelled to challenge or disobey them based on their personal ethical beliefs.
In summary, while laws can reflect and reinforce ethical principles, ethics encompasses a
broader spectrum of considerations that may extend beyond legal requirements. Ethical
decisions often involve individual judgment, cultural context, and a broader understanding of
values and principles that guide human behavior.
3. Is Religion can be a basis of Ethics?
Religion can certainly serve as a basis for ethics for individuals and communities who adhere to
a particular religious belief system. Many religious traditions provide moral guidelines, codes of
conduct, and ethical principles that shape the behavior and decision-making of their followers.
Here are some key points to consider:
 Moral Framework: Religions often offer a comprehensive moral framework that
encompasses various aspects of human life, including personal conduct, relationships,
social interactions, and societal obligations. They may provide explicit rules and
commandments, as well as general principles and values to guide ethical decision-
making.
 Divine Authority: For believers, the ethical principles derived from religion are often
considered to have a divine origin or authority. They see religious teachings as a
reflection of a higher moral order and view adherence to these principles as a means of
fulfilling their spiritual obligations and achieving moral righteousness.
 Shared Values and Community: Religious ethics can foster a sense of shared values
and community cohesion. By following religious teachings, individuals within a religious
community may find a common moral language, shared norms, and a sense of
belonging.
 Moral Guidance and Purpose: Religion can provide individuals with moral guidance and
a sense of purpose. It offers answers to fundamental questions about the meaning of
life, the nature of good and evil, and the pursuit of a virtuous existence.
 Diversity of Religious Ethics: It's important to recognize that different religions have
varying ethical systems and may have distinct values, norms, and moral teachings.
Moreover, within each religion, there can be a diversity of interpretations and practices,
leading to different understandings of what constitutes ethical behavior.

It's worth noting that religious ethics are not the only source of ethical guidance in
society, as many people adhere to secular ethical frameworks that are independent of
religious beliefs. Different individuals and societies may draw on a combination of
religious, cultural, philosophical, and humanistic perspectives to shape their ethical
principles.

Furthermore, it is important to foster respectful dialogue and understanding among

people with different religious and non-religious perspectives, recognizing the diversity of
ethical viewpoints in society. The application of religious ethics in the public sphere is a
subject of ongoing debate, as societies aim to balance religious freedom with the
principles of secular governance and the rights and beliefs of individuals from diverse
backgrounds.
5. Explain your certain traits, values and practices of your culture.

Visayan culture refers to the cultural traditions, values, and practices of the Visayan
people, who are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Philippines. The Visayan region,
also known as the Visayas, is located in the central part of the country and comprises
several provinces and islands. Here are some key traits, values, and practices of
Visayan culture:
1. Bayanihan: Bayanihan is a strong sense of community and cooperation among
Visayans. It is the spirit of unity and mutual support, where members of the community
come together to help one another, especially during times of need or celebration. This
practice is often observed during house construction, wherein neighbors and relatives
gather to lend a hand.

2. Festivals: The Visayas is renowned for its vibrant festivals, which showcase the rich
cultural heritage of the region. Festivals like the Sinulog in Cebu, Ati-Atihan in Kalibo,
and Pintados-Kasadyaan in Tacloban involve colorful street parades, traditional dances,
music, and religious processions. These festivals celebrate a mix of historical events,
religious devotion, and thanksgiving.

3. Deeply Religious: Visayans are predominantly Roman Catholic and have a deep
sense of faith and spirituality. Religious practices, such as attending mass, participating
in novenas, and observing religious holidays, hold significant importance in their lives.
Devotion to patron saints and the Virgin Mary is particularly strong.

4. Love for Music and Dance: The Visayans have a rich musical heritage, with traditional
instruments like the kudyapi (a stringed instrument), tambol (drum), and banduria (a type
of guitar). Folk dances, such as the tinikling (bamboo dance) and kuratsa, are popular
forms of expression, often performed during festive occasions and cultural events.

5. Oral Tradition and Literature: Visayans have a strong tradition of oral literature,
including epic poems known as "kumintang" or "sugidanon." These epics tell stories of
heroism, love, and cultural history. Visayan literature has also produced renowned
writers, poets, and playwrights, such as Ilonggo writer Peter Solis Nery and Cebuano
playwright Resil Mojares.

6. Cuisine: Visayan cuisine is diverse and characterized by fresh seafood, tropical fruits,
and native ingredients. Lechon (roast pig) is a famous dish often served during special
occasions and festivals. Other popular Visayan dishes include kinilaw (raw seafood
marinated in vinegar and spices), batchoy (noodle soup), and puso (rice wrapped in
coconut leaves).

7. Resilience and Determination: Visayans are known for their resilience and
determination, shaped by the region's historical experiences with natural disasters and
challenges. This resilience is reflected in their ability to rebuild their communities after
typhoons, earthquakes, and other calamities, as well as their strong work ethic and
entrepreneurial spirit.

8. Love for the Sea: Given the region's geographical location, Visayans have a close
connection to the sea. Fishing and maritime activities play a significant role in the culture
and economy of many Visayan communities. Visayans also take pride in their beautiful
beaches, islands, and dive sites, which attract tourists from around the world.

It's important to note that Visayan culture is diverse and varies across different provinces
and islands within the region. These traits, values, and practices provide a general
overview of the rich cultural heritage of the Visayans.

6. Elaborate and explain the changes of our indigenous culture to the modern culture.
Filipino culture has undergone significant changes as it has interacted with and adapted
to modern culture. Here are some key aspects of Filipino culture that have been
influenced or transformed by modernization:

1. Technology and Communication: The advent of modern technology, particularly the

internet and social media, has revolutionized communication in the Philippines. It has
brought people closer together, enabling faster and more convenient communication
across long distances. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
have become popular avenues for Filipinos to connect, share experiences, and express
their opinions.

2. Globalization and Western Influences: Globalization has exposed Filipinos to various

aspects of Western culture, including fashion, music, films, and lifestyle choices.
Western influences can be seen in the way Filipinos dress, their music preferences, and
their consumption patterns. Fast food chains, shopping malls, and global brands have
also become part of the urban landscape.

3. Changing Family Dynamics: Traditional Filipino family values, which emphasized

close-knit extended families and intergenerational support, have been affected by
modernization. Urbanization and the pursuit of better opportunities have led to more
nuclear families, with members often living in separate households. Dual-income
households and increased emphasis on individualism have also impacted traditional
gender roles and dynamics within the family.

4. Education and Work: Modernization has brought significant changes to the Filipino
education system and work culture. Education has become more accessible, with
increased enrollment in schools and the proliferation of online learning options. The
focus on academic achievements and professional qualifications has intensified as
Filipinos seek better job opportunities and economic mobility. The work culture has
become more fast-paced and competitive, with a growing emphasis on professionalism,
efficiency, and entrepreneurship.
5. Entertainment and Media: The entertainment industry in the Philippines has evolved
with modernization. Local television shows and films have become more diverse and
influenced by global media trends. Reality TV programs, talent competitions, and
streaming platforms have gained popularity. The influence of K-pop, J-pop, and Western
music has also impacted Filipino music preferences and the local music industry.

6. Cultural Preservation and Revival: While modernization has brought changes to

Filipino culture, there has also been a resurgence in the appreciation and promotion of
traditional Filipino arts, crafts, and practices. Efforts have been made to preserve and
revive indigenous languages, traditional dances, music, and crafts. Cultural festivals and
events showcase the richness of Filipino heritage, aiming to instill a sense of pride and
connection to the country's cultural roots.

7. Environmental Awareness: Modernization has brought about increased awareness of

environmental issues among Filipinos. Concerns over pollution, deforestation, climate
change, and sustainability have prompted advocacy and conservation efforts. There is a
growing movement towards eco-friendly practices, renewable energy sources, and
responsible tourism.
It is important to note that modernization has not completely replaced traditional Filipino
culture but has rather influenced and transformed it. Being a Filipino still value and
practice traditional customs, languages, and beliefs alongside modern lifestyles and
influences. The balance between tradition and modernity varies among individuals and
regions within the Philippines, resulting in a diverse cultural landscape.

7. Culture can certainly influence and shape ethics, but it is not the sole basis for ethics.
Ethics refers to a set of moral principles and values that guide individuals or a society in
determining what is considered right or wrong, good or bad, and how people ought to
behave.
Culture plays a significant role in shaping ethical beliefs and behaviors by providing a
framework for understanding what is acceptable and appropriate within a specific society
or community. Cultural norms, traditions, and practices often reflect the shared values
and moral codes of a particular group. These cultural influences can affect how
individuals perceive moral issues, make ethical decisions, and interact with others.
However, it is essential to recognize that ethics is not solely determined by culture.
Ethical principles can also be based on universal human rights, philosophical theories,
religious or spiritual beliefs, legal frameworks, and personal convictions. Different
cultures may have varying ethical standards, and what is considered morally acceptable
in one culture may not be the same in another.
Moreover, cultures evolve over time, and ethical perspectives can change accordingly.
As societies become more interconnected and diverse, cultural values may undergo
transformations, leading to shifts in ethical standards and practices.
It is important to critically evaluate cultural norms and ethical beliefs to ensure that they
align with universal principles of justice, fairness, and respect for human rights. While
culture can provide a valuable foundation for ethical reflection, individuals and societies
should also consider broader ethical frameworks and principles that go beyond cultural
boundaries.
8. Define “Holiness” in your own opinion.
- In my own opinion, holiness refers to a state or quality of being deeply connected to
and aligned with the divine or transcendent. It encompasses a sense of sacredness,
purity, and moral excellence. Holiness often implies a separation or distinctiveness from
the ordinary or mundane aspects of life, as well as a dedication to spiritual growth,
righteousness, and virtue. Holiness can manifest in various ways depending on cultural,
religious, or philosophical perspectives. It can involve personal characteristics such as
humility, compassion, selflessness, and a commitment to ethical behavior. It may also
involve devotion to religious practices, rituals, or beliefs that promote a sense of spiritual
connection and reverence. Furthermore, holiness can extend beyond the individual and
encompass a collective or communal dimension. It can be associated with sacred
places, objects, or ceremonies that are regarded as being set apart or consecrated for
divine purposes. It's important to note that this definition is subjective and based on
personal interpretation, as different individuals and religious traditions may have varying
understandings of holiness.

10. Imagine that you are a legislator. What rules or laws that currently prohibit certain
acts or practices would you want to amend or repeal? Also, are there certain acts or
practices would you want to prohibit? Think of this on the level of your school, your city,
and nation.

School Level:
1. Review and update disciplinary policies: Evaluate and amend disciplinary policies to
ensure they are fair, consistent, and focused on restorative justice rather than punitive
measures. Consider approaches that emphasize education, counseling, and
rehabilitation.
2. Address cyberbullying and online safety: Develop or update legislation to address
cyberbullying, harassment, and the responsible use of social media platforms. Promote
digital citizenship education and implement preventive measures to create a safer online
environment for students.

City Level:
1. Decriminalize or legalize certain substances: Assess drug policies and consider
decriminalizing or legalizing certain substances, focusing on harm reduction, public
health, and rehabilitation programs. This approach can help shift the focus from
punishment to treatment and support for individuals struggling with substance abuse.
2. Housing and rent control: Evaluate the need for legislation addressing affordable
housing and rent control to protect vulnerable populations from escalating housing costs
and ensure access to safe and affordable housing options.

National Level:
1. Criminal justice reform: Revisit sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimums,
aiming to reduce mass incarceration and focus on rehabilitation rather than solely
punitive measures. Explore alternatives to incarceration for non-violent offenses, such as
community service or diversion programs.
2. Environmental protection: Strengthen environmental regulations and promote
sustainability initiatives to address climate change, reduce pollution, and protect natural
resources for future generations. 3. Consumer protection: Strengthen consumer
protection laws to safeguard against unfair business practices, ensure product safety,
and promote transparency in industries such as finance, healthcare, and technology.