Omar Al-Mukhtar University

Computer Science Department

Computer science

Introductory stage
Asma Mustafa & Mariam Alhadad
Operating system
Outline
• Introduction.
• Common operating system
• Introduction to Windows operating system .
• Starting the Computer
• Windows explorer
• File management
Introduction

Definition: An operating system OS is a program that acts as an interface

between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all
kinds of programs.
Introduction

OS is software that manages the computer hardware as well as providing an

environment for application programs to run.
Operating System task

● File management.
● Memory management.
● Process management.
● Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers
File management

A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and
usage. These directories may contain files and other directions.

An Operating System does the following activities for file management

- Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc.

- The collective facilities are often known as file system.
- Decides who gets the resources.
- Allocates the resources.
Memory management

Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main

memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address. Main
memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to
be executed, it must in the main memory.
An Operating System does the following activities for memory management
- Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are
not in use.
- In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how
much.
- Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
- De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.
Process management

In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the

processor when and for how much time. This function is called process
scheduling.
An Operating System does the following activities for processor management
- Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
- Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
- De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
Controlling peripheral devices

An Operating System manages device communication via their respective

drivers. It does the following activities for device management

- Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as
the I/O controller.
- Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
- Allocates the device in the efficient way.
Operating system tasks

Other important activities OS perform:

- Security : By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents
unauthorized access to programs and data.
- Control over system performance : Recording delays between request for a service
and response from the system.
- Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and
users.
- Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other
debugging and error detecting aids.
- Coordination between other softwares and users − Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various
users of the computer systems.
Importance of Operating System

Without an operating system, every program will need a means to handle all
computer components and hardware.
This means that it will need a method to
- Accept user inputs using keyboards and mice.
- Print documents
- To read and write on storage devices
- To keep track of time.
- To send output to the screen and even to communicate across a network
This would cause every single program to be very extensive and heavy.
TOP COMMON OPERATING SYSTEMS:

- There are many computer operating systems in use today.

- Different technology companies have made operating systems for their customers and
each of them comes with its own fair share of benefits and disadvantages when put
into different uses.
- As a result, some of them are more popular than others. Let’s take a look at three of
the most popular computer operating systems.
 Windows

built by Microsoft, At the moment, the latest Windows

operating system is Windows 11 . Older editions include
Windows 10 ,Windows 8 , Windows 7 ,etc .The popularity
of Windows operating systems can be partly attributed to
the success of the Microsoft Office Suite (Word , Excel ,
Powerpoint , . . . . ) that currently has over 1.2 billion
active users. It is available in 140 countries and in 107
languages.
Mac OS X

This operating system has been developed by

Apple Inc. for Apple computers.If you want
mobile, laptop, and desktop computers to
work together seamlessly and provide access
to the same apps and tools, macOS is a good
choice
Linux

Linux is an operating system designed for the

professional users who know their way around
computer software and hardware. The unique thing
about Linux is that it is open source, that means the
code is designed to be publicly accessible. so anyone
can see,modify the code as it fits their use. Most
Linux versions are created and updated by
communities of developers. They are free to use but
require a compatible computer and some technical
knowledge to install the OS.
Windows
Introduction:
Operating system - The windows operating system is a product
manufactured by Microsoft.
- Offers a graphical user interface (GUI)
which makes for an easier user experience
when using a computer.
- Provides many useful features such as the
ability to easily maneuver between
applications, files, windows and icons.
- Offers support for peripheral devices. And
other useful features.
Starting the Computer

- Pressing the power button to powering on a computer .

- System checks if all necessary units are connected properly and a suitable
operating system is available.
- A copy of the operating system is then loaded from the hard drive onto the main
memory RAM.
- When system boot up is complete, the operating system’s desktop is displayed
and will be used as a starting point for further activities on the system.
- The desktop contains a number of symbols or shortcuts known as Icons which
allows the user to access their applications or files through clicking on them using
the mouse pointer.
 Starting the Computer

Computer Icon: allows users to access the computer and manage its contents such as files
and folders in addition to accessing the hard drive and other secondary storage units if available.

Documents Icon: allows access to the documents of the current user.

Recycle Bin Icon: clicking on this icon allows access to all the files and folders that have been
deleted from the system and are placed in the recycle bin with the ability to restore and
delete them completely from the computer’s system
Starting the Computer

Start Menu :You can also reach all the files and applications
through clicking on the (Start) button and then choosing the
desired application. Clicking on the start button reveals a list as in
the figure (2) which contains a number of shortcuts to choose
from.

Task Bar:The taskbar is located at the bottom of the computer screen or the desktop, and one of its most
important components is the Start button. It also shows the currently open programs with the ability to
access and display them on the screen. It also shows the date, time and other icons.
Controlling Desktop Properties

The user can personalize the operating system environment by changing the display
characteristics such as changing colors, images, and sounds, in addition to controlling the
screen resolution and other features.
Change Desktop Background:
- Click the right mouse button in an empty place on the desktop to bring up a menu.
- Choose and click on the Personalize option
- A new window appears containing display options, select and click on the
background you want, and then close the window.