COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING

COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM

 OPERATING SYSTEM

The most important program that runs on a computer.

It perform basic tasks, such as:
o recognizing input from the keyboard
o sending output to the display screen
o Keeping track of files
o Directories on the storage device

o Controlling peripheral devices

Makes everything work together smoothly and efficiently.
 MAIN GOAL OF OPERATING SYSTEM
To make the computer system convenient to use.
To make the use of computer hardware in efficient way.

THREE MAIN RESPONIBILITY OF OPERATING

1. Perform SYSTEM
basic task such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to
the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk and printers.
2. Ensure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere
with each other.
3. Provide a software platform on top of which other programs can run. The OS is also
responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
COMMAND PROCESSOR/ COMMAND LINE
INTERPRETER
Commands are accepted and executed by a part of the Operating System.

THREE POPULAR VIEWS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

AS
RESOURCE MANAGER
PRIMARY VIEW
HIERARCHICAL VIEW
EXTENDED MACHINE VIEW
 PRIMARY VIEW

A collection of programs designed devices and information. It is the

function of Operating System to manage the system’s resources,
namely, memory, processors, peripheral system to see that they are
used efficiently and to resolve conflicts arising from competition
among the various users. The operating system must keep track of
status of each resource; decide which process is to get the resource,
allocate it and eventually claim it.
 HIERARCHICAL VIEW
The major functions of each category of operating system are.

1. Memory Management Functions – to execute a program, it must be mapped

to absolute addresses and loaded into memory.

The responsible of Memory Management Functions:

- Keep track of which segment of memory is in use and by whom.

-Deciding which processes are to be loaded into memory when space

becomes available.
- Allocation or de-allocation the contents of memory when the
process request for it otherwise reclaim the memory when the
process does not require it or has been terminated.
2. Processor/Process Functions – a process is an instance of a program in
execution. While a program is just a passive entity, process is an active entity
performing the intended functions of its related program. To accomplish its
tasks, a process needs certain resources like CPU, memory, files and I/O devices
in multiprogramming environment, there will a number of simultaneous
processes existing in the system.

The responsible of Processor/Process Management Functions:

- Provides mechanisms for process synchronization for sharing of resources
amongst concurrent processes.
- Keeps track of processor and status of processes. The program that does
this has been called the traffic controller.
- Decide which process will have a chance to use the processor; the job
scheduler chooses from all the submitted jobs and decides which one will
be allowed into the system. If multiprogramming, decide which process get
the processor, when for how much time. The module that does is called a
process scheduler.
- Allocate the processor to a process by setting up the necessary hardware
registers this is widely known as the dispatcher.

- Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling.

- Reclaim processor when process ceases to use a processor or exceeds the

allowed amount of usage.

3. I/O Device Management Functions – an OS will have device drivers to facilitate

I/O functions involving I/O devices. These device drivers are software routines
that control respective I/O devices through their controllers.
The responsible of I/O Device Management Functions:

- Keep track of the I/O devices, I/O channels, etc is typically called I/O traffic
controller.
- Decide what is an efficient way to allocate the I/O resource. If it is to be
shared then decide who gets it, how such of it is to be allocated, and for
how long. This is called I/O scheduling.
- Allocate the I/O device and initiate the I/O operation.
- Reclaim device as and when its use is through. In most cases I/O terminates
automatically.
4. Information Management Functions – keeps track of the information, its
location, its usage, status, etc. this is called a file system provides these facilities.
Decides who gets hold of information , enforce protection mechanism and
provides information access mechanisms etc. Allocate the information to a
requesting process e.g. open a file. De-allocate the resource e.g. close a file.

5. Network Management Functions – A distributed system is a collection of

processors, which do not share memory, clock pulse or any peripheral devices.
Instead, each processor is having its own clock pulse and RAM and they
communicate through network. Access to shared resource permits increased
speed, increased functionality and enhanced reliability.
VARIOUS NETWORKING PROTOCOLS
TCP/IP– Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

UDP – User Datagram Protocol

FTP– File Tranfer Protocol

HTTP– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

NFS– Network File System

 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Real-time– A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system
that aims at executing real-time applications. The main objective of real-time
operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events.

Multi-user – A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a

computer system concurrently. Single-user operating systems, as opposed
to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time.

Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking– When only a single program is allowed to

run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system. However,
when the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one
time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system.
Distributed– A distributed operating system manages a group of
independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.
The development of networked computers that could be linked and
communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing.
Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When
computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

Embedded – Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in

embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small
machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a
limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient
by design.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

DOS– DOS (Disk Operating

System) was the first
widely-installed operating
system for personal
computers. It is a master
control program that is
automatically run when
you start your PC.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Mac OS X– The Macintosh
(often called "the Mac"),
introduced in 1984 by Apple
Computer, was the first
widely-sold personal
computer with a graphical
user interface (GUI). The Mac
was designed to provide
users with a natural,
intuitively understandable,
and, in general, "user-
friendly" computer interface.
 EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
LINUX– Linux (or GNU/Linux) is
a Unix-like operating system
that was developed without
any actual Unix code, unlike
BSD and its variants. Linux can
be used on a wide range of
devices from supercomputers
to wristwatches. The Linux
kernel is released under an
open source license, so anyone
can read and modify its code. It
has been modified to run on a
large variety of electronics..
 EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Microsoft Windows– Windows is a
personal computer operating
system from Microsoft that,
together with some commonly
used business applications such as
Microsoft Word and Excel, has
become a de facto "standard" for
individual users in most
corporations as well as in most
homes. Windows contains built-in
networking, which allows users to
share files and applications with
each other if their PCs are
connected to a network.