Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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1. Operating System
A suite of programs that manages the computer resources such as
Input/output transfers, memory, CPU times etc.
Operating system control ensures computer operates in the way intended
in a systematic, reliable and efficient manner.
Its services are invoked by the use of commands and then it monitors the
way the other program use the hardware
- The OS is the main programme that controls the execution of user
applications and enables the user to access hardware or software
resources.
- The OS therefore supervises all the other programmes in the computer
and manages access to the hardware.
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5. Secondary storage devices
6. Files
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Communication devices and ports
- The OS controls the overall communication process between various
tasks and computers.
- Communication can either be external or internal whereby the computer
system sends and receives messages from various devices and
Programmes.
- External communication can be achieved by connecting an external
device to a communication port using cables or wireless communication.
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Time sharing – permits users to have simultaneous use of one
computer. Each user is allowed a time slice – a brief period when
access to the CPU is available. The system goes around all users to
see if the user needs it, and this happens so fast that the user
thinks that he has continuous use of the system
Real time system – process data so quickly that the results are
available to influence the next activity taking place. They must be
fast and reliable. They have complex and expensive OS and usually
involve multi-processing to share the workload.
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Types of operating System
They are classified according to:
- No of tasks – single program and multitasking operating
system
- No of users – single user and multi user operating system
- User interface – command line, menu and graphical user
interface.
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Menu driven interface – provide the user with a list of options to
choose from.
Graphical user interface (GUI) – besides menus it makes use of
windows, icons and most commands are executed using a pointing
device. These features are given the acronym WIMP which stands
for windows, icons, menus and pointing devices
2. Firmware
- It is a combination of both the software and hardware recorded permanently
on electronic chips.
- Firmware, also referred to as stored logic.
- It is a read-only memory chip (Contents cannot be changed) that is mounted
or plugged into the motherboard. Read-only memory means that its contents
cannot be changed.
- It may hold an operating system, utility programs, language processors etc.
3. Utility software
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- It is a special program that manages computer files, repairs computer
problems and makes the computer run more efficiently.
- It performs commonly used services like sorting, copying, file handling, disk
management etc.
There are two basic types of utility software:
a) System-level utility - These help the user to work with the operating
system and its functions. For example, a utility software tells user when he/she
enters a wrong command and gives suggestions how the error can be
corrected.
b) Application-level utility - These make application programs run more
efficiently and smoothly.
Other common utility Programs are:
- Text editor – Used to type text without any special format. E.g.,
Liner editor and Screen editor.
- Linker and Loader – Linker accepts separately translated
modules as inputs and combines them into one logical module.
Loader transfers the load module of the linker from storage to main
memory for execution.
- Language translator – Used to convert source code of a
programming language to object code.
- Sort & Merge utility – Sort utility arranges records in a file to
predetermined sequence. Merge utility is used to combine two or
more input files into one output file.
- Diagnostic tools - Used to detect and correct system errors.
E.g., Norton Utilities, PC Tools, QAPlus, Dr. Watson etc.
4.Networking software
- It is used to establish communication between two or more computers by
linking them using a communication channels like cables to create a computer
network.
- It enables exchange of data in a network as well as providing data security.
- Networking software may come as independent software or integrated in an
operating system. An example of networking software is novel netware.
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ii) Application software
Application software, also known as application packages are programs that are
designed to help the user accomplish specific tasks.
- Examples of Application software include: Word Processors,
Spreadsheets, Desktop Publishing (DTP), Databases, Computer Aided
Design (CAD), Graphics software, Presentation software, etc.
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Graphics software - Corel Draw, - Photoshop, Used in designing and
etc. manipulating graphics
Presentation software - Microsoft PowerPoint, Used to develop
- Freelance Graphics, etc. presentations on slides
or overhead
transparencies.
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ii) Vendor off-the-shelf software/ Standard Software
- They are developed by software engineers, packaged and then made available
for purchase through a vendor, a distributor or directly from the developer.
- A developer may bundle more than one but closely related software into one
package to form a suite or integrated software as opposed to single-
purpose software.
- An integrated software combines several general-purpose applications into
a single package.
- Examples of suites are:
- Lotus Suite
- Microsoft-Office
- Corel Office
Examples of single purpose are:
- QuickBooks
- Sage Pastel.
The term package is sometimes used to refer to these types of software that
are packaged and sold by vendors.
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Classification according to End-User-License (EUL)
- Software according to End-User-License (EUL) is categorized into:
i) Open source (non-proprietary software)
ii) Proprietary software
iii) Freeware.
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balance between cost and user needs. Requirements analysis involve,
identifying user needs, hardware and software evaluating.
SOFTWARE CONSIDERATIONS
The following factors should be considered when selecting software:
1) Authenticity
- This is the genuineness, validity and or legitimacy of an item.
- An original copy of software is accompanied by the developer’s license and
certificate of authenticity.
- It is illegal to produce pirated copies of somebody’s software.
2) Documentation
It refers to the manuals/ booklet prepared by the developer having details on
how to install, use and maintain the software.
3) User needs
User needs dictates the type of operating system and application programs
one should have. E.g., We need Microsoft Office in schools for learning, Banks
will require Accounting software for these activities, physically challenged
people may require software to recognize voice input, etc.
5) User friendliness
- This is a measure of how easily the user can operate the computer.
- A good software will have the WIMP feature; i.e.
W – Has a Window (A Frame like Interface)
I – Has Icons representing commands, Files or folders.
M – Has a Menu of commands to choose from
P – Use a Pointing device to select commands
6) Cost
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The cost must be considered before buying a program against the benefits
that it is likely to bring.
8) Portability
Software portability is the capability of the software to be installed in more than
one computer.