Pattern

A pattern is a structure, form, or design that is regular, consistent, or recurring.

Different Kinds of Pattern

1. Patterns of Visuals -often contain fractals, of trees, ferns, and plants throughout nature.
2. Patterns of Flow- usually found in the water,
3. Patterns of Movement. - walk, the feet strike the ground
4. Patterns of Rhythm- most basic pattern in nature, heartbeat
5. Patterns of Texture- sense through touch.
6. Geometric Patterns- typically repeated. are usually visible on cacti and succulents.

Patterns Found in Nature

1. Waves and Dunes- A wave is any form of disturbance that carries energy as it moves.
a) Mechanical waves which propagate through a medium ---- air or water, making it oscillate as
waves pass by.
b) Wind waves are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea.
c) Water waves are created by energy passing through water causing it to move in a circular
motion.
2. Spots and Stripes- are commonly present in different organisms are results of a reaction-diffusion
system
3. Spirals- Spirals appear in many plants such as pinecones, pineapples, and sunflowers.
4. Symmetries- if a figure can be folded or divided into two with two halves which are the same, such
figure is called a symmetric figure.
a) Reflection symmetry known as line symmetry or mirror symmetry, when the left
b) half of a pattern is the same as the right half.
c) Rotations symmetry known as rotational symmetry, it still looks the same after some rotation
(of less than one full turn).
5. Translations - see in nature and in man-made objects.
6. FIBONACCI PATTERNS- Fibonacci numbers appear from the smallest up to the biggest objects in the
natural world. This presence of Fibonacci numbers in nature.

Sequence

 to an ordered list of numbers called terms, that may have repeated values.

1. Arithmetic sequence
 check the difference between two consecutive terms.

2. Geometric sequence
 check for the common difference, we need to look for the common ratio.
 Geometric Sequence each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant.

3. Fibonacci Sequence by Leonardo Pisano Bigollo

 sequence is organized in a way a number can be obtained by addingthe two previous numbers.
 The location of the term was conventionally tagged as Fib(𝑛).
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34
This means that Fib(1)=1, Fib(2)=1, Fib(3)=2 and Fib(4)=3.
In this method, the Fib(𝑛) is actually referring to the the 𝑛th term of the sequence. It is also possible
to make some sort of addition in this sequence.
LOGIC

 Commonly known as the science of reasoning.

 Greek philosopher, Aristotle,

Propositional Logic is concerned with statements to which the truth values, “true” and “false”, can be

assigned.

These are not propositions.

1. The first one is a not a proposition because it is a question.

2. The second one is not a proposition because you cannot determine the Math value of that phrase, and
3. the third one is not a proposition because it is a command.

COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS can be obtained from old ones by using propositional connectives or logical connectives or
operators.

Propositional connectives or Logical connectives or Operators

1. CONJUCTION ( AND) “^”

2. DISJUNCTION (OR) “ v”

3. EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR)

4. NAND (NOT AND) “l”

5. NOR (NOT OR) “ “

1. Conjuction (AND)
– P^Q should be true

P Q P^Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

2. DISJUNCTION (OR)
– Remember we’re using OR
– PvQ is true if either P or Q is true
– Only need 1 OR BOTH to be true

P Q PvQ
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
3. EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR) 
– Requires exactly one true and one false value in order to result in true

P Q P+Q
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F

4. NAND (Not and) l

– False if both statement/value are true
– True if one or both of the value is false

P Q PlQ
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F T

5. NOR (NOT OR)

– It requires both value to be false to result in TRUE

P Q P Q
T T F
T F F
F T F
F F T