MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD | MATM111
Prof: Brianne Jimenez (BSN 1-YA-1)
Transcriber: Bernadette G. Castañares
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS:
MATHEMATICS IN OUR
WORLD
Mathematics-------------------------------------------------
● What: Study of pattern and structure. It is fundamental to
physical and biological sciences, engineering and IT, to
economics and social sciences.
● A useful way to think about nature and our world.
● A tool to quantity, organize, and control our world, predict
phenomena and make life easier.
● Where: It exists in nature, the world, and in life. It helps
make sense of these patterns and occurrences.
● Role: It helps organize patterns and regularities in our
world.
● It helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in
the world.
● It controls nature and occurrences in the world for our
own ends.
● It has numerous applications in the world making it
indispensable.
1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature
and World
Patterns
- Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the
natural world. These are vital clues to the rules that govern
natural processes.
- Definition: regular, repeated, recurring forms, identify
relationships and find logical connections to form
generalizations
Patterns in Nature
1. Spiral Pattern- may represent either clockwise or
counterclockwise or both. (flowers, nautilus shell, webs,
and staircase design)
2. Hexagonal Patterns- are famous in the architectural
field as it best fills a plane with equal size units and
leaves no spaces or gaps. (honeycomb)
3. Stripe Patterns- one of the most ancient patterns.
Ancient Times: Horizontal Stripes- inferiority; Vertical
Stripes- upper class’ prestige and success.
Tessellation, Fractals, and Symmetry
● Tessellations- repeating patterns; created when a shape
is repeated over and over again covering a plane without
any gaps or overlaps. (pineapple)
● Fractals- repeating complex patterns; self-similar shapes
across different scales; created by repeating a simple
process over and over in an ongoing loop. (snowflakes)
● Symmetry- everything on earth and outside is
symmetrical; creates harmony and balance. (face,
butterfly, leaves)
Examples:
1. Patterns in stars move in circles across the sky.
2. Snowflakes contain sixfold symmetry which no two are
the same.
3. Fishes: spotted trunkfish, spotted puffer, blue spotted
stingray… attest to mathematical regularities in biological
growth and form.
4. Stripes in zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes; spots in
leopards and hyenas; and blotches in giraffes.
5. Natural patterns: intricate waves across oceans, dunes
on the desert, formation of typhoons, water drops with
ripple, and others.
1.2 Fibonacci Sequence
FACTS
● Leonardo Pisano Bogollo (1170-1250, Italy)
● NN: Fibonacci- “Son of Bonacci”
● Being famous for Fibonacci Sequence and spread of
Hindu-Arabic Numerals through Europe in place o
Roman Numerals
Fibonacci Number-----------------------------------------
➢ An integer in the infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …
of which the first two terms are 1 and 1 and each
succeeding; add first two terms
➢ It displays unique mathematical properties that are useful
in astronomy, botany, and financial markets.
Origin of Fibonacci Sequence-------------------------
● It was discovered after an investigation of the
reproduction of rabbits.
● Growing Population of Rabbits: Suppose a newly-born
pair of rabbits (one male, one female) are put in a field.
Rabbits can mate at the age of one month so that at the
end of the second month, a female can produce another
pair of rabbits.
Fibonacci Sequence
● It is an integer in the infinite sequence of which the next
term is obtained by adding the current and previous
terms.
● Invented by Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian Mathematician
(Leonardo of Pisa).
● Applications: (1) compute distances between planets and
the sun, and the shape of galactic spirals, and (2) in
botany, the growth patterns of plants and trees
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD | MATM111
Prof: Brianne Jimenez (BSN 1-YA-1)
Transcriber: Bernadette G. Castañares

Golden Ratio 4. a + 1 – b ∙ 3 (It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it is

● Also known as Divine Proportion and was discovered an expression.)
by Euclid (Euclid of Alexandria) 5. 2 + 2 > 4 (It is a sentence in which the verb is >.It is a
● Dec value: 𝝓 = 1.61803398… false sentence since 2 + 2 is not greater than 4.)
● Definition: The quotient of a current term to the previous 6. 2 + 1 < 5 (It is a sentence in which the verb is <. It is a
term approaches to the value of the golden ratio as n true sentence since 2 + 1 is less than 5.)
becomes larger 7. a + b = 3 (It is a sentence in which the verb is =. Can be
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 true or false – depends on the value of the variables a
● 𝑏
= 𝑎 and b.)
8. x + y - 42 (It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it is
Finding the nth term in a Fibonacci sequence using Binet’s
an expression.)
Simplified Formula:
9. x + 1 > 5 (It is a sentence in which the verb is >. Can be
true or false – depends on the value of the variable x.)
10. 100/0=0 (It is a sentence. 100/0 is undefined, therefore,
it is a false sentence.)
Where:
n- represents the indicated term
𝝓- a constant number equivalent to 1.618034. 1.4 Translating English Phrases/
Sentences into Mathematical
Take Note:
Final answers should always be expressed in the whole
Expressions/ Sentences
number. Round-off answers to the nearest ones. Below are some words that connote the following operations:
Ex. 1.0-1.4= 1 1.5-1.9= 2

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

1.3 Mathematical Expressions VS
Mathematical Sentences plus minus times divided by

Expression VS Sentence added to subtracted from multiplied by quotient of

Expression Sentence sum of difference of product of ratio of

-An arrangement of -a correct arrangement of increased by decreased by twice, thrice reciprocal of

mathematical symbols mathematical symbols that state a
that don’t make a complete thought. more, more less, less than doubled, tripled proportion of
complete thought. than

-it cannot be -it can be determined as true or Translate the ff English phrases/sentences into mathematical
determined as true or false or sometimes true, expressions/equation.
false sometimes false.

-no verb such as =, <, -there is a verb such as =, <, >, ≤ English Phrases Mathematical Expres.
>, ≤ or ≥ or ≥
3 less the sum of a and b 3 – (a + b)
Examples: Examples:
● 1+2 ● 1 + 2 =3 (true) 3 less than the sum of a and b (a + b) – 3
● 12xy ● 5 - 2 > 12 (false)
● 3(x+5) ● x < 2 (sometimes true, 5 more than twice a number 2x + 5
● 10 ÷ 2 sometimes false)
● 10 ÷ 2 = 5 (true) Thrice a number less ten 3x - 10

Ratio of c minus 1 and d (c -1)/d

Examples:
1. 5x2 (It is an expression since it does not contain a verb
such as =, > or <.)
2. 7x2 + 2x – 4 (It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it
is an expression.)
3. 8 ÷ 2 = 12 (It is a sentence in which the verb is =. It is a
false sentence since 8 ÷ 2 is 4 and not 12.)
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD | MATM111
Prof: Brianne Jimenez (BSN 1-YA-1)
Transcriber: Bernadette G. Castañares

English Sentences Math Sen./Eq. 1.5 Three Basic Concepts: Sets,

Functions, and Relations
m added to 10 is 18 m + 10 = 18
Concept of Sets
k less than 2 is j 2–k=j
Set- a collection of common objects, numbers, letters in the
3 is less than the sum of a and b 3 < (a + b) alphabet, people, and any other sets.
Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}
5 times y is greater than or equal to 15 5y ≥15

the product of 7 and m is equal to 4 7m = z - 4 Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by ∈.

less than z Examples: 1∈A 12 ∈ B

Examples: Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in

1. 6 less the quotient of x and y. another set.
𝑥
6-(𝑦) Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.
2. 6 less than the quotient of x and y.
𝑥
(𝑦)-6 Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set.
It is denoted by n( ) where the name of the set is written
3. 6 is less than the quotient of x and y.
𝑥
inside the parenthesis symbol.
6<(𝑦) Examples: n(A) = 4 n(B) = ∞

Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the

other given set/s. It is denoted by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u} D = {a, b, c, d}
Then the universal set of C and D is U = {a, e, i, o, u, b, c, d}

Null Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { } or ∅.

Note: An empty set is a subset of any set.
Examples: ∅⊆ C ∅⊆ D

Equal Sets – set with exactly the same elements.

Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1}
Therefore, E = F.

Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.

Example: G = {w, x, y, z} H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}
Therefore, G ~ H.

Union of Sets------------------------------------------------------------
The UNION of two sets is a set containing all elements that are
in A or in B.

For example,
A={1, 2, 3}
B ={2, 3, 4}
Therefore, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4}

*Note that every A ∪ B is equal to B ∪ A.

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD | MATM111
Prof: Brianne Jimenez (BSN 1-YA-1)
Transcriber: Bernadette G. Castañares

Intersection of Set------------------------------------------------------- Identify if the given relation is a function or not a function:

The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set that contains
all the elements that are common to both sets. 1.) A = {(−1,0)(0,−3)(2,−3)(3,0)(4,5)} -Function-

For example, 2.) B = {(6,10)(−7,3)(0,4)(6,−4)} -Not Function-

A={1, 2, 3}
B={2, 3, 4} 3.) C = {(3,0)(4,5)(5,0)(3,-1)} -Not Function-
Therefore, A ∩ B = {2, 3}
4.) D = {(−2,5)(−1,0)(0,−3)(1,−4)(2,−3)} -Function-
*Like union of sets, every A ∩ B is equal to B ∩ A.

1.5 Elementary Logic

Identify each item whether true or false given the sets: Transformations of Logical Connectives:
Given: A = { 1, 2, 3 } Negation, Conjunction, Disjunction, Conditional,
B = { 0, 1, 2 } and Biconditional
C = { 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 }
D = { 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, . . . } Elementary Logic- a reasoning conducted according to the
principles of validity.
1. A = B (False. Sets A and B are not equal since they don’t ● Proposition- declarative statement that may be
have exactly the same elements.) expressed an idea that can be true or false.
2. A ~ B (True. Sets A and B are equivalent since they have
the same cardinality) Logical Connectives
3. n(B) = 2 (False. The cardinality of B is n(B) = 3 since it
contains 3 elements.) Type of Symbolic Statements Connectives
4. Universal set of A and B is U = {0,1,1,2,3} (False. The Statements Forms
universal set of A and B is U={0,1,2,3})
5. A∩C={1,25} (False. Set A and C doesn’t have common Negation ~P Not P Not
element/s. Their intersection can be expressed as
A∩C=∅ ) Conjunction P^Q P and Q And
6. C ⊆ D (True. All elements of C can be found in Set D.)
7. A ⊆ B (False. Not all elements of A can be found in Set Disjunction PvQ P or Q Or
B.)
8. B∩A={1,2} (True. The common elements of B and A are Conditional P⇒Q If P, then Q If…, then…
{1,2}.)
9. 100∈D (True. 100 can be found in set D because set D Biconditional P⇔Q P if and If and only if
is an infinite set from 20 to positive infinity.) only if Q
10. Ø ⊆ A (True. Null Set is always a subset of any set.
This can also be true for Ø⊆ B, Ø⊆ C and Ø⊆ D.)
11. n(D) = 5 (False. Cardinality of set D is infinity or infinite Examples:
number of elements, n(D) = ∞) P: Triangle has three sides.
Q: Triangle has three corners.
Concepts of Relation and Function R: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x, y). (domain, range)
Examples: ~P Triangle doesn’t have three sides.
A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
~R The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is not
Function – is a relation in which repetition of any element of its 180◦.
domain is not allowed.
P^Q Triangle has three sides and three corners.
Examples:
C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4)} is a relation and a
~P ^ ~R Triangle doesn’t have three sides and the sum
function.
of its interior angles is not 180◦.
D = {(0, 0), (1, -1), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)} is a relation but not a
function.
PvQ Triangle has three sides or three corners.
NOTE: All functions are relations, but not all relations are
functions. P⇔R Triangle has three sides if and only if the sum of
its interior angles is 180◦.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD | MATM111
Prof: Brianne Jimenez (BSN 1-YA-1)
Transcriber: Bernadette G. Castañares

Q⇔P Triangle has three corners if and only if it has ~P ⇔ ~Q 2x+1 is not equal to 21 if and only if x is not
three sides. equal to 10.
(NEGATION AND BICONDITIONAL)
~P ⇔ ~R Triangle doesn’t have three sides if and only if
the sum of its interior P⇒Q If 2x+1=21, then x=10. (CONDITIONAL)
angles is not 180◦.
Q⇒P If x=10, then 2x+1=21. (CONVERSE)
~R ⇔ ~Q The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is not
180◦ if and only if it doesn’t have three corners. ~P ⇒ ~Q If 2x+1 is not equal to 21, then x is not equal
to 10. (INVERSE)
Transformations of Conditionals: Converse,
Inverse, and Contrapositive ~Q ⇒ ~P If x is not equal to 10, then 2x+1 is not equal
to 21. (CONTRAPOSITIVE)
Conditional Statements- statements which are in the form
“If P, then Q.”
● P is the hypothesis while Q is the conclusion.

The following are the transformations of conditionals:

P⇒Q (If P, then Q) Conditional

Q⇒P (If Q, then P) Converse of Conditional

~P⇒~Q (If not P, then not Q) Inverse of Conditional

~Q⇒~P (If not Q, then not P) Contrapositive of Conditional

Examples:
P: Triangle has three sides.
Q: Triangle has three corners.

P⇒Q If a triangle has three sides, then it has three

corners. (CONDITIONAL)

Q⇒P If a triangle has three corners, then it has three

sides. (CONVERSE)

~P ⇒ ~Q If a triangle doesn’t have three sides, then it

doesn’t have three corners. (INVERSE)

~Q ⇒ ~P If a triangle doesn’t have three corners, then it

doesn’t have three sides. (CONTRAPOSITIVE)

Transformations of logical connectives:

P: 2x + 1 = 21
Q: x = 10

~Q x is not equal to 10. (NEGATION)

~P 2x+1 is not equal to 21. (NEGATION)

Q⇔P x=10 if and only if 2x+1=21.

(BICONDITIONAL)