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Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Wknd

...

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 Did you ever feel that you were
Mon trapped in a situation in which
every body seemed to know
Tue
each other well except you?
Wed
They spoke with the same set
Thu
of specialized terminology and
vocabulary and a high level of
Fri expertise in it’s particular are.
Wknd If yes, it means that you were
being involved in a community
...

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Mon

Tue

One essential difference

Wed
between a discourse
community and a community
Thu is the discourse.

Discourse:
Fri
1. Written or spoken
communication
Wknd 2. A formal discussion of a
topic in speech or writing
...

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Mon

Tue

Wed

Communities are ‘groups of

Thu people who share
substantial amounts of time
Fri together in common
endeavors’, such as a group
of people who all work in the
Wknd same office. They use their
own terminology and
... vocabulary for the product
or service
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 Three types of groups of language users
Mon (Devitt, 2004:42-4)
Tue
Communities
Wed

Thu Collectives

Fri

Wknd
Networks

...

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Mon

Tue

Wed

Communities are ‘groups of

Thu people who share
substantial amounts of time
Fri together in common
endeavors’, such as a group
of people who all work in the
Wknd same office. They use their
own terminology and
... vocabulary for the product
or service
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Communities
The group must have some set of shared
common goals, some mechanisms for
communication and some way of providing
the exchange of information among its own
set of specialized terminology and
vocabulary and a high level of expertise
in its particular are (Swales, 1990)
Collectives

Collectives are group of people that ‘form

around a single repeated interest, without
the frequency or intensity of contact of a
community’, such as people who are
members of a bee-keeping group, or
voluntary members of a community
telephone advice service.
Networks
Networks are group of people that are not as
tightly knit as speech communities with
connections being made by one person ‘who
knows another person, who knows another
person’, such as connections that are made
through email message sent and received by
people who may never have met each other
(and perhaps never will), but are participating
in a common discourse.
What are important aspects of the social and
cultural settings of spoken and written
discourse?

Communities Gender
Social
and
local practice
Identity Ideology
 Analyzing Discourse Communities
Mon 1. A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of
common public goals.
Tue
1. A discourse community has mechanism of
intercommunication among their members.
Wed
1. A discourse community uses it’s participatory mechanisms
primarily to provide information and feedback.
Thu
1. A discourse community utilizes and possesses one or more
Fri genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims.

1. In addition to owning genres, a discourse community has

Wknd acquired some specific lexis.

1. A discourse community has a threshold level of member

...
with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal
expertise.
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COMMON GOALS
INTERCOMMUNICATION

● Texting
● Talking on the
phone
● Emailing
● Meeting/
Gathering
● Blogging
● Writing Paper
PROVIDE
INFORMATION &
FEEDBACK
GENRES
What kind of genres would a police
officers use to communicate:
● With traffic violators?
● With their officers?
● With their superiors?
SPECIFIC LEXIS
NEW MEMBERS
What is Identity?
Anna de Fina (2006 : 263) describes identity as

“Crucially about conveying to one another what kind of people we are;

which geographical, ethnic, social communities we belong to; where we
stand in relation to ethical and moral questions; or where our loyalties
are in political terms’’

Paltridge talks about two views of language and identity. One view is
Variationist perspective and the other one is post structural perspective.

The Variationist perspective looks at the relationship between social

variables in terms of variation in the use of linguistic variables. However
post structural perspective on language and identity focuses on this view
that identity is constructed through discourse.

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Mon
Identity and Casual
Conversation
Tue
Wed Through use of conversation people
establish social identities as Eggins
and Slade argue that people do not
Thu engage in casual conversations
just to kill time, but rather to
Fri negotiate social identities as well
as clarify and extend interpersonal
relations. To quote “ When we
Wknd
speak, we are telling other people
something about ourselves”
...
Identity and
Written Academic
Discourse
Identity is even constructed in
our academic writing as in
spoken or other written
discourse. As Hyland argues, “
almost everything we write says
something about us and the sort
of relationship that we want to
set up with our readers”.
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 The Relationship Between DA and Identity
Mon
One person to another person will always have different
Tue interpretations for themselves, especially in terms of using
language. This is influenced by their ethnicity, geography,
Wed social group they belong to, education,political terms, and
many more. This concept makes us think about how the use of
Thu language and it’s meaning can be different, what affects that
difference, and does a particular situation will work on how
Fri people deliver their speech? In this case, discourse can
analyze this phenomenon and draw conclusions in order to
Wknd clarify what exactly the meaning that a person wants to
convey and cut off misunderstanding among individuals or
even groups of people.
 LANGUAGE AS SOCIAL AND
LOCAL PRACTICE
Language is used as a local and social practice in any community, for
instance a speaker might use multiple languages or verities of languages
different situation and among different discourse and speech
communities.

For example :

A doctor might be using language differently with his colleagues and

paramedical staff, than with his family members and friends

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 DISCOURSE AND GENDER
Mon

In general terms, sex refers to the biological differences between

Tue males and females. Gender is more difficult to define, but it can
refer to the role of a male or female in society, known as a gender
Wed role, or an individual's concept of themselves, or gender identitiy.

For example :
Thu
Miranda: I’m going to ask you an unpleasant question now. Why
Fri did you ever say yes?

Carrie: Because I love him . . . a man you love kneels in the street,
Wknd and offers you a ring. You say yes. That is what you do.

...

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Mon
Gender is not just a natural and inevitable
consequence of one’s biological sex . It is rather part of
Tue
the routine, ongoing work of everyday, social
interaction.
Wed

Thu
The relationship between language and gender is
Fri almost always indirect, mediated by something else.
The ways that people speak are, associated with
Wknd particular roles, activities and personality traits.

...

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 Discourse and Ideology
● The values and ideologies which underlie texts tend to be ‘hidden’ rather
than overtly stated
● Based on Threadgold ( 1989 ) observation, texts are never ideology-free nor
are they objective
● There are a number of ways in which ideology might be explored in a text
- By looking at textual features in the text
- Explanation
- Interpretation

(This may include tracing underlying ideologies from the linguistic features of a
text, unpacking particular biases and ideological presuppositions underlying the
text and relating the text to other texts, and to readers’ and speakers’ own
experiences and beliefs (Clark 1995 ).

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 Discourse and Ideology

● Framing: that is, how the content of the text is presented, and
the sort of angle or perspective the writer, or speaker, is taking

● Foregrounding: that is, what concepts and issues are

emphasized, as well as what concepts or issues are played
down or backgrounded (Huckin 1997 , 2010 ) in the text

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Mon
Example
Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Wknd

...

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 Explanation
Mon
● A key cultural value is foregrounded in this conversation: if a man asks a
woman to marry him she should ‘Just say yes’
Tue ● Presupposition:
- Aiden will formally propose to Carrie
Wed - Aiden will ask her this directly and that she should give a direct
response
- Marriage being based (among other things) in romantic love and desire
Thu - is the issue of who will propose to whom

Fri

*It is different with Japanese culture (Japanese Crown Prince Naruhito

Wknd proposed to his bride-to-be Masako (on a hunting trip)

... *It is different with Chinese culture (Zhang in her ( 1986 ) book Love Must Not
be Forgotten says, ‘part of a mind-set passed down from feudal times’.)
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