Accepted Manuscript

Title: Socio-Sentic Framework for Sustainable Agricultural

Governance

Authors: Akshi Kumar, Abhilasha Sharma

PII: S2210-5379(18)30233-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2018.08.006
Reference: SUSCOM 274

To appear in:

Received date: 11-6-2018

Revised date: 2-8-2018
Accepted date: 16-8-2018

Please cite this article as: Kumar A, Sharma A, Socio-Sentic Framework for Sustainable
Agricultural Governance, Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2018.08.006

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Socio-Sentic Framework for Sustainable Agricultural Governance

Akshi Kumar a and Abhilasha Sharma a,*

a
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

akshikumar@dce.ac.in; abhilasha_sharma@dce.ac.in

Highlights

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

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A sustainable agriculture ensures the security of primary parameters of a community
or society to nurture and prosper the social, economical & environmental spheres of a
nation.

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 To outperform the progression in agriculture industry for global development,
government plays a critical role by considering significant related parameters like
Schemes, Technology, People, Process etc.

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The unification of two terms: Agriculture and Governance will step up into a more
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stable and sustainable agricultural governance.
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 In this paper, we proposed a Socio-Sentic framework for Sustainable Agricultural
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Governance by exploiting public opinion over Social and Sentiment Based facets of
an agricultural government policy.
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 This intelligent framework make use of supervised machine learning algorithms and
compares them using tweets over an Indian agricultural policy.
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Abstract. Livelihood security plays a critical role in strengthening the socio- economic
situation of a country. Agriculture is one such sector which is expected to provide a complete
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array of economic, social, and environmental services. Good governance and management of
allied policies at all levels is favourable for long-term sustainability of agricultural sector.
The accountability of government is a direct measure of its social responsibility and
sustainability. Social media as a powerful online platform reinforces hype and provides
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opportunities to extract and analyze public opinion about various governmental schemes and
policies including the ones related to agriculture. The e-participation platforms such as
Twitter offer unparallel means to intelligently gauge the consensus and orientation of people
towards an agricultural policy. Motivated by this, the work presented in this research, proffers
a Socio-Sentic framework for sustainable agricultural governance which probes the sentiment
polarity of user-content on Twitter pertaining to government policies, specifically agricultural
policies. In this intelligent analytic framework, supervised machine learning algorithms have
been implemented and compared using tweets on an Indian Agricultural Policy launched in
2016, ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana’ (PMFBY). The preliminary results indicate that
the adoption of the proposed framework for soliciting and probing citizen feedback for
government policy evaluation can lead to a sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Governance, Opinion Mining, Machine

Learning, Twitter

1. Introduction

Social security is one of the imperative foundations for the overall growth and development
of any nation. Several individual parameters and significant practices contribute in this

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direction of global progression. Amongst them, agriculture is one of the most potential
channels for plummeting poverty and assuring livelihood security. It is the science of

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cultivating commodities necessary to nurture and prosper the human life. There has been a
renaissance of interest in transforming agriculture into a long-term sustainable sector with the

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help of practical, plausible and innovative solutions. One of the significant aspects required
for the sustainable development of agricultural sector is good governance and worthy allied

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policies. As governing bodies are getting more conscious while planning and implementing
distinct agricultural schemes and policies, it becomes indispensable to endorse good
governance. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) defined the
characteristics of good governance as Participation; Rule of law; Transparency;
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Responsiveness; Consensus orientation; Equity; Effectiveness and efficiency; Accountability;
and Strategic vision [1]. As a step to cultivate the good governance in agriculture with a
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long-term sustainability goal, this research proffers a technology-based solution to capture
and analyse the public outreach and consensus on policies and procedures. The critical
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question here is that, how a particular agricultural policy will impact the life of a common
man or society? Considering this, the cogitation of public opinion has become an essential
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step in the process of policy evaluation for its successful implementation & completion.
Social media has been embraced as an e-communication and e-participation real-time tool by
government authorities. Its increased openness and transparency, global outreach and low-
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cost experience make it a powerful government barometer. Twitter is one of the most popular
social networks worldwide and as per the statistics for the first quarter of 2018, this micro-
blogging service averaged at 336 million monthly active users globally [2]. The platform is
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used as a communication channel by businesses, celebrities and governments. Gauging the

public opinion for market and business intelligence is a well acknowledged domain of study
with pertinent primary and secondary studies published in this direction of research [3, 4, 5,
6]. Mining public opinion from twitter datasets for government intelligence is a contemporary
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research practice. There is promising evidence on social media improving transparency of

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organisations and government ministries, but less evidence on whether this improves
accountability. The accountability of government is a direct measure of its social
responsibility and sustainability. Motivated by this, in this research, we propose a socio-
sentic framework for sustainable agricultural governance using supervised learning based
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opinion mining on social web. The tweets associated with the Indian agricultural policy
"Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna" [7, 8] has been evaluated to realize and validate the
framework which extracts and analyzes public sentiments regarding the scheme. Pradhan
Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna is one of the long awaited, path breaking scheme for Indian farmers
has been constituted purposely with a view to provide financial aid to farmers. Due to
diversifying and deviating climatic conditions of different regions in India, proper, protective
and profitable crop production is a big challenge. Consequently, the scheme turned up with
commendable features favouring the farmers in terms of insurance coverage, risk coverage
(crop failure, post harvest losses), stabilisation of income and adopting latest agricultural
technologies. Five supervised learning algorithms, namely, the Naive Bayes (NB), Support
Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) and
Decision Trees (DT) have been empirically evaluated based on the classifier performance
measures. The results specify the best sentiment classifier for predictive analysis of public
opinion in tweets, on the government agricultural policies. As a step towards good
governance for sustainable agriculture development, the proposed framework demonstrates
the use of predictive learning model for government policy evaluation using opinion mining
on social media.
The term ‘Socio-Sentic’ exhibits the two principal components of the framework. The word
‘Socio’ concerns to the ‘sociological’ or ‘society’ aspect of the framework and more

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specifically to the ‘social web’ which is used as a dataset for analyzing the publically
available online content. The word ‘Sentic’ refers to implicit meaning/features associated

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with natural language exploited for tasks such as emotion recognition from text/speech or
sentiment analysis [9]. Thus, the Socio-Sentic framework signifies the social web based

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framework for discovering patterns within the user-generated online content for typical text
mining tasks such as opinion mining. Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is the

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computational study of people's opinions, appraisals, attitudes, and emotions toward entities,
individuals, issues, events, topics and their attributes [3, 10]. The sentiment polarity of a
given text is classified into positive, negative or neutral categories. Twitter has been a

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widespread choice to perform sentiment analysis with its applications studied and reported
across recent literature [6, 10]. It serves as a goldmine for mining thoughts, opinions,
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expressions, emotions, reviews etc. which can be perpetually scrutinized for getting proper
insights for market, business, and government intelligence. This research expounds the
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framework for government intelligence specifically for sustainable and accountable
agricultural governance.
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The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the proposed socio-sentic
framework for sustainable agricultural governance to depict the relativity of good governance
to sustainable agriculture. Section 3 provides an overview of ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima
Yojana’ which is an agriculture-oriented service for societal profitability. Section 4 discusses
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the overall purpose of this work to validate the proposed framework by evaluating the chosen
policy for sustainable agricultural governance using supervised learning approaches. It
includes gathering and filtration of data, a brief summary about the famous supervised
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machine learning techniques used, statistical representation of data in a tabulated and

graphical manner, and finally the sentiment classification of tweets for the sake of realizing
public perception about the scheme. Section 5 summarizes the observations and calculations
for comparison of the performance of different classifiers in terms of standard efficacy
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measures namely, precision, recall and accuracy. In the final section, section 6, the
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conclusions that have been drawn from the work undertaken along with the future work has
been given.

2. Socio-Sentic Framework for Sustainable Agricultural Governance

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Though much literary work has been done to establish the relation between good governance
and agriculture for sustainability [11,12], no framework or technology-based solution has
been provided so far. The government has, at the same time recognized the merits of social
media and has begun to use them for informational, interactional, participatory and
collaborative purposes. The official Twitter handle for Office of the Prime Minister of India,
@PMOIndia with nearly 26.5 million followers is the testimony to the social media presence.
Our work is an attempt to realize the theoretical 'cause-and-effect' relation of good
governance & agricultural sustainability into a viable, practical one and at the same time
utilize the powerful online platforms to gauge public response. We implement a model to
measure real-time opinion on agricultural policies as a quantifier of government
accountability and sustainability.
Agricultural governance involves organization and management of agri-institutes; design and
implementation of agri-policies; development of rules and regulations to support policies and
laws and ensuring active participation of the agrarian community at all levels. The transition
of conventional agriculture to the recent sustainable agriculture has broadened its scope, both
within and outside the sector. Various factors and their utilities have changed over time,
which includes, farming practices, use of energy and natural resources, state of material (air;
water; soil), [13] product quality, viability parameters, public measures and much more.

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Accordingly, different strategies and schemes are required for the successful adoption &
adaptation of these changes, especially, in interest of making agriculture more sustainable.

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Moreover, the agricultural policies now interlink with additional domains such as food safety,
global food security, bio-technology and patents, energy supplies, environmental protection,

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development aid, trade, climate change, biodiversity [14]. The trends also report the
coordinates of reach of the policies have escalated internationally and strive to be globally in

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place. Therefore, the unison of governance and agriculture together into a single unit will
simplify the correlation and communication between their sub-

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sectors and at the same time help tap the sustainability facet. Figure 1 depicts a framework
for sustainable agricultural governance by linking governance and agriculture with their
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abstract modules. The governance has six major essential elements, namely,
Policies/Practices; Process & Control; People; Technology; Risk and Applications which are
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interconnected with and inter-dependent on, each other. Concurrently the four fundamental
components of agriculture are: Productivity, Serviceability, Viability and Applicability.
Productivity refers to the outcome of cultivation process in terms of food, crop, fiber,
environment conservation and animal welfare. Serviceability deals with the kind of utilities
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agriculture offers like better employment prospects, superior public health, increase in
savings and optimized revenues. Viability takes care of the four facets of the development of
a nation that is social, economical, environmental and functional. Applicability covers the
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various sub-application areas which come under the umbrella of agriculture such as
marketing and trades, different agricultural schemes, storage management, land use, supply
of input & output, latest education, research & practices. Right and principled governance
should complement these agri-components to reinforce sustainable agriculture. Thus, this
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conceptual unification necessitates the development of the framework to identify process

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mediation and benchmarking of agri-government policies.

Good agricultural governance fosters the need of technology- based solutions that improve
accountability and transparency of government ministries, agencies and services. As a
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sustainable agriculture necessitates an accountable, effectual, equitable, permeable and

sensible governance mechanism, incorporating the opinion [15, 16] of stakeholders will
provide an intelligent technological dimension to the system. The sharing and exploiting of
societal sentiments will compel the government to take constructive and protective measures
endorsing a socio-sentic sustainable agricultural governance as represented in figure 2.

3. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana - An Agriculture Based Worldly Welfare Utility
The Agriculture sector has a pivotal role in Indian economy. It contributes to an approximate
GDP of 15% and provides the
principal means of livelihood for over 60 percent of Indian population. It plays an important
role to fulfil the continuous food demand of growing population. Provision of raw material to
industries support it to make a significant position in international trade. It is one of the
largest employment providing sector in India which has a major contribution towards capital
formation and acquires maximal share in national income. Figure 3 depicts the role of
agriculture in Indian Economy.

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Various agricultural schemes and policies have been constituted consciously in order to
smoothen the process and practices & make the area more tenable.

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The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, or Pradhan Mantri Crop Insurance Scheme is one
of the agriculture based human well being scheme, launched by Indian Prime Minister

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Narendra Modi in February 2016 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
The ministry has also launched an online portal i.e. pmfby.gov.in, in order to ease the

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procedures relevant to the scheme. The goal of PMFBY is to

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increase credit flow within the agricultural sector and provide insurance coverage and
financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of
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natural calamities, pests & diseases. The scheme is a new crop insurance scheme (represented
in figure 4) which take over from the existing scheme i.e. National Agricultural Insurance
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Scheme and its modified version by minimizing their limitations. Figure 5 depicts the four
major Cs of PMFBY [8, 17, 18]. The individual components are enlisted in Table 1.
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The four major objectives of PMFBY are as follows:

 Provision of insurance coverage and financial aid to farmers in case of crop failure due
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to natural calamities, pest and diseases.

 Stabilization of farmer’s income for continual development in farming
 Adoption of latest and cutting-edge techniques and practices in agriculture
 Confirmation of outflow of credits in farming
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The scheme is a boon for those farmers who take loan for farming by freeing them from the
burden of premium. The settlement process of insurance claim is simple and easy so as to
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make sure that none of the farmer will face any difficulty related to the crop insurance plan.
The goal is to implement the scheme in every state of India in collaboration of with the state
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governments.

4. Opinion Mining for Sustainable Agricultural Governance

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The agriculture production and development dynamics have evolved over the past decades.
The agricultural revolution has transformed from the basic crop farming towards a
sustainable development avenue for smart agriculture. The advent of intelligent techniques
has changed the landscape of conventional agriculture tactics. Different processing
production and distribution strategies have now become an essential component of
sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture now acts as the lifeline for intensifying the
socio-economic development of a country. And hence, a strong and steady legislation is
required for its precise and persuasive usage. Several policies have been implemented for the
reinforcement of sustainable agricultural governance. Such policies target to strengthen the
current status of national revenue, increase the source of employment and supply of raw
material, increment the savings and foreign exchange resources, provide security of food and
much more. Citizens may respond to these policies differently and may have a varied stance
too. Thus, the need of the hour is the deliberation of public opinion during planning and
implementation of governmental rules and regulations in order to predict the effect of
governmental operations and practices. This is also important to understand the public
consensus and orientation.
In this paper, online public opinion has been analysed for an agricultural policy from Govt. of
India, namely, the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna.

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It is one of the brightest opportunities within the agricultural prospects of Indian government

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but still may have a varied public perception owing to the large cultural and regional
divergence in Indian population community. Opinion Mining, as a typical text mining task,

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consists of four modules, namely, the data collection module, pre-processing module, the
opinion classification module and the evaluation module. The system architecture for opinion

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mining process is depicted in figure 6. The following sub-sections illustrate the details of the
modules.

4.1 Collection & Pre-processing of Data

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Among the various available social networking tools, Twitter has been used to collect the
data as it is able to capture the tweets over a specific topic from a large group of diversified
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audience. It provides various search APIs (Application Program Interfaces) for the extraction
of tweets pertaining to a particular topic (#topic). An application developed in python has
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been used for tweets collection. The script has been executed by using search query for the
hashtag #Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna and #PMFBY to elicit data related to the PMFB
yojana, where the twitter API results in all tweets which have the particular keyword. A total
of 1008 tweets have been collected in two phases over periods of two months. Data has been
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collected and divided into two phases. As the scheme was unveiled on January 13, 2016 and
finally launched on February 18, 2016 that is why, the tweets has been captured in two
phases, that is, for the duration of one month each after the two release dates (Unveiling and
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Launching), to accurately determine public opinion about the scheme. Table 2 lists the
weekly status of tweet collection.
Next, in order to intelligently mine the text in tweets, pre-processing is done for cleaning and
transforming the data for relevant feature extraction. Pre-processing of tweets is a rigorous
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process comprises of various steps. The foremost step is to reduce tweet redundancy by
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eliminating duplicate tweets. Next step is to get rid of with undesired numbers and special
characters such as @, # etc. followed by the removal of URL links and stop words such as
the, is, are and so on. Thenceforth, stemming minimizes the rumpled word in their root form.
The end result of this pre-processed data has been utilized for feature selection such that
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polarity classification (positive, negative and neutral) of opinion can been done. Few
examples of selected attributes are: fasal, farmers, premiums, green, rabi, claims, risks,
drought, agrigoi, crop, community, farming, agricultureindia, kharif, harvest and welfare.

4.2 Intelligent Supervised Learning Techniques for Opinion Mining

Mining opinions within textual content available on micro-blogging portals like Twitter, is a
prominent field of study to build intelligent systems. Classifying such massive, social web
data on the basis of polarity can be done using Lexicon based, Machine Learning (ML)-
based, Hybrid or

concept based techniques. ML-based techniques require creating a model by training the
classifier with labelled examples. This means that we must first gather a dataset with
examples for positive, negative and neutral classes, extract the features from the examples
and then train the algorithm based on the examples. In this paper, to compute the polarity of
tweets, we empirically analyze the five most famous supervised ML techniques [6] as
described in table 3.
The three parameters for standard measure of evaluation over which the performance of

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classifiers have been analyzed are Precision, Recall and Accuracy [6]. Table 4 illustrates the
significance of above three measures.

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4.3 PMFB Yojana Evaluation for Sustainable Agricultural Governance

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A sustainable agricultural governance demands policy evaluation of various relevant schemes

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offered by the government. As a yardstick of policy evaluation, we implement the ML-based
techniques to capture opinion polarity within tweets pertaining to the agri-policy. Opinion
mining as a part of the policy evaluation process within the policy cycle can assist

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government or allied agencies to improve the process of decision making and resource
optimization. Concepts of opinion mining can be utilized to understand the netizen stance
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about the scheme. Table 5 represents the classification of polarity (Positive, Negative and
Neutral) of the tweets for PMFB yojana captured in two phases over weekly basis.
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Figure 7 represents the weekly polarity distribution of tweets phase-wise, over a period of 8
weeks. Out of the total 388 tweets reported in phase 1, 65.7 % are positive, 31.7% of tweets
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are neutral and only 2.5% of tweets are negative. Phase 2 recorded a rise in percentage of
neutral tweets with 56.7% in contrast to positive and negative tweets, 41.7% and 1.4%
respectively. A key observation was, that
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almost for all weeks, the number of tweets with positive polarity was recorded higher. The
launch week of the Yojana, that is week 5 had the highest number of neutral tweets owing to
the basic information dissemination about policy features and details. The posts were
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informational in nature, posted by people or media about the features, updates about the
scheme and course of action or measures taken by government for its implementation.
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5. Results and Analysis

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This section highlights the results and observations related to performance of the proposed
framework. Opinion mining has been performed as a text classification process by the
applying supervised machine learning algorithms, namely, the Naive Bayes (NB), Support
Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), k Nearest Neighbour (kNN) and
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Decision Trees (DT), over a dataset consisting of 1008 tweets of PMFB yojana extracted
from twitter. Precision, Recall and Accuracy have been used as performance measures to
evaluate the efficacy of the classifiers. The results are tabulated in Table 6. Figure 8 depicts
the comparative analysis of results for five supervised learning techniques.

It is evident from the figure that SVM is the best classifier amongst all with the highest
accuracy of 93.25%. MLP and kNN also present motivating results with an accuracy of
92.46% and 90.87%, respectively followed by DT having 89.28% accuracy. NB is the
weakest performance-wise with an accuracy of 68.65%.

The empirical analysis result demonstrates that the socio-sentic framework effectively
determines the semantic orientation of netizens towards an agri-policy, supporting
accountability and promoting sustainability in agriculture governance. An extremely large
section of netizens are delighted with this scheme as it is reflected by the count of tweets
which are in favour of the scheme. Approximately, 51% of the tweets captured have a

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positive sentiment polarity. On the contrary, only 2% of the tweets recorded a negative
polarity. The proportion of neutral tweets is nearly 47% which comprised a considerable

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amount of informative tweets. These were primarily informational in nature, including
information, facts, notifications and news posted by media, government officials and civic

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bodies regarding the scheme.

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6. Conclusion

Sustainable agriculture encompasses security of food and fiber needs, natural resources,

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preserving environment, animal welfare, public health and much more to strengthen the
socio-economic status, growth and development of a nation. It is vital to incorporate superior
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processes and practices in the field of agriculture to make it viable and valuable. Agricultural
governance ensures apposite execution of this phenomenon by launching numerous schemes
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and policies. Although, the policies are planned and managed by government but should
contemplate public
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opinion as a part of policy evaluation encouraging a socially responsible and sustainable

governance.
This paper proposed a socio-sentic framework to shape an intelligent and sustainable
agricultural governance model, by utilizing supervised machine learning techniques on social
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media to capture and analyze the consensus and stance of netizens towards an agri-policy.
The effectiveness of the framework has been demonstrated for an Indian Agri-policy,
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna. Real-time tweets related to the topic were collected and
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analyzed to predict the opinion polarity in text using classifiers. A comparative analysis of
the classifiers is presented where Support Vector Machines (SVM) achieve
crisp classification accuracy. As a future direction of work, we intend to implement concept-
based techniques such as ontologies which can help inter-and intra-sectoral government
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policy evaluation. Fine-grain classification of tweets into the categories of complaints,

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feedbacks or comments can further be done to build an end-to-end tool to automate grievance
redressal on social media.

References
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[1] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) policy document. Governance for
sustainable human development, New York: UNDP, 1997. Disponível em:
<http://magnet.undp.org/policy/default.htm>.
[2] Social Media Statistics. http://www.statista.com
[3] A. Kumar, T.M. Sebastian, Sentiment analysis on twitter, International Journal of
Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 9(4), pp.372-373, 2012.
[4] A. Kumar, P. Dogra, V. Dabas. Emotion Analysis Of Twitter Using Opinion Mining,
Contemporary Computing (IC3), 2015, 285-290, IEEE
[5] A. Kumar, A. Abraham, Opinion Mining to Assist User Acceptance Testing for Open-
Beta Versions, Journal of Information Assurance & Security 12 (4), 2017.
[6] A. Kumar, A. Jaiswal, Empirical Study of Twitter and Tumblr for Sentiment Analysis
using Soft Computing Techniques, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering
and Computer Science, vol 1, 2017.
[7] Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
http://pmfby.gov.in/
[8] Crop Insurance. http://www.agri-insurance.gov.in/PMFBY.aspx
[9] R. Shah, R. Zimmermann, Literature Review In: Multimodal Analysis of User-Generated

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Multimedia Content, Socio-Affective Computing, vol 6. Springer, Cham, 2017
[10] A. Kumar, T.M. Sebastian, Sentiment analysis: A perspective on its past, present and

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future, International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications, 4(10), p.1, 2012.
[11] B. Vorley, Sustaining Agriculture: Policy, Governance, and the Future of Family based

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Farming (London: IIED), 2002
[12] S.K. Baral, Good Governance: A Necessary Precondition for Sustainable Agriculture,

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Journal of Agroecology and Natural Resource Management, Volume 3, Issue 1; January-
March, 2016 pp. 80-84 © Krishi Sanskriti Publications
[13] D. Giovannucci, S. Scherr, D. Nierenberg, C. Hebebrand, J. Shapiro, J. Milder, K.

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Wheeler, Food and Agriculture: the future of sustainability. A strategic input to the
Sustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) project, 2012, New York: United
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Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable
Development
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[14] What is sustainable agriculture? Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
program. (Gail Feenstra et al.) http://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/sarep/about/what-is-
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sustainable-agriculture
[15] A. Kumar, A. Sharma, Systematic Literature Review on Opinion Mining of Big Data for
Government Intelligence, Webology, 2012, 14(2).
[16] A. Kumar, A. Sharma, Paradigm Shifts from E-Governance to S-Governance, The
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Human Element of Big Data: Issues, Analytics, and Performance, 2016, 213.
[17] Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana , india.gov.in, National Portal of India. (May 13,
2016) https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana
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[18] Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana(PMFBY), Department of Financial Services. (June 7,
2018). http://financialservices.gov.in/insurance-divisions/Government-Sponsored-
Socially-Oriented-Insurance-Schemes/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana(PMFBY)
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Figure captions

Technology
Process & Control

Data Management - Build, Research & Development

Use & Store Information & Communication
Documentation Technologies
Pilots / Trials Education and Training
Monitoring & Evaluation Communication & Awareness
Predictive Analysis

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Risk

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People

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Privacy and Security Governing Bodies
Risk & Fraud Detection Governance Governmental Officials
Compliance Assessment Stakeholders
Disaster Recovery Society & Community
Planning

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N
A
Policies / Practices Applications

Legislation Schemes & Subsidies Healthcare & Education

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Standard Frameworks Transportation & Mobility

Programs & Strategies Smart City & Infrastructure
Decision Support Energy & Water Consumption
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Early Warning System Sustainable Environment

Resource
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Food | Crop | Fiber | Environment | Animal

Agriculture
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Employment | Health | Savings | Revenue

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Social Economical Agricultural Subsectors

Viability Viability
Agricultural Schemes
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Viability Land Sector

Marketing and Trade
Storage Management
Functional Environmental
Input & Output Supply
Viability Viability Agricultural Research
Education & Extension

Fig. 1. Framework for Sustainable Agricultural Governance

 Governance People

Socio-Sentic Sustainable Opinion Mining

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Agricultural Governance

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Agriculture

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Fig. 2. Socio-Sentic Framework for Sustainable Agricultural Governance

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Share in National
Income
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Importance in
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international
Largest Employment
trade
Providing Sector
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ROLE OF
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AGRICULTURE IN
INDIAN ECONOMY
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Providing raw Contribution to

material to Industries Capital
Formation

Providing of food
surplus to the
expanding population
 Fig 3. Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy

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Fig.4. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana [7]

 Coverage of Risks and Exclusions

Coverage of Crops Coverage of Farmers

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Coverage Limits/ Sum Insured

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Fig. 5. Four Cs of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

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Data Collection Pre -processing
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Opinion
Classification
Evaluation Measure
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Remove
duplicate
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tweets Naive Bayes
Precision
Twitter Search
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API
Remove special
characters & Support Vector
numbers Machine
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Remove URL Recall

links & stop Multi Layer
words Perceptron
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Fetch tweets
Stemming k-Nearest
Neighbour
E

Accuracy
CC

Attribute
Decision Trees
selection
A

Fig. 6. System Architecture for Opinion Mining of PMFBY

250

200
Neutral
150
Negative
100
Positive
50 Positive

T
0 Neutral

IP
Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

R
SC
Fig. 7. Weekly status of Positive, Negative and Neutral tweets of PMFB Yojana
93.25

U
92.46

90.87
100

89.28
90
N
68.65

80
70
A
60
50
M

40
30
20
ED

10
0
NB
SVM
MLP
PT

kNN
DT

Precision Recall Accuracy

E

Fig. 8. Performance Analysis for the supervised learning techniques

CC
A
Table

Table 1 Fundamental components under four Cs of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana [8]

Coverage of Coverage of Risks & Coverage Limits /

Coverage of Crops
Farmers Exclusions Sum Insured
Prevention of
sowing/planting risk
Food crops Compulsory
Comprehensive risks due to Scale of Finance
coverage
yield losses/ standing crop

T
Post harvest losses
Oilseeds
Risks of local calamities

IP
Exclusions of war perils,
Minimum Support
Annual horticulture Voluntary coverage nuclear risks, thefts, riots,
Price
crops destruction by domestic

R
animals

SC
Table 2 Weekly count of tweets collected

Duration
Phase I
Number of U
Duration
Phase II
Number of
N
tweets tweets
Week 1 233 Week 5 377
A
Week 2 25 Week 6 144
Week 3 105 Week 7 84
M

Week 4 25 Week 8 15

Table 3 Intelligent Supervised Learning Techniques used for Opinion Mining

ED

Supervised ML Technique Description

 Belongs to class of simple probabilistic classifier
Naive Bayes  A feature value is independent of other feature value
PT

 Classifier based on supervised learning

Support Vector Machine
 Identify classification pattern and categorizes data with a hyper
plane
E

 Network of neurons
Multilayer Perceptron
 Belongs to the class of feed forward artificial neural network
CC

 Decision support tool uses tree like model

Decision Trees
 Classification rules are represented from root node to leaf node
 Uses training data to classify objects identified by attributes
K - Nearest Neighbour
 Objects classified based on voting done by neighbours
A

Table 4. Standard Performance Indicators

Precision • Correctness or quality of classifier

• Ratio of true positives to predicted positives
• Sensitivity of the classifier
Recall
• Ratio of true positives and actual positives
Accuracy • Closeness of a measurement to the true value
 • Ratio of true results against the total no of cases examined

Table 5 Polarity classification of opinion in two phases

Week N Nu P Total Week N Nu P Total

Phase I Phase II
Week 1 9 61 163 233 Week 5 1 246 130 377
Week 2 0 9 16 25 Week 6 1 72 71 144

T
Week 3 0 48 57 105 Week 7 7 28 49 84
Week 4 1 5 19 25 Week 8 0 6 9 15

IP
Total 10 123 255 388 Total 9 352 259 620

R
Table 6 Stats of Performance Indicators for Supervised Learning Techniques

SC
ML Technique(s) Precision Recall Accuracy
Naive Bayes 89.47 53.43 68.65
SVM 90.78 97.70 93.25
Multilayer Perceptron
K-nearest neighbour
90.97
89.74 U
97.70
92.36
92.46
90.87
N
Decision Tree 89.51 90.83 89.28
A
M
ED
E PT
CC
A